CONCLUDING REMARKS

Now, I move on to my two concluding remarks. The first of them is methodological in nature, the second one is connected to the relationship of cross and night.

The analysis of the semantics of the compound Kreuzeswissenschaft has brought to light an unresolved problem: How can the interaction of blending, metaphor and metonymy be modelled and visualized properly? The precise status of these three cognitive processes seems to be unclear at the moment: How far can we move on with unification? How autonomous are these three cognitive processes? The central question seems to be what is the relationship between mental spaces, frames, scenarios, discourse structure and online construction of meaning. Langacker’s dictum25 that “everything has to fit” should be also kept in mind. The semantic complexity of the compound Kreuzeswissenschaft seems to be a challenge for the theory of conceptual integration. It is an area where Fauconnier’s statements fully apply to: “I don’t think we have anything close to a ‘conceptual integration theory’.

22 CWJC.

23 Fauconnier – Turner 2002: 17.

24 Fauconnier – Turner 2002: 346.

25 Langacker 1999: 54.

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[…][…] there is still a lot of data to be discovered and understood, lead-ing to deeper and perhaps thoroughly novel theoretical insights.”26

Now I am coming to my second remark. My analysis of the relation-ship of night and cross up to this point was based on written works of St. John of the Cross. The picture however would not be complete without looking at his work in visual art, a unique masterpiece called St.

John’s crucifixion drawing. This is also another approach to the question about how night gets transformed into a cross. St. John’s Christ cruci-fied is seen from an entirely new perspective: the image of Christ is in a vertical position. This angel of vision is unique in Christian art

his-tory. According to experts of visual art27 St. John of the Cross did not limit himself to the contemporary rules of visual art, nothing counts for him except his inner experience, the fruit of his contemplation. His crucifixion drawing opens up a door for us to his image of the cross. In his writings he mostly speaks about the night and with a few exceptions he remains silent about the cross. His crucifixion drawing reveals however with unique expressive power a hidden message: As his Christ is seen from above, Salvador Dalí thinks that St. John sees him from heaven. This seems to support Edith Stein’s analysis of St. John’s life and work as science of the cross and her opinion that St. John has reached the state of union with God. There is another compositional element in the drawing which also supports Edith Stein’s analysis: this is the light coming from above and behind the cross which signalizes the presence of the Father. If we draw parallels with the phases of the night this is the cross of somebody who has already suffered his way across the darkest phase of the night and in spite of his suffering has a glimpse of the light of resurrection.

This is another way to look at the question how night gets transformed into a cross.

26 Coulson 2011: 426.

27 IWJC and Schweig 2000.

Illustration 2: Crucification drawing by St. John of the Cross

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SOURCES

BNIV = The Holy Bible 1973: New International Version. International Bible Society. Hod-der & Stoughton, London – Sydney – Auckland.

CWES = Stein, Edith 2002: The Science of the Cross. (The Collected Works of Edith Stein VI). Translated by Josephine Koeppel, O.C.D. ICS Publications, Institute of Carmelite Studies, Washington, D.C.

CWJC = St. John of the Cross 1991: The Collected Works of St. John of the Cross. Trans-lated by Kieran Kavanaugh, OCD – Otilio Rodriguez, OCD, revised edition. ICS Pub-lications, Institute of Carmelite Studies, Washington, D.C.

DUW = Duden. Deutsches Universalwörterbuch. (2001). 4., neu bearbeitete und erwei-terte Auflage. Hrsg. von der Dudenredaktion. Mannheim – Leipzig – Wien – Zürich:

Dudenverlag.

ESGA = Stein, Edith 2003: Kreuzeswissenschaft. Studie über Johannes vom Kreuz. Neu bearbeitet und eingeleitet von Ulrich Dobhan OCD. (Edith Stein Gesamtausgabe 18).

Freiburg – Basel – Wien: Herder.

JCOC = S. Juan de la Cruz 2000: Obras completas. Septima edicion preparada por Eulo-gio Pacho. (Maestros Espirituales Carmelitas 3). Editorial Monte Carmelo, Burgos.

OALD = Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 2010: Eighth Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Benczes Réka 2006: Creative Compounding in English: The Semantics of Metaphorical and Metonymical Noun-Noun Combinations. (Human Cognitive Processing 19.) John Benjamins, Amsterdam – Philadelphia.

Coulson, Seana 2001: Semantic Leaps: Frame-Shifting and Conceptual Blending in Mean-ing Construction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Coulson, Seana 2011: Contrasting meaning: An interview with Gilles Fauconnier. Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 9.2: 413–417.

Fauconnier, Gilles, Mark Turner 1996: Blending as a central process of grammar. Gold-berg, Adele E. (ed.) (1996): Conceptual Structure, Discourse and Language. (CSLI Pub-lications). Stanford: CSLI, 113–130.

Fauconnier, Gilles, Mark Turner 2002: The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities. Basic Books, New York.

IWJC = Intro to the works of St. John of the Cross. – Note on the drawing of Christ on the cross. http://www.karmel.at/ics/john/gen_11. html. [Download: 12. 11. 2011]

Lakoff, George, Mark Johnson 1980: Metaphors We Live by. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago – London.

Langacker, Ronald W. 1999: Assessing the cognitive linguistic enterprise. Janssen, Theo, Gisela Redeker (eds.) (1999): Cognitive Linguistics: Foundations, Scope, and Methodol-ogy. (Cognitive Linguistics Research 15.) Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin – New York: 13–59.

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Payne, Steven, OCD 1998: Edith Stein and John of the Cross. Symposium Internationale Edith Stein, Rome – Teresianum 1998. [http://www.helpfellowship.org/Edith/Edith_

Stein_and_john_of_the_cross.html – Download: 11. 11. 2011]

Schweig, Graham M. 2000: Imagery of divine love: The crucifix drawing of John of the Cross. Carmelite Studies VI. http://www.icspublications.org./archives/others/cs6_13.

html [Download: 12. 11. 2011]

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In: Cognition and culture. Eds: Sonja Kleinke – Zoltán Kövecses – Andreas Musolff – Veronika Szelid Budapest, 2012, Eötvös University Press /Tálentum 6./ 180–191.