CRIME, CRIMINAL JUSTICE, AND THE WAY FORWARD

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EUROPE IN CRISIS:

CRIME, CRIMINAL JUSTICE, AND THE WAY FORWARD

ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF NESTOR COURAKIS

EMMANOUIL BILLIS / GEORGE PAPADIMITRAKOPOULOS (EDS.)

VOLUME II: ESSAYS IN ENGLISH, GERMAN, FRENCH, AND ITALIAN

FESTSCHRIFT FUR NESTOR COURAKIS :

Μ LANGES OFFERTS NESTOR COURAKIS E ΄ A ΄

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EUROPE IN CRISIS:

CRIME, CRIMINAL JUSTICE, AND THE WAY FORWARD

EMMANOUIL BILLIS / GEORGE PAPADIMITRAKOPOULOS (EDS.)

VOLUME II: ESSAYS IN ENGLISH, GERMAN, FRENCH, AND ITALIAN

ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF NESTOR COURAKIS FESTSCHRIFT FUR NESTOR COURAKIS: Μ LANGES OFFERTS NESTOR COURAKISE΄ A΄

ANT. N. SAKKOULAS PUBLISHERS L.P.

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ISBN 978-960-596-107-7 Athens, 2017

©Εκδόσεις Αντ. Ν. Σάκκουλα E.E., Σόλωνος 86 – 106 80 Αθήνα

Τηλ.: 210 36 23 743, 210 36 23 586, 210 36 15 440 • Fax: 210 36 10 425

©Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers L.P., 86, Solonos Str. – 106 80 Athens – Greece Tel.: 210 36 23 743, 210 36 23 586, 210 36 15 440 • Fax: 210 36 10 425 email: info@sakkoulasbooks.gr • www.sakkoulasbooks.gr

www.facebook.com/sakkoulasbooks/

Festschrift für Nestor Courakis Mélanges offerts à Nestor Courakis

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EUROPE IN CRISIS:

CRIME, CRIMINAL JUSTICE,

AND THE WAY FORWARD

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EUROPE IN CRISIS:

CRIME, CRIMINAL JUSTICE, AND THE WAY FORWARD

EMMANOUIL BILLIS / GEORGE PAPADIMITRAKOPOULOS (EDS.)

VOLUME II: ESSAYS IN ENGLISH, GERMAN, FRENCH, AND ITALIAN

ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF NESTOR COURAKIS FESTSCHRIFT FUR NESTOR COURAKIS: Μ LANGES OFFERTS NESTOR COURAKISE΄ A΄

FOREWORD BY ULRICH SIEBER

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Editors’ acknowledgments

Having finally reached our Ithaca, an honorary volume comprising a plethora of remarkable contributions, we wish to acknowledge every‐

one who made this journey enjoyable and worthwhile. First and fore‐

most, we would like to thank all the contributors who went above and beyond with a view to submitting insightful and contemporary papers of high academic quality and integrity. We respected the writing and reference style of each contributor to the utmost, bearing in mind the unique style of each author and not wishing to stylize our volume. We hold that consistency of legal scholarship indeed prevails through this thought‐provoking diversity. Hence, we endorsed such scholarship through opting to catalogue the studies thematically, rather than al‐

phabetically.

We also wish to thank our publisher, Ant. N. Sakkoulas, who made this publication possible and who accommodated our every request.

Last but not least, we thank Professor Nestor Courakis for his unceas‐

ing efforts and commitment to excellence that inspired us to achieve his expectations. We took the important decision to have this volume published, primarily, in electronic format. The benefits of such a deci‐

sion are patent and significant: the volume is published over a brief pe‐

riod of time, especially given the wealth of entries; it is free to be ac‐

cessed and downloaded, allowing any Scholar to peruse, consult, and reference it; and it curtails the environmental impact of printing and distributing such a large tome across the globe.

On a final note, a common, cardinal principle, shared by all of us with Professor Courakis, inter alia, is that of continuously striving to promote meaningful academic partnerships, that is, ones imbued with idea crosspollination. Therefore, any questions, comments, or sugges‐

tions to each and every one of us, are eagerly welcomed.

Athens, Cambridge, Freiburg, and Oxford

April 2017 The Editors

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Foreword

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Ulrich Sieber Director at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Freiburg i.Br.

With this Festschrift, friends, students, and colleagues pay tribute to Pro‐

fessor Dr. Nestor Courakis, who is celebrating his 70th birthday this year.

They wish to honour an outstanding scholar who gathered a wealth of interna‐

tional experience early in his career, significantly promoted the advancement of the criminal sciences, made important contributions to improvements in crime control, and who always supported young researchers and colleagues with great commitment.

I.

Nestor Courakis’ academic career epitomizes that of an open‐minded, in‐

ternational researcher with wide ranging interests. He completed his law stud‐

ies at the University of Athens (1971) and his studies of economics and politi‐

cal science at the University of Thessaloniki (1973). In 1977, he was awarded a doctorate from the University of Freiburg for his dissertation, Zur soziale‐

thischen Begründung der Notwehr (On the Socio‐Ethical Rationale of Self‐

Defence), written under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Hans‐Heinrich Jescheck.

Nestor Courakis continued his education at the University of Paris II and at the Paris Institute of Criminology, where he earned diplomas for advanced studies in criminology. Subsequently, he returned to Freiburg to conduct re‐

search and − along with Prof. Anna Benaki, later Speaker of the Hellenic Par‐

liament –joined the Greek researchers who laid the foundations for the close cooperation between the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law in Freiburg and Greek criminal law science that is still flourish‐

ing today.

After his time abroad, Nestor Courakis returned to Greece in 1981 to pur‐

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sue his academic career. In 1984, he earned a post‐doctoral lecturing qualifica‐

tion (Habilitation) at the University of Athens, and in 1993, he was appointed professor in the Department of Criminal Sciencesat its law faculty, where he taught criminology, economic criminal law and criminology, juvenile criminal law and criminology, gender criminology, criminalistics, penology, and criminal policy. Nestor Courakis also took on a position as director of the Cen‐

tre for Research in Criminal Law and Criminology in 2001. During this time, he never lost interest in foreign legal systems: He taught as a visiting profes‐

sor at Oxford University (1996, 1997) and later at several universities in Cy‐

prus and Italy; in the following years, he was often a guest researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law and at Prof.

Dr. Klaus Tiedemann’s Department of Criminology and Economic Criminal Law.

In 2014, he was awarded the title of Emeritus Professor at the University of Athens, which did not diminish his creative energy in the least. Since then, he has been teaching and researching as a full‐time professor of criminal law and criminology at the University of Nicosia in Cyprus.

II.

Nestor Courakis is an exceptionally productive scholar. In addition to 14 monographs, his scientific work comprises approximately 200 contributions to journals, Festschrifts, and anthologies in Greek, German, English, French, and Italian. Furthermore, he has served as editor and co‐editor of numerous anthologies and journals, including the e‐journal called “The Art of Crime”.

This comprehensive body of written work is astonishingly diverse. It includes articles on criminology as well as on criminal law, whereby the subject of his research is often viewed from the perspective of both disciplines− the honour is one of very few researchers who have mastered both disciplines equally. Publi‐

cations on the fundamental subjects and questions of law round off his contri‐

bution to “the entire spectrum of criminal science.”

A theory of punishment and the law of penal sanctions are at the heart of his criminological research, including the analysis and development of alterna‐

tive penal sanctions. The range of criminological subjects addressed by Nestor Courakis is, however, much broader: He has conducted research on the devel‐

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opment of crime in Greece and on juvenile gangs in Athens, analysed political violence, “bullying”, and violence in connection with soccer matches, traced the development of ethno‐psychology in the context of criminal law, written papers on the prison system, and drafted blueprints for future developments in criminology. As director of the Centre for Research in Criminal Law and Criminology at the law faculty of the University of Athens, he headed 15 em‐

pirical research projects on key issues of criminal law, such as euthanasia, cor‐

ruption, incarceration of women and juveniles, and hooliganism.

Nestor Courakis’ contributions to criminal law are equally broad. They primarily address the general part of criminal law, economic criminal law (with ground‐breaking contributions to the development of thefraus legis clause in criminal law, to EU fraud, and to financial crime), corruption, sen‐

tencing, the legal definition of organized crime, and legal issues of migration.

One of his masterpieces is his treatise on the historical development of Greek criminal law from antiquity to the present (with a focus on the theory of pun‐

ishment and the prison system). Special mention should also be made of his textbook on economic criminal law − already in its third edition − which has become a standard reference work in Greek criminal law science.

The publications in which Nestor Courakis brings criminology and crimi‐

nal law together methodologically are particularly interesting. This approach is clearly apparent in his papers on criminal policy, in which he convincingly achieves the cross‐fertilization of criminal law and criminology as called for by his doctoral supervisor. Focuses on criminal policy can be found in his work in the areas of juvenile criminal law, economic criminal law, prison law, and hooliganism. His keen perception of current developments and the broad per‐

spective of his criminal policy analyses are also evident in his recent work on the relationship between criminal policy and social justice; initial results in this area were published in a first volume in 2016.

Nestor Courakis’ research is based not only on criminological approaches and criminal law doctrine, however, but often relies as well on the method of comparative legal research, e.g., in studies on the structure and interpretation of English criminal law and in his comparative analysis of the criminal law of corruption. Thus, his oeuvre – like that of his teachers Hans‐Heinrich Jescheck and Klaus Tiedemann in Freiburg and his mentors Jacques Léauté and Jean

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Carbonnier in Paris – is characterized by a successful amalgamation of crimi‐

nal law, criminology, comparative criminal law, and criminal policy. In order to respond to the challenges posed by today’s global information and risk soci‐

ety, this approach − one adopted early on by Nestor Courakis – is indispensa‐

ble.

Finally, it is hard to overlook the fact that Nestor Courakis’ interests go far beyond the penal sciences: This is readily apparent from his book on classical ideals for a modern education, his writings on the culture and values of Clas‐

sical Greece, as well as his publication on the military strategy of the Byzan‐

tine emperors − presented to the members of the Academy of Athens. In an era of scientific specialization, the honouree, with his expertise in many fields and with the broad sweep of his writings, evokes the Renaissance spirit of the homo universalis.

III.

It has always been important to Nestor Courakis not just to commit his thoughts on law and criminology to paper. He has actively presented them to students and legal practitioners, and he has been widely acclaimed for doing so.

As a teacher at the University of Athens, he developed new courses that expanded the boundaries of previous university curricula and led to the publi‐

cation of three standard textbooks in the areas of economic criminal law, gen‐

der criminality, and criminal policy. As evidenced by the numerous contribu‐

tions from young researchers in this Festschrift, he was the dedicated mentor of numerous students, masters’ degree students, and doctoral candidates, whom he encouraged to present their ideas at the many conferences he organ‐

ized.

Nestor Courakis enriched the practice of law by contributing to the draft‐

ing of many legislative proposals in Greece and by making recommendations to the Council of Europe, including a recommendation on new ways of ad‐

dressing juvenile delinquency. Greek legislation on the law of sanctions, prison administration, drug law, hooliganism, and juvenile criminal law all bear his hallmark. He was a member of the Criminal Law Commission respon‐

sible for the new Greek criminal code, vice president of the National Radio and

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Television Board, advisor to the Greek government in criminological matters, and served as his homeland’s representative on various committees of the Council of Europe, the European Union, and the United Nations. Within this framework of administrative and practical activities that were entrusted to the honouree, he was able to put his research results into practice. For example, from 2007 to 2010, he headed Epanodos, the Centre for the Rehabilitation of Former Inmates of Correctional Institutions supported by the Greek Ministry of Justice, and was president of the Greek Consultative Body against Corrup‐

tion from 2013 to 2015. In addition, he served as a defence lawyer in Greece.

Nestor Courakis’ academic and other professional efforts earned well‐deserved recognition when he was still quite young. He was a fellow of the Athens Bar Association, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the French government, and the Max Planck Society. For his doctoral dissertation, he earned the distinction “summa cum laude” from the law faculty of the Uni‐

versity of Freiburg. Already in 1974, he received the Aghis Tambakopoulos Prize from the Academy of Athens for his essay on the abuse of rights in civil and public law. He was awarded the Prize of the Society of Greek Penalists in 1985. In addition, in 2012 he was distinguished with a very special honour:

He was appointed a full member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts in Salzburg − a position reserved for only a small number of European scholars. In 2015, 137 of his colleagues, most of them Greek, presented him with a remarkable volume based on papers presented at a congress organized in honour of the occasion of his 35th anniversary as a professor. It can be seen as the first volume of the present international Festschrift.

IV.

Regardless of his many professional achievements and distinctions, Nestor Courakis has remained the same friendly, considerate, and polite scholar I came to know and appreciate 40 years ago when he was conducting research at the Freiburg Institute for Criminology and Economic Criminal Law. Despite his modest nature, in any discussion with Nestor Courakis, one quickly senses his keen interest, his attentiveness, and his vibrant personality. His empathy and enthusiasm also enrich any scientific discussion: He expresses criticism clearly, but also always objectively, constructively, and courteously. In aca‐

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demic debates, his positive attitude to others is often reflected in the fact that he prefaces his critical commentary, even to questionable contributions, with a few words of praise. Due to his calm and dignified manner, he enjoys a high standing as a mediator and builder of bridges in situations involving academic controversy and other differences of opinion. For his students, he has always been a reliable counsel or whose suggestions for improvement are at the same time encouraging and confidence‐building.

Nestor Courakis ’balanced temperament and optimism have also shaped his approach to scientific thinking as a whole. His studies often take a holistic ap‐

proach towards combining contrasting views. One example is his theory on

“synthetic criminology”, which since the 1980s, has been recognized as a fun‐

damental and progressive synthesis of traditional and contemporary thought on the nature and function of criminology.

Nestor Courakis is highly respected not only for his academic achievements but is also held in high esteem, both nationally and internationally. He is well known both nationally and internationally. It therefore comes as no surprise that 94 friends and colleagues from Greece, Germany, France, England, and many other countries immediately agreed to contribute to this Festschrift. It is a personal honour and privilege for me to author the foreword to this publica‐

tion, both because of my high regard for the rich tradition of Greek criminal law science and because of my great admiration for my friend Nestor Courakis.

In closing, it is my great pleasure to congratulate Nestor Courakis on his 70th birthday on behalf of all the contributors to this Festschrift and to thank him for many years of cordial friendship as well as for his significant contribu‐

tion to criminal law, criminology, criminal policy, comparative criminal law, and to the history of law. We wish him many more successful and happy years with his family, friends, and research colleagues, and we also wish him quiet moments on the beaches of his cherished sea, which he loves to gaze upon while pondering wise solutions to the problems of our time.

Freiburg, April 2017 Ulrich Sieber

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Vorwort

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Ulrich Sieber,

Direktor am Max‐Planck‐Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht, Freiburg i.Br.

Freunde, Schüler und Kollegen wollen mit dieser Festschrift Prof. Dr. Nes‐

tor Courakis ehren, der in diesem Jahr seinen 70. Geburtstag feiert. Siewürdi‐

gen einen herausragenden Gelehrten, der früh internationale Erfahrungen sammelte, die Kriminalwissenschaften wesentlich weiterentwickelte, wichtige Beiträge für eine bessere Kriminalitätskontrolle leistete sowie junge Wissen‐

schaftler und Kollegen mit großem Engagement unterstützte.

I.

Der akademische Werdegang von Nestor Courakis zeigt einen weltoffenen, internationalen Wissenschaftler mit breit gefächerten Interessen. Er absolvier‐

te zunächst ein Studium der Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität Athen (1971) und ein Studium der Wirtschafts‐ und Staatswissenschaften an der Universität Thessaloniki (1973). 1977 promovierte er mit der Schrift „Zur so‐

zialethischen Begründung der Notwehr“ bei Prof. Dr. Hans‐Heinrich Jescheck an der Universität Freiburg i.Br.An der Universität Paris II und am Institut für Kriminologie von Paris erwarb er Diplome für weiterführende kriminolo‐

gische Studien. Anschließend forschte er wieder in Freiburg und gehörte – e‐

benso wie die spätere Parlamentspräsidentin Prof. Anna Benaki – zu den grie‐

chischen Wissenschaftlern, die den Grundstein für die heute enge Zusammen‐

arbeit des Freiburger Max‐Planck‐Instituts für ausländisches und internatio‐

nales Strafrecht mit der griechischen Strafrechtswissenschaft legten.

Nach diesen Auslandsaufenthalten setzte Nestor Courakis seine akademi‐

sche Karriere 1981 im Heimatland fort. Er habilitierte 1984 an der Universi‐

tät Athen und wurde dort 1993 zum ordentlichen Professor an der strafrecht‐

lichen Abteilung der juristischen Fakultät ernannt, wo er insbesondere Kri‐

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minologie, Wirtschaftsstrafrecht und Wirtschaftskriminologie, Jugendstraf‐

recht und Jugendkriminologie, Genderkriminologie, Kriminalistik, Strafvoll‐

zug und Kriminalpolitik unterrichtete. Ab 2001 leitete er zusätzlich als Direk‐

tor das Institut für strafrechtliche und kriminologische Forschungen. Auch in dieser Zeit blieb er an ausländischen Rechtsordnungen interessiert: 1996 und 1997 lehrte er als Gastprofessor an der Universität Oxford und später an ver‐

schiedenen Universtäten in Zypern und Italien; in den folgenden Jahren war er häufig Gast am Max‐Planck‐Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht und an Prof. Dr. Klaus Tiedemanns Lehrstuhl für Kriminologie und Wirtschaftsstrafrecht in Freiburg. Die Emeritierung an der Universität Athen (2014) hat seine Schaffenskraft in keiner Weise gebremst. Seither lehrt und forscht er als ordentlicher Professor für Strafrecht und Kriminologie an der Universität Nikosia auf Zypern.

II.

Nestor Courakisist ein überaus produktiver Gelehrter. Neben 14 Mono‐

graphien umfasst seinwissenschaftliches Schrifttum etwa 200 Beiträge in Zeitschriften, Festschriften und Sammelbänden in griechischer, deutscher, englischer, französischer und italienischer Sprache. Hinzu kommen Sammel‐

bände und Zeitschriften, die er – wie die Online‐Zeitschrift „The Art of Cri‐

me“ – als Herausgeber oder Mitherausgeber betreute. Dieses umfangreiche Werk ist thematisch und methodisch außergewöhnlich breit gefächert. Es um‐

fasst Beiträge sowohl zur Kriminologie als auch zum Strafrecht, wobei der Forschungsgegenstand häufig aus den Blickwinkeln beider Wissenschaften be‐

trachtet wird – der Jubilar beherrscht die beiden Disziplinen als einer von we‐

nigen Wissenschaftlern in gleich meisterhafter Weise. Arbeiten zu den Grund‐

lagenfächern und Grundlagenfragen des Rechts ergänzen diesen weiten Be‐

reich der „gesamten Kriminalwissenschaften“ zusätzlich.

Im Mittelpunkt seiner kriminologischen Forschungen stehen dabei die Konzeption einer „Theorie der Strafe“ sowie das Sanktionen recht einschließ‐

lich der Analyse und Entwicklung von alternativen Sanktionen. Die Spann‐

weite seiner kriminologischen Themen reicht jedoch weit darüber hinaus: Er forschte zur Kriminalitätsentwicklung in Griechenland und zu Athener Ju‐

gendbanden, analysierte die politische Gewalt, das „Bullying“ und die Ge‐

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walt in Fußballveranstaltungen, zeichnete die Entwicklung der strafrechtli‐

chen Ethnopsychologie nach, schrieb über das Gefängniswesen und entwarf Zukunftsperspektiven für die Kriminologie. Als Direktor des Instituts für strafrechtliche und kriminologische Forschungen der Rechtswissenschaftli‐

chen Fakultät der Universität Athen leitete er 15 empirische Forschungspro‐

jekte zu zentralen strafrechtlichen Themen wie der Euthanasie, der Korrupti‐

on, des Strafvollzugs für Frauen und Jugendliche sowie des Hooliganismus.

Ähnlich facettenreich sind die strafrechtlichen Arbeiten von Nestor Coura‐

kis. Sie betreffen vor allem den Allgemeinen Teil des Strafrechts, das Wirt‐

schaftsstrafrecht (mit grundlegenden Beiträgen zur Entwicklung einer Um‐

gehungsklausel, zum EU‐Betrug und zur Finanzkriminalität), Korruption, Strafzumessung, die rechtliche Erfassung der organisierten Kriminalität so‐

wie Rechtsfragen der Migration. Eines seiner Meisterwerke behandelt die ge‐

schichtliche Entwicklung des griechischen Strafrechts von der Antike bis heu‐

te (mit Schwerpunkten auf der Theorie der Strafe und dem Gefängniswesen).

Hervorzuheben ist auch sein – inzwischen in der 3. Auflage publiziertes – Lehrbuch zum Wirtschaftsstrafrecht, das zu einem Standardwerk der griechi‐

schen Strafrechtswissenschaft geworden ist.

Besonders interessant sind die Beiträge, in denen Nestor Courakis Krimi‐

nologie und Strafrecht methodisch zusammenführt. Dies ist unter anderem in seinen kriminalpolitischen Arbeiten der Fall, in denen er überzeugend die Forderung seines Doktorvaters nach einer gegenseitigen Befruchtung von Strafrecht und Kriminologie verwirklicht. Kriminalpolitische Schwerpunkte setzte er vor allem in den Bereichen des Jugendstrafrechts, des Wirtschafts‐

strafrechts, des Strafvollzugsrechts und des Hooliganismus. Die rasche Auf‐

nahme aktueller Entwicklungen und der weite Blickwinkel seiner kriminalpo‐

litischen Analysen zeigen sich im Übrigen auch an seinen aktuellen Arbeiten über das Verhältnis von Kriminalpolitik und sozialer Gerechtigkeit; Ergebnis‐

se hierzu hat er 2016 in einem ersten Band veröffentlicht.

Die Forschung von Nestor Courakis stützt sich aber nicht nur auf Krimi‐

nologie und Strafrechtsdogmatik, sondern oft auch auf die Methode der Rechtsvergleichung, z.B. in Untersuchungen zur Struktur und zur Ausle‐

gung des englischen Strafrechts oder in seiner vergleichenden Analyse des Korruptionsstrafrechts. Sein wissenschaftliches Œuvre zeichnet sich damit –

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ähnlich wie das seiner Freiburger Lehrer Hans‐Heinrich Jescheck und Klaus Tiedemann sowie seiner Pariser Mentoren Jacques Léauté und Jean Carbon‐

nier – durch eine glückliche Verbindung von Strafrechtsdogmatik, Kriminolo‐

gie, Strafrechtsvergleichung und Kriminalpolitik aus. Für die notwendigen Antworten auf die neuen Probleme der globalen Informations‐ und Risikoge‐

sellschaft ist dieser – von dem Jubilar schon früh gewählte – Ansatz heute un‐

verzichtbar. Dass die Interessen von Nestor Courakis über den Bereich der ge‐

samten Kriminalwissenschaften noch weit hinausgehen, belegen auch sein Buch über die klassischen Ideale für eine moderne Ausbildung, diverse weitere Schriften zur Kultur und zu den Werten des klassischen Griechenland sowie sein – auch vor den Mitgliedern der Akademie von Athen präsentierter – Bei‐

trag zur Kriegsstrategie der byzantinischen Kaiser. In einer Zeit der wissen‐

schaftlichen Spezialisierung erinnert der Jubilar mit seiner übergreifenden Fachkompetenz und seinen weit ausgreifenden Werken an das Ideal des homo universalis der Renaissance.

III.

Nestor Courakis gab sich nicht damit zufrieden, seine rechtswissenschaftli‐

chen und kriminologischen Ideen auf dem Papier zu entwickeln. Er brachte sie auch tatkräftig in Lehre und Rechtspraxis ein und erhielt hierfür viel Aner‐

kennung. In der Lehre schuf er an der Athener Universität neue Kurse, welche die Grenzen der bisherigen universitären curriculae überschritten und zur Herausgabe von drei fundamentalen Lehrbüchern in den Bereichen des Wirt‐

schaftsstrafrechts, der Genderkriminalität und der Kriminalpolitik führten.

Mit großem Engagement förderte er – wie sich auch in der großen Beteiligung jüngerer Wissenschaftler an der vorliegenden Festschrift zeigt – seine Studen‐

ten, Masterstudenten und Doktoranden, denen er schon früh die Präsentation eigener Beiträge auf den zahlreichen von ihm organisierten Konferenzen er‐

möglichte. In der Rechtspraxis wirkte Nestor Courakis an vielen griechischen Gesetzentwürfen und an Empfehlungen des Europarats mit, z. B. an jener ü‐

ber neue Wege im Umgang mit Jugenddelinquenz. Besonders in der griechi‐

schen Gesetzgebung zum Sanktionenrecht, zum Strafvollzugsrecht, zum Dro‐

genrecht, zum Hooliganismus und zum Jugendstrafrecht ist seine Handschrift unverkennbar. Er war Mitglied der Strafrechtskommission für das neue Grie‐

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chische Strafgesetzbuch, Vizepräsident des Nationalen Rats für Rundfunk und Fernsehen, Berater der griechischen Regierung in kriminologischen Fra‐

gen und Vertreter seines Heimatlandes in verschiedenen Komitees des Euro‐

parats, der Europäischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen. Hinzu kamen weitere administrative und praktische Tätigkeiten, die es ihm ermöglichten, seine Forschungsergebnisse anzuwenden. So leitete er von 2007 bis 2010 das vom griechischen Justizministerium geförderte „Zentrum für die Eingliede‐

rung ehemaliger Häftlinge (Εpanodos)“ und war von 2013 bis 2015 Präsident des griechischen Beratungsgremiums für Korruptionsbekämpfung. Daneben engagierte er sich als Strafverteidiger vor griechischen Gerichten.

Die wissenschaftlichen und die sonstigen beruflichen Erfolge von Nestor Courakis erfuhren schon früh die verdiente Anerkennung. Er war Stipendiat der Rechtanwaltskammer Athen, des Deutschen Akademischen Austausch‐

dienstes (DAAD), der französischen Regierung und der Max‐Planck‐

Gesellschaft. Die Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität Freiburg zeichnete seine Dissertation mit dem Prädikat „summa cum laude“ aus. Be‐

reits 1974 wurde er für seine wissenschaftliche Arbeit über Rechtsmissbrauch im privaten und öffentlichen Recht mit dem „Aghis‐Tambakopoulos‐Preis“

der Akademie von Athen geehrt. 1985 wurde ihm der Preis der Vereinigung der Griechischen Strafrechtler verliehen. Eine ganz außergewöhnliche wissen‐

schaftliche Auszeichnung erhielt er 2012: Die Europäische Akademie der Wis‐

senschaften und Künste in Salzburg ernannte ihn zum ordentlichen Mitglied – eine Ehrung, die nur wenigen europäischen Strafrechtswissenschaftlern zu‐

teilwird.2015 widmeten 137 vor allem aus Griechenland stammende Kollegen Nestor Courakis aus Anlass seiner 35‐jährigen Tätigkeit als Professor der U‐

niversität Atheneinen eindrucksvollen Sammelband, der auf den Beiträgen ei‐

nes für ihn organisierten Kongress beruhte und als vorweggenommener erster Band der vorliegenden internationalen Festschrift gesehen werden kann.

IV.

Bei all diesen Erfolgen und Ehrungen blieb Nestor Courakis immer der freundliche, rücksichtsvolle und höfliche Wissenschaftler, den ich vor 40 Jah‐

renam Freiburger Institut für Kriminologie und Wirtschaftsstrafrecht kennen und schätzen gelernt habe. Im Gespräch spürt man allerdings trotz seiner Zu‐

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rückhaltung rasch sein waches Interesse, seine persönliche Zuwendung und seine große Ausstrahlung. Ähnlich rücksichtsvoll und engagiert ist er in wis‐

senschaftlichen Diskussionen: Seine Kritik ist stets klar, aber immer sachlich, konstruktiv und freundlich. Die positive Einstellung zum Gegenüber zeigt sich in diesen wissenschaftlichen Diskussionen oft daran, dass er seinen kriti‐

schen Bemerkungen selbst zu recht fragwürdigen Beiträgen zunächst einige lobende Worte vorausschicken kann. Bei wissenschaftlichen und anderen Meinungsverschiedenheiten zwischen Kollegen genießt er aufgrund seines ru‐

higen und würdevollen Auftretens sowie seiner Sachlichkeit als Vermittler und Brückenbauer hohes Ansehen. Für seine Studenten und Doktoranden war und ist er ein stets verlässlicher Ratgeber, der Verbesserungsvorschläge auf ermutigende und das Selbstvertrauen stärkende Weise anbringt. Ausgegli‐

chenheit und Optimismus prägen auch die wissenschaftliche Denkweise von Nestor Courakis im Ganzen. Seine Studien zielen oft auf eine holistische Ver‐

einigung von gegensätzlichen Sichtweisen. Dies zeigt bereits seine Theorie zur

„synthetischen Kriminologie“, die als eine grundlegende und weiterführende Synthese traditioneller und neuerer Betrachtungen über das Wesen und die Funktionen von Kriminologie seit den 1980er Jahren anerkannt ist.

Der Jubilar wird daher nicht nur wegen seiner fachlichen Leistungen, son‐

dern auch wegen seiner Persönlichkeit hoch geachtet, in Griechenland und weit darüber hinaus. So verwundert es nicht, dass 94 Kollegen und Freunde aus Griechenland, Deutschland, Frankreich, England und anderen Ländern ihre Mitwirkung an der vorliegenden Festschrift sofort zusagten. Für mich persönlich ist die Einladung zu diesem Vorwort eine besondere Ehre und Aus‐

zeichnung, sowohl aufgrund meiner Hochachtung vor der traditionsreichen griechischen Strafrechtswissenschaft als auch der großen Wertschätzung für meinen Freund Nestor Courakis.

Es ist mir daher auch eine große Freude, abschließend im Namen aller Mitwirkenden an dieser Festschrift dem Jubilar Nestor Courakis herzlich zu seinem 70. Geburtstag zu gratulieren und ihm für viele Jahre der freund‐

schaftlichen Verbundenheit ebenso zu danken wie für seine bedeutenden Bei‐

träge zum Strafrecht, zur Kriminologie, zur Kriminalpolitik, zur Strafrechts‐

vergleichung und zur Rechtsgeschichte. Wir wünschen ihm viele weitere er‐

folgreiche und glückliche Jahre im Kreise seiner Familie, seiner Freunde und

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seiner Wissenschaftlerkollegen, aber auch ruhige Stunden am Strand seines geliebten Meeres, auf das er so gerne hinausblickt, wenn er neue wissenschaft‐

liche Lösungen für die Probleme unserer Zeit entwickelt.

Freiburg, April 2017 Ulrich Sieber

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List of publications of Nestor Courakis in English, French, German, and Italian

1. Introduction à l’étude de la criminalité en col blanc, in : Revue de Science criminelle, 1974, 765‐781.

2. Réflexions sur la problématique de la criminalité en col blanc, in : Revue pénitentiaire et de Droit pénal, 1976, 263‐278.

3. Contribution à une analyse pluridisciplinaire de l’infanticide, in : Revue pénitentiaire et de Droit pénal, 1978, 345‐362.

4. Zur sozialethischen Begründung der Notwehr. Die sozialethi‐

schen Schranken des Notwehrrechts nach deutschem und grie‐

chischem Strafrecht, Baden – Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1978 (Rechtsvergleichende Untersuchungen zur gesamten Straf‐

rechtswissenschaft: Folge 3, Band 4), pp. 134.

5. (Individual) Self‐Defence, Contribution to the project of an inter‐

national Penal Code, mimeo. Paris 1977, pp. 12.

6. Struktur‐ und Auslegungsaspekte des angelsächsischen Straf‐

rechts, in: Goltdammer’s Archiv für Strafrecht (GA), 1981, 533‐

557.

7. Die Möglichkeiten einer kriminalpolitischen Anwendung des Umgehungsbegriffes, in: Essays in Honour of Professor Alexan‐

dros Ligeropoulo, edited by the Faculty of Law, University of Athens, 1985, vol. I, 215‐271.

8. Pour une Ethnopsychologie pénale. Remarques sur les rapports entre l’ Ethnopsychologie et la Sociologie pénale, in: L’ Année so‐

ciologique 1982, P.U.F. 1983, 391‐414.

9. Conception et principes du Droit pénal économique de la Grèce, Rapport national (adjoint) Grèce , Revue Internationale de Droit pénal, 54: 1983, issues 1 & 2, 331‐370.

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10. Wirtschaftsdelikte in Griechenland. Erscheinungsformen und Kriminalpolitik, in: Karlhans Liebl (Hrsg.), Internationale For‐

schungsegebnisse auf dem Gebiet der Wirtschaftskriminalität, Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus, 1987, 73‐86.

11. Rapport concernant lʹ évolution récente de la criminalité en Grèce, in: Volume commémoratif à propos du 20ème anniver‐

saire de la Section Hellénique de la Société Internationale de Dé‐

fense Sociale, Thessalonique, 1992, pp. 237–244.

12. Crime in Modern‐Day Greece: An Overview (National Report), in: “Chronicles” of the Laboratory of Criminology and Forensic Psychology, Law Faculty, Democritus University of Thrace (Ant.

N. Sakkoulas Publications), issue 8, December 1993, 61‐80.

13. Alternative Penal Sanctions in Greece, in: Asset Protection and Financial Crime, vol. 2: 1994, 257‐264 = Revue Hellénique de Droit International, 47:1994, 437‐444.

14. Greece: Coping with EU Fraud, in: Journal of Financial Crime, vol. 4: July 1996, 78‐84 (author’s participation to the Greek part of the «Eurofraud» Project, sponsored by the «European Documen‐

tation and Research Network on Cross Border Crime», 1995).

15. Football Violence: Notonlya British Problem, in: The Changing‐

Face of Crime and Criminal Policyin Europe, edited by Roger Hoodand NestorE. Courakis, University of Oxford, 1999, 88‐100 = European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 6: 1998, 293‐

302.

16. Organized Crime – Country Report for Greece Organized Crime

‐ Country Report for Greece at Preparatory Colloquium of AIDP on Organized Crime, Alexandria 1997, in: Revue internationale de Droit pénal, τ. 69, 1998, 369‐388.

17. A contribution to the Search for Ancient Helike, in: Dora Katsonopoulou / Steven Soter / Demetrius Schilardi, Αρχαία Ε‐

λίκη και Αιγιαλεία – Ancient Helike and Aigialeia, Athens, 1998, 235‐250.

18. Juvenile delinquents and society. A study of the fundamental values, institutions and juvenile delinquency in Greece, Έφηβοι

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παραβάτες και Κοινωνία. Θεμελιώδεις αξίες, θεσμοί και νεα‐

νική παραβατικότητα στην Ελλάδα (bilingualedition, series:

European Studies in Law), Athens, Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publica‐

tions, 1999, pp. 183.

19. Financial Crime in Greece today, in: European Journal on Crimi‐

nal Policy and Research, 9: 2001, 197 – 219.

20. A typology of juvenile justice systems in Europe, in: Essays in Honour of Professor Alice Yotopoulos‐Marangopoulos, vol. I, Athens, Nomiki Vivliothiki, 2003, 251‐273.

21. Le prononcé de la peine et les Droits de l’Homme, in: Alice Yo‐

topoulos‐Marangopoulos (dir.), Droits de l’ Homme et Politique anticriminelle, Athènes/Komotini/Bruxelles, 2007, 31 – 52.

22. Strafrecht und Utopie, in: Festschrift für Professor Manfred See‐

bode, De Gruyter Verlag, 2008, 3 – 13.

23. Die Rolle des Kriminologen bei der Gestaltung der Kriminalpoli‐

tik, in: Festschrift für Professor Klaus Tiedemann, Carl Hey‐

manns Verlag, 2008, 1577 ‐1581.

24. L’Εthnopsychologie entre la Sociologie pénale et le Droit pénal, in: Essays in Honour of Professor Aglaia Tsitsoura, Sakkoulas Editions (Athens / Thessaloniki), 2009, 383 – 452.

25. The Future of Criminality and the Criminology of Future under the Shadow of Globalization, in: Essays in Honour of Professor James Farsedakis, Athens, Nomiki Vivliothiki, vol. ΙΙ, 2010, 1873‐

1887.

26. Confronting Corruption in Greece, in “The Art of Crime”, Eng‐

lish Internet Edition: www.theartofcrime.gr , issue 3, May 2011.

27. Diritto penale e utopia , in: Diritto penale XXI secolo, anno X – 1/2011, 161 – 171.

28. Confronting Corruption in Greece and Italy (in collaboration with Prof. Grazia Mannozzi), in: Professor Dr. Chr. Dedes in memoriam (Gedächtnisschrift), Ant.N. Sakkoulas Publications, Athens/Komotini, 2013, 11‐44.

29. Towards a Greek immigration policy with humanity and an ef‐

fective outcome, in: European Public Law Series, vol. CXIII, Con‐

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temporary Immigration in Greece: A Sourcebook, edited by Th.

Fouskas & Vas. Tsevrenis, 2014, pp. 45‐49.

30. Attitudes in Greece regarding corruption and towards ways of copying with it, in: “Egκlimatologia”/ «Εγκληματολογία», Nomiki Vivliothiki, 2014, issue 1‐2, 142‐149.

31. Anti‐corruption efforts in Greece: Between Law in Books and Law in Action, edited by Nestor Courakis, in: “The Art of Crime”, English internet edition (www.theartofcrime.gr), issue 7, July 2015.

32. Social Justice as a new objective of Criminal Policy, beyond Re‐

storative Justice, under publication in: Theo Gavrielides (ed.), Routledge International Handbook of Restorative Justice, Lon‐

don: Routledge, 2018.

33. Droit pénal et Procédure pénale en Grėce (in collaboration with Athanasia Sykiotou), “Grèce” volume edited by the Association Henri Capitant, Paris, under publication Association Henri Capi‐

tant, Paris, under publication.

34. Anti‐corruption measures: the panacea of a financial cliff (in col‐

laboration with Maria Kapardis), in: Dion, M./Weisstub, D./

Richet, D.‐L., Financial Crimes: Psychological, Technological, and Ethical Issues, Springer International Publishing as No. 68 in its series “International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medi‐

cine”, 2016, 3‐31.

35. The Protection of Whistleblowers in Greece following the Intro‐

duction of Law‐Nr. 4254/2014. Some Critical Remarks. Paper pre‐

sented in Nicosia, within the frame of a Conference on Whistle‐

blowing (“Speak Up Conference), which was organized by Transparency International Cyprus on 22.10.2015, EUCPN News‐

letter, February 2016, https://eucpn.f2w.fedict.be/ document/ pro‐

tection‐whistleblowers‐greece

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Table of contents – Inhaltsverzeichnis

Editors’ acknowledgments ……….

Foreword

Ulrich Sieber ……….

ΙΧ ΧΙ

Vorwort

Ulrich Sieber ……….

XVII

List of publications of Nestor Courakis in English, French, Ger‐

man, and Italian ………

XXV

ESSAYS – BEITRÄGE

I. Crime and Crisis

Temporality and kairicity in experiencing crises

Evangelos Moutsopoulos ………..

5 Crisis, interregnum and symbolic violence

Maria Archimandritou ……….

9 La responsabilité pénale des personnes morales et la notion de sanction Sotirios Lytras ………..

31 Une nouvelle proposition concernant le crime politique

Ioannis Panousis ………..

67 Die objektive Zurechnung in ihrer Bedeutung für die strafrechtli‐

che Tatbestandslehre

Claus Roxin ………..

73

II. Economic Crisis, Civil Rights, and Penal Sciences Human rights based approach to international criminalization of odious and unsustainable debt

Ilias Bantekas ………

91

An evaluation of the Penal Law Act No. 1882/1990 considering un‐

paid debts to the state, during a period of economic recession Nadia Chr. Bitheli and Magdalini Chr. Bitheli ………

115

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Nationality, domicile, and private international law revisited Nikolaos A. Davrados ………...

123 Employer’s criminal liability due to inconsistency in paying social security contributions during a financial crisis period

Konstantinos Dimarellis ………..

139 Quantitative research in linking economic crises and crime

Peggy C. Giannakopoulou ………

149 The examination of unfair terms in consumer contracts in Cyprus before European Union’s intervention – administrative sanctions – criminal sanctions and the way forward

Ioannis Giokaris ………

163 Diritto penale del rischio e rischi del diritto penale fra scienza e società

Vincenzo Militello ………

223 The nature of human rights and its consequences for a multilay‐

ered crisis

Christian Ponce ………

239 III. Crime Prevention Policies and Social Control during Crisis

Sulla estorsione mediante abuso del diritto: un’analisi comparata

Rocco Alagna ………

251 Surveillance of terrorist suspects as a counter‐terrorism method

Vasiliki Chalkiadaki ………..

275 Albanian criminal policy in the post‐crisis Albania

Vasilika Hysi ………

309 Assaults as criminal offence type in the common law tradition: doc‐

trinal and criminal policy issues

Charis Papacharalambous ………

339 International crime prevention and the European Court of Justice

Dimitris N. Triantafyllou ………

365

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IV. Jurisprudence, Legislative Drafting, and Sentencing during Crisis

Consent and intuitions of justice: a comparative analysis of consen‐

sual v. non‐consensual lawless societies and the implications for criminal law and justice policy

Nadia Banteka ………..

383 Jurisprudential approach and theory of Article 196 Penal Code on ecclesiastical office abuse

Savvas A. Georgiadis ………

399 Transnational ne bis in idem principle in the Hungarian fundamen‐

tal law

Krisztina Karsai ………

409 Contempt of court as a sanction for non‐compliance with EU‐wide court orders

Nicolas Kyriakides ………

441 The influence of the constitutional court’s decisions in enforcing, with respect of human rights, the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure in Romania

Cristian Dumitru Miheş ………..

459 Special modes of criminal liability in Hungarian criminal law: li‐

ability of the heads of business and superiors

Ferenc Sántha ………...

477 Good criminal laws: drafting with the user in mind

Helen Xanthaki ……….

497 V. State Crisis and Corruption

State–corporate crime in Greece, in the era of memoranda

Stratos Georgoulas ………...

527 The weakened state of the modern state: corruption in times of eco‐

nomic and institutional crisis

Konstantinos Kalliris ………

549 Fraud and corruption: protagonists in creating a financial crisis

Maria Krambia‐Kapardis ………..

563 Deutsche Manager vor Gericht in Griechenland – zur Geltung von ne bis in idem in Verfahren der Auslandkorruption

Hans Kudlich und Elisa Hoven ………

583

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Countering corruption and promoting integrity: the role of the Council of Europe’s Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) Wolfgang Rau ………...

621 Fighting corruption through the lens of civil law: the option of civil law remedies

Anastasia Sotiropoulou ………

629 Corruption in the fields of public procurement contracts: the ex‐

ample of French and Greek public procurement criminal law Marianthi Stathaki ………...

647 The United Nations Convention against Corruption: overview of its contents and future action

Dimitri Vlassis ……….

657

VI. The Role of Technology in Detecting and Preventing Crime, and Data Protection Issues

New Developments in data protection in the EU–US cooperation in criminal matters

Els De Busser ………...

681 Brave new world: telecommunications data in detecting and prose‐

cuting crime and the right to privacy

Artemis Chatzistavrou ……….

697 Privacy and security: two sides of the same coin. Looking for a bal‐

anced view

Laura Ferola ………..

721 Offender‐profiling today: an overview

Andreas Kapardis ……….

739

‘Stalking’ as a form of ‘interpersonal panopticism’ – a different ap‐

proach of the transforming ‘surveillance society’ in the light of ‘vir‐

tual criminology’ and ‘e‐victimology’

Marilena Katsogiannou ………

755 Campaign finance and privacy regulation: privacy considerations in the fight against corruption

Orestis Omran ………..

789

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VII. Police and Policing during Crisis Das italienische Strafvollstreckungs‐ und ‐vollzugssystem: Histori‐

sche Entwicklung, Überblick und gerichtliche Kontrolle

Konstanze Jarvers ……….

817 The enforceability of victim rights– the right of the victim to be in‐

formed

Jae‐Min Kim and Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff ………

847 Of DNA retention and other blanket measures: the importance of stricto sensu proportionality in times of crisis

Ioannis Kouvakas ……….

863 Evidence‐based policing (EBP) as a strategy for accomplishing po‐

lice goals more effectively, the challenges EBP faces, and the pros‐

pects for it being adopted widely in Greece

George Papadimitrakopoulos ………

881 Investigative interviewing of suspects: the way forward

Stavroula Soukara ………

901 Sicherheitskrise, Kriminalitätswahrnehmung und Strafhaltung

Franz Streng ……….

921 Learning about the charges: the suspect’s right to information

Thomas Weigend ……….

937

VIII. European Criminal Law, Human Rights, and Crisis The structure of evidentiary proceedings as reflected in the case‐

law of the ECtHR on Article 6 (3) ECHR

Emmanouil Billis ………..

957 Internal and external dimensions of trust in Europe’s area of crimi‐

nal justice

Valsamis Mitsilegas ………..

979 Legal frame of violence against women in Cyprus and Greece: the Konstantinoupolis (Istanbul) Convention regarding violence against women

Anna Plevri ………..

1005 Judicial dialogue between the European Court of Human Rights and national supreme courts

Johanna Rinceanu ……….

1029

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From economic recession to legal opportunity: the case for cartel criminalisation in Europe

Anna Tzanaki ………..

1043 Zwischen Konsens und Gefühlsschutz: Die Leugnung historischer Tatsachen in der Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte (EGMR)

Aphrodite Voli ………..

1079

IX. International Criminal Law, Terrorism, and Crisis Terrorism under the umbrella of international criminal law: legis‐

lating terror in Egypt under a draconian counter‐terrorism law, ex aequo et bono

Mohamed A. ‘Arafa and Adam J. Revello ………

1109 International law and the fight against terrorism: problems and prospects

Anastasia Davis Bondarenko and Michaeil Risvas ………..

1155 Defining terrorism: stirring up a hornet’s nest

Blanka Glasenhardt ………..

1169 Damnatio memoriae

Frank G.Madsen ………...

1217 Solving the Gordian knot of impunity for international crimes: em‐

pirical findings supporting the expansion of currently considered crimes against humanity

Nikolaos Theodorakis and David P. Farrington ………...

1233 The awakening hypothesis of the complementarity principle

Victor Tsilonis ………..

1257

X. Economic Crime, Organized Crime, and Crisis The Hellenic tax criminal law – basic principles and targets

Sofia Antonopoulou ………..

1307 An unacknowledged crisis – economic and industrial espionage in Europe

Sabine Carl ………...

1315 Die Wirkung der Wirtschaftskrise auf das Steuerstrafrecht in Euro‐

pa anhand des Beispiels von Ungarn

Judit Jacsó ……….

1327

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Money laundering and the role of offshore financial centres Charalampos Koligkionis ……….

1351 Il crimine dei colletti bianchi: profili definitori e strategie di contrastoattraverso i metodi della giustizia riparativa

Grazia Mannozzi ……….

1365

Criminal breach of trust in credit institutions

Konstantinos Papadiamantis and Theodora Souma ...

1395 Non‐payment of tax and other liabilities as a crime: fiscal crisis and the limitations of criminal legislation

Nikolaos C. Pouis ...

1419

XI. Victims of Crisis and Vulnerable Groups, Human Traffick‐

ing, Children–Victims, and Racism

Domestic abuse and child neglect in the case files of the Athens Public Prosecutor’s Office for Minors

Maria P. Kranidioti and Paraskevi N. Zagoura ...

1449 Criminal law in the margins: third country nationals as special pe‐

nal subjects in Greece

Emmanuel Melissaris ………...

1479 Racist violence in Greece: mistakes of the past and challenges for the future

Anastasia‐Asimina Papageorgiou ………

1497 Criminal policy developments against racism in Greece

Angelika Pitsela and Theofili Chatzispyrou ...

1523 Cybertrafficking: recruiting victims of human trafficking through the net

Athanassia P. Sykiotou ...

1547 International conventions: improving the position of victims of sex‐

ual offences

Terttu Utriainen ...

1589

XII. Juvenile Delinquency, Juvenile Criminal Justice, and Crisis Juvenile delinquency: criminal prosecution or restorative justice

Constantinos Constantinides ...

1603 Capitale sociale e violenza: i risultati della ricerca

Uberto Gatti ………..

1619

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Who are Swiss and ex‐Yugoslavian juveniles who have been in‐

volved in group fights? Results of the International Self‐Report De‐

linquency Study (ISRD‐3)

Anastasiia Monnet Lukash and Martin Killias ...

1647 A comparative review of civil and criminal liability of minors in Greek law

Fotios Nikolaou ……….

1661 On being a mediator in victim‐offender mediation: the case of the Greek juvenile justice system

Konstantinos I. Panagos ………...

1685 Kinder, Jugendliche, Heranwachsende und junge Erwachsene im niederländischen Strafrecht

Irene Sagel‐Grande ………...

1713

XIII. Restorative Justice and Crisis Restorative justice: a new model of ‘doing justice’

Vasso Artinopoulou ………..

1735 Hard times for restorative justice in Bulgaria

Dobrinka Chankova ………..

1767 Resozialisierung im Strafvollzug und internationale Menschen‐

rechtsstandards

Frieder Dünkel ……….

1777 Foucault’s seven universal maxims of the good “penitentiary con‐

dition” and the warehousing prison in Greece: distancing, deregu‐

lation and denial as determinants of the relation between the puni‐

tive procedure and the penitentiary technique

Nikolaos K. Koulouris ………..

1799 La justice restaurative pénale, comme justice sociale? Quelques re‐

marques critiques

Stergios Mitas ………..

1821 Restorative justice and criminal proceedings in Italy

Lucia Parlato ………

1841 L’alternativa al carcere al tempo della crisi: inveramento o deriva di sistema?

Chiara Perini ………

1857

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ESSAYS – BEITRÄGE

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I. Crime and Crisis

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Temporality and kairicity in experiencing crises

E

VANGELOS

M

OUTSOPOULOS

Academy of Athens

Abstract: The theory of kairicity helps us understand the epistemo‐

logical value of exactitude, and its ontological expression through the Aristotelian watchword of entelechy, that is, the transient history both of exactitude itself and of intentional consciousness.

The term crisis can be assigned etymologically to a Proto‐Indo‐

European root *(s)ker‐ from which are derived, in Greek, the verb κεί‐

ρω, “cut” (with its aorist passive ἐκάρην), κουρά, “haircut”, the con‐

nected adjective καίριος“incisive, decisive” and the abstract noun και‐

ρός [kairos], “favourable opportunity”. The noun καιρός was watered

down in Hellenistic times to mean simply (as for example in the Gos‐

pels) “a period of time”. In the classical age, by contrast, it denoted

“the decisive distinction between two separate sections of a single process”. In similar fashion, when seen in epistemological terms, “cri‐

sis” evolved to mean “a decision regarding the difference between true and false (just and unjust)”, and the noun implied a tool for making this decision, a “criterion”, this being a norm following which the judge (κριτής) came to a specific decision.

We should not overlook the fact that, at the stage in question, there existed a strong etymological correlation between the Latin noun cri‐

men and the Indo‐European group of terms already mentioned, with the idea of “a sharp separation from a norm”. It is interesting to com‐

pare the term dommage in French and the Modern Greek κρῖμα, “a pity!”, each of these implying a prior negative judgment.

There is a powerful dialectical relationship between a discontinuity

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within acontinuity and a continuity within a discontinuity. This oppo‐

sition is resolved through the transcontinuity inherent in the crisis.

Every instance of crisis can in fact be represented in graphic form as a curve. The curve originates from specific preliminary indications, reaches its summit or acme –again a Greek term‐ only to fade away, giving birth in the process to an apparently new situation that is, in fact, only the continuation of an evolution, long in the preparing, to‐

wards a final result. The term which Aristotle employs for this result is ἐντελέχεια [entelechy] (Physics, Θ’ 5, 257 b 7; Metaph., Θ’ 8, 1050 a 23).

Since it has this strong structure, a crisis that is on its way is not dif‐

ficult to foresee, even if consciousness often pretends to have been given no warning about impending calamity. The denial of crisis is al‐

ready in itself, in the strict sense, a crisis –a tentative shot at providing society as a whole with seemingly impartial judgment. Nevertheless, there will always be some exceptional minds, some sages, who are al‐

ready well aware and conscious of exactly what is taking place, as a matter of their own experience of important factual aspects. So we should bear in mind that the entelechy of a specific crisis may on occa‐

sion be dramatically influenced by the entelechy of some crisis that is parallel with it, or even opposite to it. Furthermore, to be aware of such a situation without condemning it, is a crimen, the equivalent of a pun‐

ishable offence. From this point of view, no crisis is to be tolerated, and getting at the truth –which we can redefine as “precision” or “exacti‐

tude” – should be our immediate or gradual objective.

The intentional consciousness ought thus to be continuously on the watch to take advantage of the opportunities offered to it in the course of reality’s flux. It ought indeed to be seeking such moments well in advance. And so kairicity, the doctrine of kairos, reveals itself to be both subjective and objective, for it opposes itself to mere temporality in that it marks awaited opportunities within the normative event flow, except for complications attached to prior events. To sum up. The theory of kairicity helps us to understand the epistemological value of exactitude and its ontological expression through the Aristotelian watchword of entelechy, that is, the transient history both of exactitude itself and of