Skew Laplacian Energy of Digraphs C. Adiga and Z. Khoshbakht vol. 10, iss. 3, art. 80, 2009
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ON SOME INEQUALITIES FOR THE SKEW LAPLACIAN ENERGY OF DIGRAPHS
C. ADIGA AND Z. KHOSHBAKHT
Department of Studies in Mathematics University of Mysore
Manasagangothri
MYSORE - 570 006, INDIA
EMail:c_adiga@hotmail.com znbkht@gmail.com
Received: 16 April, 2009
Accepted: 28 July, 2009
Communicated by: S.S. Dragomir 2000 AMS Sub. Class.: 05C50, 05C90.
Key words: Digraphs, skew energy, skew Laplacian energy.
Abstract: In this paper we introduce and investigate the skew Laplacian energy of a digraph.
We establish upper and lower bounds for the skew Laplacian energy of a digraph.
Acknowledgements: We thank the referee for helpful remarks and useful suggestions. The first author is thankful to the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi for the financial support under the grant DST/SR/S4/MS: 490/07.
Skew Laplacian Energy of Digraphs C. Adiga and Z. Khoshbakht vol. 10, iss. 3, art. 80, 2009
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Contents
1 Introduction 3
2 Bounds for the Skew Laplacian Energy of a Digraph 6
Skew Laplacian Energy of Digraphs C. Adiga and Z. Khoshbakht vol. 10, iss. 3, art. 80, 2009
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1. Introduction
In this paper we are concerned with simple directed graphs. A directed graph (or just digraph)Gconsists of a non-empty finite setV(G) = {v1, v2, . . . , vn}of elements called vertices and a finite setΓ(G)of ordered pairs of distinct vertices called arcs.
Two vertices are called adjacent if they are connected by an arc. The skew-adjacency matrix of G is then×n matrix S(G) = [aij]where aij = 1 whenever(vi, vj) ∈ Γ(G), aij = −1 whenever (vj, vi) ∈ Γ(G), aij = 0 otherwise. Hence S(G) is a skew symmetric matrix of ordern and all its eigenvalues are of the formiλ where i= √
−1andλ ∈R. The skew energy ofGis the sum of the absolute value of the eigenvalues ofS(G). For additional information on the skew energy of digraphs we refer to [1]. The degree of a vertex in a digraphGis the degree of the corresponding vertex of the underlying graph ofG. LetD(G) = diag(d1, d2, . . . , dn), the diagonal matrix with vertex degreesd1, d2, . . . , dn ofv1, v2, . . . , vn. Then L(G) = D(G)− S(G) is called the Laplacian matrix of the digraph G. Let µ1, µ2, . . . , µn be the eigenvalues of L(G). Then the setσSL(G) = {µ1, µ2, . . . , µn} is called the skew Laplacian spectrum of the digraphG. The Laplacian matrix of a simple, undirected (n, m)graphG1 isL(G1) =D(G1)−A(G1),whereA(G1)is the adjacency matrix of G1. It is symmetric, singular, positive semi-definite and all its eigenvalues are real and non negative. It is well known that the smallest eigenvalue is zero and its multiplicity is equal to the number of connected components ofG1. The Laplacian spectrum of the graphG1, consisting of the numbersα1, α2, . . . , αnis the spectrum of its Laplacian matrixL(G1)[3,4]. The spectrum of the graphG1, consisting of the numbersλ1, λ2, . . . , λnis the spectrum of its adjacency matrixA(G1). The ordinary and Laplacian eigenvalues obey the following well-known relations:
(1.1)
n
X
i=1
λi = 0;
n
X
i=1
λ2i = 2m,
Skew Laplacian Energy of Digraphs C. Adiga and Z. Khoshbakht vol. 10, iss. 3, art. 80, 2009
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(1.2)
n
X
i=1
αi = 2m;
n
X
i=1
α2i = 2m+
n
X
i=1
d2i.
The energy of the graphG1is defined as E(G1) =
n
X
i=1
|λi|.
For a survey of the mathematical properties of the energy we refer to [5]. In order to define the Laplacian energy of G1, Gutman and Zhou [6] introduced auxiliary
"eigenvalues"βi,i= 1,2, . . . , n, defined by βi =αi− 2m
n . Then it follows that
n
X
i=1
βi = 0 and
n
X
i=1
βi2 = 2M whereM =m+12Pn
i=1(di−2mn )2.
If G1 is an(n, m)-graph and its Laplacian eigenvalues are α1, α2, . . . , αn, then the Laplacian energy ofG1[6] is defined by
LE(G1) =
n
X
i=1
|βi|=
n
X
i=1
αi− 2m n
.
Gutman and Zhou [6] have shown a great deal of analogy between the properties of E(G1)andLE(G1). Among others they proved the following two inequalities:
(1.3) LE(G1)≤√
2M n
Skew Laplacian Energy of Digraphs C. Adiga and Z. Khoshbakht vol. 10, iss. 3, art. 80, 2009
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and
(1.4) 2√
M ≤LE(G1)≤2M.
Various bounds for the Laplacian energy of a graph can be found in [8,9].
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of the skew Laplacian energySLE(G)of a simple, connected digraphG, and to establish upper and lower bounds forSLE(G)which are similar to(1.3)and(1.4). We may mention here that the skew Laplacian energy of a digraph considered in [2] was actually the second spectral moment.
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2. Bounds for the Skew Laplacian Energy of a Digraph
We begin by giving the formal definition of the skew Laplacian energy of a digraph.
Definition 2.1. LetS(G)be the skew adjacency matrix of a simple digraphG, pos- sessingnvertices andmedges. Then the skew Laplacian energy of the digraphGis defined as
SLE(G) =
n
X
i=1
µi− 2m n
,
whereµ1, µ2, . . . , µn are the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrixL(G) = D(G)− S(G).
In analogy with (1.2), Adiga and Smitha [2] have proved that (2.1)
n
X
i=1
µi =
n
X
i=1
di = 2m
and (2.2)
n
X
i=1
µ2i =
n
X
i=1
di(di−1).
We may observe that equations (2.1) and (2.2) are evident as (1.1) and (1.2), which follow from the trace equality.
Defineγi =µi− 2mn fori= 1,2, . . . , n. On using (2.1) and (2.2) we see that (2.3)
n
X
i=1
γi = 0
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and (2.4)
n
X
i=1
γi2 = 2M, where
M =−m+1 2
n
X
i=1
di− 2m n
2
.
Since2m/nis the average vertex degree, we haveM +m = 0 if and only ifGis regular.
Theorem 2.2. LetGbe an(n, m)-digraph and letdi be the degree of theithvertex ofG, i = 1,2, . . . , n. Ifµ1, µ2, . . . , µnare the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix L(G) = D(G)−S(G), whereD(G) = diag(d1, d2, . . . , dn)is the diagonal matrix andS(G) = [aij]is the skew-adjacency matrix ofG, then
SLE(G)≤p 2M1n.
HereM1 =M + 2m =m+12Pn
i=1(di−2mn )2. Proof. From(2.1)it is clear that
(2.5)
n
X
i=1
Re(µi) =
n
X
i=1
di.
By Schur’s unitary triangularization theorem, there is a unitary matrixU such that U∗L(G)U =T = [tij], whereT is an upper triangular matrix with diagonal entries tii = µi, i = 1,2, . . . , n, i.e. L(G) = [sij]and T = [tij]are unitarily equivalent.
That is,
n
X
i,j=1
|sij|2 =
n
X
i,j=1
|tij|2 ≥
n
X
i=1
|tii|2 =
n
X
i=1
|µi|2.
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Thus (2.6)
n
X
i=1
d2i + 2m≥
n
X
i=1
|µi|2.
Letγi =µi−2mn ,i= 1,2, . . . , n. By the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality applied to the Euclidean vectors(|γ1|,|γ2|, . . . ,|γn|)and(1,1, . . . ,1), we have
(2.7) SLE(G) =
n
X
i=1
µi− 2m n
=
n
X
i=1
|γi| ≤ v u u t
n
X
i=1
|γi|2√ n.
Now by(2.5)and(2.6),
n
X
i=1
|γi|2 =
n
X
i=1
µi− 2m n
µi− 2m n
=
n
X
i=1
|µi|2− 2m n
n
X
i=1
2 Reµi+4m2 n
≤2m+
n
X
i=1
d2i − 4m n
n
X
i=1
di+4m2 n
= 2M1. (2.8)
Using(2.8)in(2.7), we conclude that
SLE(G)≤p 2M1n.
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Second Proof. Consider the sum
S =
n
X
i=1 n
X
j=1
(|γi| − |γj|)2.
By direct calculation
S = 2n
n
X
i=1
|γi|2−2
n
X
i=1
|γi|
n
X
j=1
|γj|
! .
It follows from(2.8)and the definition ofSLE(G)that S ≤4nM1−2SLE(G)2. SinceS ≥0, we haveSLE(G)≤√
2M1n.
IfE(G1)is the ordinary energy of a simple graphG1 it is well-known [7] that
(2.9) E(G1)≤ 2m
n + v u u
t(n−1)
"
2m− 2m
n 2#
.
We prove an inequality similar to (2.9) involving the skew Laplacian energy of a digraph. LetGbe an(n, m)-digraph. Supposeµ1, µ2, . . . , µnare the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrixL(G)with|γ1| ≤ |γ2| ≤ · · · ≤ |γn| =k,whereγi =µi− 2mn , i= 1,2, . . . , n. LetX = (|γ1| ≤ |γ2| ≤ · · · ≤ |γn−1|)andY = (1,1, . . . ,1). By the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality we have
n−1
X
i=1
|γi|
!2
≤(n−1)
n−1
X
i=1
|γi|2.
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That is,
(SLE(G)− |γn|)2 ≤(n−1)
n
X
i=1
|γi|2− |γn|2
! .
Using(2.8)in the above inequality we obtain SLE(G)≤k+p
(n−1)(2M1 −k2), wherek =|γn|andM1is as in Theorem2.2.
Theorem 2.3. We have
2p
|M| ≤SLE(G)≤2M1.
Proof. SincePn
i=1γi = 0, we have
n
X
i=1
γi2 + 2
n
X
i<j
γiγj = 0.
Now, using(2.4)in the above equation we have 2M =−2
n
X
i<j
γiγj.
This implies
(2.10) 2|M|= 2
n
X
i<j
γiγj
≤2
n
X
i<j
|γi||γj|.
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Now by(2.4),
SLE(G)2 =
n
X
i=1
|γi|
!2
=
n
X
i=1
|γi|2+ 2
n
X
i<j
|γi||γj|
≥2|M|+ 2
n
X
i<j
|γi||γj|,
which combined with(2.10)yieldsSLE(G)2 ≥4|M|. Thus 2p
|M| ≤SLE(G).
To prove the right-hand inequality, note that for a graph withmedges and no isolated vertex,n ≤2m. By Theorem2.2, we have
SLE(G)≤p
2M1n ≤p
2M1(2m) = 2p M1m.
SinceM1 ≥m, we obtainSLE(G)≤2M1.
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