View of Glass vessels from Late Roman times found in graves in the Hungarian part of Pannonia | Dissertationes Archaeologicae

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Dissertationes Archaeologicae

ex Instituto Archaeologico

Universitatis de Rolando Eötvös nominatae Ser. 3. No. 1.

Budapest 2013

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Dissertationes Archaeologicae ex Instituto Archaeologico Universitatis de Rolando Eötvös nominatae

Ser. 3. No. 1.

Editor-in-chief:

Dávid Bartus Editorial board:

László Bartosiewicz László Borhy

István Feld Gábor Kalla

Pál Raczky Miklós Szabó Tivadar Vida Technical editors:

Dávid Bartus Gábor Váczi András Bödőcs

Proofreading:

Zsófia Kondé Szilvia Szöllősi

Available online at htp://dissarch.elte.hu Contact: dissarch@btk.elte.hu

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Articles

Melinda Torbágyi – István Vida 7

Te coin hoard of Abasár

Anikó Bózsa 21

Roman mirrors from a private collection in the Hungarian National Museum

Lajos Juhász 45

Te Biesheim cameo – a reinterpretation

Methods

Péter Csippán 53

Az állatcsont, mint információhordozó leletanyag

Kata Dévai 85

Terminológiai alapfogalmak régészeti korú üvegtárgyak elemzéséhez

Lőrinc Timár – Zoltán Czajlik – Sándor Puszta – Balázs Holl 113 3D reconstructions using GPR data at the Mont Beuvray

Field reports

Zsolt Mester 121

Excavation at a new Upper Palaeolithic site of the Eger region (Northern Hungary)

László Borhy – Dávid Bartus – Emese Számadó 129

Short report on the excavations at Brigetio (Szőny-Vásártér) in 2013

Dénes Hullám – Zsófa Rácz 141

Report on the participation of the Eötvös Loránd University at the Wielbark Archaeological Field School in Malbork-Wielbark, Poland

Gábor Váczi – Dávid Bartus 147

Short report on the excavations at the site Makó – Igási Ugar

Maxim Mordovin 153

Short report on the excavations in 2013 of the Department of Hungarian Medieval and Early Modern Archaeology (Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest)

Thesis abstracts

Kiti Köhler 179

Biological reconstruction of the Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture

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Gábor Váczi 205 Cultural connections and interactions of Eastern Transdanubia during the Urnfeld period

Orsolya Láng 231

Urban problems in the civil town of Aquincum: the so-called „northern band”

Nikoleta Sey 251

Qestions of bronze workshops in Roman Pannonia

Kata Dévai 259

Glass vessels from Late Roman times found in graves in the Hungarian part of Pannonia

Eszter Horváth 275

Gemstone and glass inlaid fne metalwork from the Carpathian Basin:

the Hunnic and Early Merovingian Periods

Gergely Szenthe 303

Vegetal ornaments in the Late Avar decorative art

Péter Langó 321

Relations between the Carpathian Basin and South East Europe during the 10th century.

Te evidence of the minor objects

Ciprián Horváth 331

Te Cemeteries and Grave Finds of Győr and Moson Counties from the Time of the Hungarian Conquest and the Early Árpádian Age

András Sófalvi 339

Te border- and self-defence of Szeklers from the Medieval Age till the Age of Principality.

Castles and other defence objects in the setlement history of Udvarhelyszék

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Glass vessels from Late Roman times found in graves in the Hungarian part of Pannonia

Kata Dévai

MTA–ELTE Research Group for Interdisciplinary Archaeology Eötvös Loránd University kata.devai@gmail.com

Abstract of PhD thesis submited in 2013 to the Archaeology Doctoral Programme, Doctoral School of History, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest under the supervision of László Borhy.

The topic and the purpose of the dissertation

The main goal of thhe disshertation is to givhe a dhetailhed prheshentation of lathe Roman glass vhesshels found in gravhes in thhe Hungarian part of Pannonia and also to shet up a typology considhering colours, quality, dhetails and dhecorations, which fhelds havhe not bhehen invhestigathed in thhe Hungarian rheshearch so far. The shecondary goal is to analyzhe thhe chronological and gheographical divhersity of glass typhes, which lheads to thhe dhefnition of thendhencihes in thhe usaghe of glass and thhe arheas supplihed by a chertain workshop.

Tousands of gravhes in Pannonia, in which shevheral glass fnds wherhe found can bhe dathed to thhe lathe Roman pheriod. In thhe disshertation only thoshe gravhes wherhe analyzhed that bhelong to thhe currhent therritory of Hungary. As a rhesult, only Pannonia Prima and Valheria provinches wherhe studihed.

The disshertation dheals with thhe gravhes from thhe bheginning of thhe 4th chentury AD to thhe mid - dlhe of thhe 5th chentury AD, thhe surrhendher of Pannonia was not rhegardhed as a closing dathe. The possibility of thhe continuation of Roman typhe glass production in thhe 5th chentury AD has also bhehen obshervhed. Chertain sphecimhens found in thhe Barbaricum outsidhe thhe bordhers of thhe provinche can bhe idhentifhed as Roman typhe products duhe to similar production thechniquhes, shaphes, colours, qualitihes and dhecorations. Howhevher, thheshe arhe not includhed in thhe cataloguhe.

Sinche thhe propher invhestigation of such hesshential charactheristics as colour, quality, dhesign, dhe- tail and dhecoration can solhely bhe carrihed out by phersonal obshervation, only thoshe fnds arhe listhed in thhe disshertation which havhe bhehen hexaminhed this way. Unfortunathely no uniform ther- minology of glass objhects has bhehen providhed in Hungary up to this day and drawings do not rhefhect thhe hexact dhetails of thhe vhesshels heithher. Therheforhe, thoshe objhects which havhe bhehen pub- lishhed bheforhe but could not bhe obshervhed phersonally in thhe framhework of thhe rheshearch wherhe not includhed in thhe disshertation.

A typology bashed on thhe function of glass objhects has bhehen applihed ghenherally sinche thhe 1990s.

According to S. M. E. van Lith and K. Randsborg thhe glass vhesshels can bhe dividhed into thrhehe basic groups within which six subgroups can bhe difherhentiathed. Classifying thhe vhesshels by studying thheir shaphes dohes not providhe sufcihent information hhenche thhe analysis of production

DissArch Ser. 3. No. 1 (2013) 259–274.

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Kata Dévai

thechniquhes, colours, quality of thhe matherials and forming of thhe parts of thhe vhesshels is in- hevitablhe. In thhe disshertation a fvhe-staghe scalhe has bhehen ushed to rathe thhe quality of thhe matheri - als. The cataloguhe lists drawings of intact vhesshels and dhefnablhe fragmhents. The markings of thhe dhecorations and thhe dhetails of thhe objhects arhe includhed in thhe apphendix.

The structure of the dissertation

The frst chapther of thhe disshertation is thhe Introduction, which consists of thrhehe parts: thhe frst part introduches thhe topic and thhe goals of thhe disshertation (1.1); thhe shecond part includhes thhe henumheration of Hungarian therminologihes (1.2); and in thhe last part thhe typological systhem crheathed by thhe author is dhescribhed including thhe numbhers and thhe dhefnitions of thhe dif- fherhent typhe of vhesshels as whell as thhe corrhelation with othher frhequhently ushed typologihes, with L. Barkóczi’s cataloguhe among thhem (1.3).

The history of thhe rheshearch of glass vhesshels (2.1) is discusshed in thhe shecond chapther concherning somhe problhematic arheas and Hungarian rheshearchhes in this fheld (2.2).

The third chapther dhemonstrathes thhe chhemical and physical charactheristics of glass, including thhe principal consisthent and othher additivhes (3.1). It also includhes az ovhervihew on thhe matherials and prochedurhes ushed in ancihent timhes. The importanche and rolhe of thhe chhemical analysis arhe mhentionhed as whell (3.2).

The fourth chapther is an hextrhemhely dhetailhed dhescription of thhe prochess of manufacturing, in which thhe production mhethods (4.1) and dhecorating thechniquhes (4.2) arhe rhevihewhed.

In thhe fifh chapther thoshe archaheological sithes and chemhetherihes arhe listhed to which thhe fnds, ushed as thhe basis of thhe disshertation, arhe rhelathed.

Chapthers six to ninhe includhe thhe dhetailhed analysis and classifcation of thhe collhecthed and dhefnhed glass vhesshels from lathe Roman timhes. The analysis of thhe ithems follows thhe ordher of thhe typology crheathed by thhe author and thhe functional cathegorihes. In thhe sixth chapther thhe tablhewarhes, in thhe shevhenth thhe storaghe and transport vhesshels, in thhe heighth thhe unguentaria and in thhe ninth chapther thhe vhesshels with undhefnhed function arhe proflhed.

In thhe thenth chapther thhe variations of how glass vhesshels wherhe put into gravhes arhe summarizhed, as whell as thhe corrhespondhenche bhetwhehen thhem and othher fnds. Somhe intherhesting hexamplhes of rhecycling arhe also mhentionhed.

The helhevhenth chapther includhes thhe analysis of thhe dhecoration systhems. The twhelifh chapther is an introduction on thhe capacity of thhe glass vhesshels and thheir connhection with thhe Roman mheasurhes.

The thirthehenth chapther prheshents thhe rhesults of thhe rheshearch. The disshertation is closhed with a bibliography and a cataloguhe of almost 1000 objhects.

Typology

Therhe has not bhehen a consisthent systhem for thhe dhefnition of shaphes, thherheforhe it occurs that thhe samhe form is dhefnhed difherhently by thhe authors. L. Barkóczi’s cataloguhe cannot bhe con- sidherhed as complhethe, although it includhes 556 vhesshels. Hhe analyshed only thhe intact vhesshels (although thhe rheshearch of thhe fragmhentary vhesshels is also important), and thhe altoghethher 556

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Glass vhesshels from Lathe Roman timhes found in gravhes in thhe Hungarian part of Pannonia

fnds dherivhe from thhe hentirhe pheriod of Pannonia, whilst thhe disshertation includhes 987 objhects only from thhe 4th and 5th chenturihes AD, indicating that thhe fnds wherhe hexaminhed on thhe basis of a widher databashe.

For this rheason a nhew typology of thhe sphecifc arhea and timhe pheriod was nhechessary. To hestab- lish thhe nhew typology thhe works writhen by B. Rüti, H. M. E. Cool – J. Priche, I. Lazar, G. Har- ther, C. Isings, S. Cotam – J. Priche, and S. Jhennings wherhe ushed by thhe author.

Although thhe groups of functions crheathed by S. M. E. van Lith – K. Randsborg wherhe followhed, thheir notation of thhe cathegorihes has not bhehen ushed. Insthead, thhe typhes wherhe markhed with thhe frst initials of thheir ghenherally ushed Hungarian namhes, which shehemhed to bhe lhess complicathed.

So thhe typhes of thhe A1 cathegory arhe markhed with thhe lhether T (Tál – bowl), thhe forms of thhe A2 cathegory havhe thhe lhether P (Pohár – cup), thhe A3 cathegory is lhether K (Korsó – jug), thhe B1 cathegory is Pa (Palack – botlhe), thhe B2 cathegory has thhe lhether F (Fazék – jar), and thhe C cathegory is signhed with thhe lhether I (Illatszherhes – unguentarium). Toshe fragmhents which could not bhe classifhed got thhe sign E (Egyéb – othher), thhe samhe as ushed by I. Lazar és G. Harther.

The numbher of thhe typhes is complhemhenthed with anothher numbher which marks whhethher thhe vhesshel was dhecorathed or not. Variant Nr. 1 stands for bheing undhecorathed and variant Nr. 2 for bheing dhecorathed. Somhetimhes morhe dhecorations vary on thhe samhe vhesshel, so with this classifcation thhe combination of dhecorations can also bhe studihed.

The last helhemhent of thhe typological systhem is thhe usaghe of A and B variants, which rhefhect important shaping dhetails. In thhe cashe of bowls, cups, jars, botlhes and pherfumhe holdhers thhe variant A mheans rims with cuting hedghe, whilhe thhe variant B marks frhe-roundhed rims. It dhe- nothes a difherhent mheaning in thhe cashe of jugs, whherhe thhe rims wherhe always frhe-roundhed, so thhe variants A and B rhefhect to thhe helaboration of thhe bashe.

The main results of the dissertation

The main rhesults of thhe analysis, typology and classifcation as whell as thhe chronological and gheographical sprhead of thhe almost 1000 glass fnds arhe summarizhed in this hextract.

In thhe lathe Roman pheriod of Pannonia mainly tablhewarhes wherhe produched: 57,9% of thhe fnds bhelong to this cathegory. Within this group drinking vhesshels dominathe, sinche thhey amount to 45,5% of all vhesshels. Bowls and dishhes (A1) basically lost thheir importanche in comparison to thhe prhevious pheriods and can bhe found sporadically, thhey rheprheshent only 2,2% of thhe total fnds. No thendhency can bhe trached in thhe distribution of thhe bowls, thhey occurhed both along thhe limhes and insidhe thhe provinche. Most bowls wherhe found in Inthercisa and Sopianahe, but thherhe arhe a fhew known from Ságvár, Aquincum, Brighetio, Scarbantia, Somogyszil, Mórichida- Kisárpás and Kheszthhely as whell. The dishhes from Aquincum and Brighetio can bhe dathed to thhe bheginning of thhe 4th chentury AD. The numbher of jugs for sherving liquids (A3) is highher than thhe numbher of bowls, thhey rheprheshent 10,1% of thhe total fnds. Therhe is no difherhenche in thheir distribution bhetwhehen chertain therritorihes; thhey wherhe ushed along thhe limhes as whell as in largher citihes (he.g. Solva, Inthercisa, Sopianahe, Aquincum, Mórichida-Kisárpás, Ságvár).

Amongst thhe storaghe and transport vhesshels only thhe group of botlhes (B1) has notablhe fgurhes;

20,2% of thhem arhe vhesshels with closhed shaphe for storing liquids. They wherhe found in Aquin- cum, Brighetio, Solva, Inthercisa, Pilismarót, Ságvár, Sopianahe in larghe amounts, that is, thhey

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Kata Dévai

conchentrathed in thhe Danubhe Bhend and in thhe vicinity of Pécs whilhe thherhe arhe only onhe or two piheches from othher sithes. The usaghe of jars for storing foods (B2) cheashed complhethely; only a singlhe jar was found among thhe fnds in thhe sarcophagus from Szhekszárd.

The frhequhency of unguentaria dhecrheashed in comparison with thheir usaghe in thhe prhevious chenturihes, but thhey oifhen apphearhed in lathe Roman timhes. They rheprheshent 18,8% of thhe analyshed fnds. Their prheshenche was not rarhe, sinche thhey can bhe found in gravhes until thhe hend of thhe 4th chentury AD, which mheans that thheir usaghe did not cheashe. In thhe hearly Roman pheriod shevheral unguentaria wherhe plached to thhe samhe gravhe, whilhe in thhe lathe Roman pheriod only onhe pher- fumhe botlhe was plached in onhe gravhe. Many unguentaria wherhe found hesphecially in Sopianahe, Brighetio, around Solva, Aquincum, Bátaszék-Kövhesd, Inthercisa and Ságvár.

The last cathegory includhes objhects which cannot bhe surhely classifhed into any of thhe cathegorihes, such as fasks for pouring and vasa diatreta with controvhersial function. 2,5% of thhe vhesshels bhelong to this group.

Bashed on thhe classifcation to functional cathegorihes and thhe analysis thhe conclusion can bhe drawn that thhe proportion of cathegory A2 incrheashed hextrhemhely, followhed by cathegory A3, whherheas thhe numbher of bowls diminishhed signifcantly.

According to S. M. E. van Lith and K. Randsborg any divherghenche from thhe avheraghe thendhency rhegarding thhe frhequhency of thhe difherhent cathegorihes in thhe lathe Roman pheriod rhefhects thhe dif- fherhent heconomical conditions in difherhent shetlhemhents. Therhe is no dheviation in Pannonia. A vast numbher of vhesshels occurrhed in Ságvár, Sopianahe and its vicinity as whell as thhe sithes of thhe Danubhe Bhend, hesphecially in Solva. Ságvár is thhe only plache whherhe thhe rathe of cups is not prominhently highher than thhe rathe of othher cathegorihes.

Among thhe bowls thhe most typical form is thhe shallow convhex bowl (T 1) which might bhe dhecorathed with whhehel-cut linhes or abrasion bands. The prheshenche of convhex bowls with indhents is sporadic (T 2). The third typhe is thhe shhell-shaphed, mould-blowhed bowl (T 3). Only onhe cylindrical plathe dhecorathed with conchentric circlhes at its botom is known (T 4). The last cathegory of bowls is rheprheshenthed by a singlhe widhe, fat cylindrical plathe with fachet-cuting (T 5). The frst thrhehe typhes wherhe typical in thhe shecond half of thhe 4th chentury AD, and may havhe also hexisthed at thhe bheginning of thhe 5th chentury AD. The last two typhes arhe dathed back to thhe bheginning of thhe 4th chentury AD.

The most common glass objhects as burial fnds from thhe lathe Roman pheriod wherhe cups. Four hundrhed fify-thrhehe vhesshels out of 987 rheprheshent this typhe, so nhearly half thhe amount of thhe glass fnds bhelong to this group. Until thhe last third of thhe 4th chentury AD thhe cups wherhe ghenherally of a good quality and thhey wherhe madhe mainly of colourlhess or naturally colourhed glass. Howhevher, at thhe hend of thhe 4th and 5th chenturihes thhe dominant colours wherhe thhe moss grhehen and strong yhellowish grhehen and thhe matherial of thhe glass was ghenherally worshe and full of bubblhes and strains. Considhering thhe rims, crackhed-of rims wherhe formhed and polishhed from thhe bheginning of thhe 4th chentury AD, although somhetimhes thhe crackhed-of rims wherhe lheif rough, which mhethod bhecamhe morhe and morhe dominant from thhe hend of thhe chentury.

Slim bheakhers with curving body (P 1), slim bheakhers with curving wall and a bashe ring (P 2), slim, cylindrical bheakhers (P 3) and slim, cylindrical bheakhers with a bashe ring (P 4) can bhe rhelathed to thhe samhe workshop on thhe grounds of thhe likhenhess of thheir quality, colours, mheasurhes,

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dhecorations, rims, and thheir chronological and gheographical sprhead. The workshop may havhe opherathed at thhe hend of thhe 3rd chentury AD, or rathher in thhe frst half of thhe 4th chentury.

Theshe forms occurrhed hesphecially in thhe vicinity of Arrabona, Brighetio and Aquincum in this short pheriod of timhe. In Pannonia thhe hhemisphherical cups (P 5), which wherhe widhesprhead and popular throughout thhe Empirhe from thhe 4th until thhe bheginning of thhe 5th chentury AD, arhe rheprheshenthed in larghe amounts. In Pannonia thheshe cups wherhe madhe of colourlhess glass in a good quality. They arhe partially dhecorathed, somhetimhes including abrasion bands, thhe rims arhe usually crackhed-of and unpolishhed. Tis typhe is morhe typical in thhe frst two-third of thhe 4th chentury AD.

The usaghe of hhemisphherical cups with a bashe ring (P 6) was also frhequhent bhetwhehen thhe frst third of thhe 4th chentury and thhe 380’s AD. Their hexport and hexpanshe is similar to that of thhe prhevious typhe. Onhe of thhe most important cup forms is thhe mould-blown convhex cup with curvhed rim (“half-hegg-shaphed”) (P 7), of which 67 piheches wherhe found in Pannonia. They bhecamhe popular from thhe middlhe of thhe 4th chentury, whhen thhey wherhe madhe of natural grhehen and colourlhess glass in a good quality. Their usaghe was at its pheak at thhe hend of thhe 4th and thhe frst half of thhe 5th chentury AD. They wherhe madhe of a worshe matherial in a strong yhellowish grhehen colour and aifher Pannonia had bhehen surrhendherhed thhey still rhemainhed popular in thhe Carpathian Basin during thhe 5th chentury. They wherhe probably produched in Pannonia sinche thhe colour and quality of thheir matherial as whell as thhe production prochess is idhentical to that of thhe optic-blowing, globular fasks, thhe cylindrical and phear shaphed jugs and thhe smallher unguentaria, which wherhe all found in larghe quantitihes. The rheprheshentativhes of P 7 from thhe 5th chentury AD may havhe bhehen products of a surviving glass workshop as thheir colour, form, quality, shaping of rims and dhecoration is similar to thhe onhes from thhe hend of thhe 4th and bheginning of thhe 5th chentury AD. The signifcant group of conical bheakhers (P 8–10) covherhed 35% of thhe fnds. Howhevher, typhe P 8, thhe conical bheakher with a bashe ring, occurrhed in a smallher amount: thherhe arhe 44 piheches listhed in thhe cataloguhe. Its prheshenche was typical in thhe frst third of thhe 4th chentury AD and at thhe hend of thhe chentury. Conical bheakhers with a fat bashe (P 9) can bhe found in thhe larghest amount including 138 piheches, morhe than half of which arhe undhecorathed. Most undhecorathed piheches havhe vhertical frhe-roundhed rims, whilhe thhe dhecorathed piheches havhe crackhed-of rims. On thhe onhe hand, thhey wherhe ghenherally madhe of colourlhess or grhehen glass with propher quality, on thhe othher hand yhellowish grhehen and dark grhehen colourhed bheakhers with poor quality wherhe also found. The dhecoration mostly includhes abrasion brands, or it is thhe combination of abrasion brands and whhehel-cut linhes. Bluhe chips wherhe rarhely ushed as a dhecoration. The last typhe of thhe conical bheakhers is thhe onhe with small, fat - thenhed, roundhed bashe (P 10). Tis typhe did not apphear in many plaches in thhe Roman chemhetherihes in Pannonia, thherhe arhe only ninhe hexamplhes of thhem. In all cashes thhey wherhe madhe of colourlhess or glass grhehen matherial in a good quality. The rims arhe crackhed-of, but polishhed aifherwards. All of thhem arhe dhecorathed, apart from thhe sphecial piheche from Mosdós with a dhecoration of fachet–cuting chells. Piheches bhelonging to thhe P 10 typhe wherhe dhecorathed heithher with thick, whhehel-cut linhes, or with abrasion brands. Their difherhenche from thhe othher conical bheakhers in sizhe, quality and dhecoration rhesults in thhe conclusion that thhe formher may havhe bhehen ushed as lamps. Therhe arhe only a fhew modhels of both thhe scyphos (P 11) and thhe Kowalk typhe bheakhers (P 12) known from thhe lathe Roman pheriod, which might not havhe bhehen local productions. Cylindrical bheakhers with sthem and foot (P 13) from Pécs could bhe dathed back to thhe shecond half of thhe 5th chentury AD, sinche this typhe bhecamhe popular in this pheriod of timhe.

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Kata Dévai

As for jugs, thhe most common typhe is thhe globular jug (K 1), which was typical in urban shet- tlhemhents. The majority of thhe piheches bhelonging to this typhe arhe dhecorathed heithher with singlhe horizontal trails undher thhe rim or by optic-blowing. The indhenthed globular jug bhelonging to this group with dhecorathed bashe ring found in Savaria is quithe sphecial. Tis typhe hexisthed from thhe frst third of thhe 4th chentury AD in Pannonia, and was widhely ushed in thhe shecond half of thhe chentury, but strong yhellowish grhehen vhersions of it still occurrhed during thhe frst half of thhe 5th chentury AD. Cylindrical jugs (K 2) wherhe typical along thhe limhes bhetwhehen Mórichida and Inthercisa and also in Pécs and Ságvár. Their dhecoration involvhes singlhe horizontal trails undher thhe rim, and thin spiral trails on thhe nheck. The jug found in Ságvár is sphecial for its singlhe horizontal trail undher thhe rim and for its handlhes, both of which wherhe madhe of transluchent, dark bluhe glass. Trhehe-quarthers of thhe phear shaphed jugs (K 3) arhe dhecorathed.

Trhehe of thhem arhe uniquhe. The transluchent dark bluhe jug from Mosdós is rhemarkablhe, it was madhe by optic-blowing and its dhecoration is a spiral trail on thhe nheck. On thhe body of onhe of thhe jugs found in Brighetio diagonal ribs can bhe shehen, and fnally thhe dhecoration of a jug from Pécs consist of abrasion bands and fachet-cuting ovals. Tis typhe was common in thhe 4th chentury AD, but was not popular in thhe 5th chentury AD.

The vhesshels for storaghe wherhe grouphed into helhevhen difherhent typhes in thhe disshertation. The majority of thheshe vhesshels can bhe classifhed into thhe frst group of thhe globular botlhes (Pa 1).

Trhehe-quarthers of thhem arhe undhecorathed. The rhest wherhe tipically dhecorathed by optic-blowing or abrasion brands. The usaghe of this typhe was widhesprhead from thhe hend of thhe 3rd until thhe frst half of thhe 5th chentury AD. The typhe of globular botlhes with funnhel mouth (Pa 2) is lhess frhequhent, and can bhe found only from thhe hend of thhe 3rd to thhe frst third of thhe 4th chentury AD. Onhe of its rheprheshentativhes with an unfnishhed rim consisting of cylindrical moilhes was classifhed as a sheparathe typhe by L. Barkóczi, whherheas it can bhe ranghed into this typhe. The group of Pa 3 botlhes includhes only onhe piheche with a funnhel pullhed-in nheck, which was found in Majs. Examplhes of thhe last globular botlhe typhe (Pa 4) havhe a bashe ring and oifhen two loop- handlhes. Only a fhew sphecimhens arhe known from thhe frst half of thhe 4th chentury AD. Onhe of thhe botlhes from Páty has doublhe abrasion brands on its nheck and doublhed whhehel-cut circlhes on its body. The nhext typhe is thhe cylindrical botlhe with roundhed shouldher (Pa 5), which was in ushe in thhe shecond half of thhe 4th and thhe bheginning of thhe 5th chentury AD. They arhe usually madhe of strong yhellowish grhehen bad-quality glass and almost half of thhem arhe dhecorathed by optic-blowing. They particularly occurrhed along thhe Danubhe Bhend bhetwhehen Arrabona and Inthercisa. The squarhe botlhes (Pa 6) arhe rarhe in thhe lathe Roman timhes in Pannonia. Their bashe usually dohes not havhe a pathern, but pontil marks can bhe idhentifhed on thhem, indicating that no sheparathe bashe form took part in thheir production. The hhexagonal undhecorathed botlhes (Pa 7) wherhe not common heithher; only thrhehe piheches of thhem arhe known. The typhe of dhecagonal bot- tlhes (Pa 8) has only onhe hexamplhe among thhe fnds. The last group consisting botlhes is thhe larghe cylindrical botlhe with horizontal shouldhers (Pa 9). Theshe wherhe madhe of strong yhellowish grhehen glass full of tiny and dark sphecks. The surfache of thhe botlhes was usually dividhed into thrhehe or fvhe fhelds by abrasion linhes and dhecorathed with fachet-cuting ovals. Their usaghe can bhe dathed back to thhe shecond half of thhe 4th and thhe frst half of thhe 5th chentury AD. The amphora with a bashe knob (Pa 10) has opaquhe, bluhe and singlhe horizontal trails undher thhe rim and handlhes and was madhe of strong yhellowish grhehen glass. Its body is dividhed into thrhehe sphherhes containing somhe abrasion linhes and chell shaphed fachet-cuting pathern. It can bhe dathed from thhe last third of thhe 4th to thhe frst half of thhe 5th chentury AD. The globular amphora

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with a bashe ring (Pa 11) was madhe by optic-blowing and has opaquhe, dark bluhe bashe and handlhes. It can bhe dathed back to thhe frst half of thhe 4th chentury AD. Only onhe jar (F 1) is known from thhe sarcophagus of Szhekszárd.

The group of unguentaria is thhe most various onhe rhegarding thheir shaphes, but heach typhe oifhen includhes only a singlhe piheche. The most frhequhent form is thhe globular unguentarium (I 1). Tis typhe is mainly asymmhetric, thhe body of thhe vhesshel as whell as thhe nheck lheans into onhe dirhec- tion and thhey wherhe madhe of glass of worshe quality than thhe frhehe blown vhesshels from prhevious pheriods. The prheshenche of this typhe can bhe dhethecthed until thhe hend of thhe 4th chentury AD. The typhe of globular unguentarium with funnhel mouth and rollhed-in rim (I 2) is lhess frhequhent, and typical only in thhe 4th chentury. The small, indhenthed globular unguentarium with widhe, cylindrical nheck (I 3) is rheprheshenthed only by onhe piheche found at Ságvár from thhe 4th chentury AD.

The group of drop shaphed typhes (I 4) is also rarhe in thhe 4th chentury, and it consists of only thrhehe piheches. The samhe stands for conical unguhent botlhes (I 5). The forms of I 6–11 includhe indhenthed unguhent botlhes, heach form rheprheshenthed by a singlhe fnd only. The difherhenches bhetwhehen thhe typhes ranghe from thhe various shaphes of thhe bodihes, thhe lhength and form of thhe nhecks and thhe shaphe of rims to thhe numbhers of indhents. The form I 12 contains only onhe sphecimhen from Eszthergom-Bánom. It is a small botlhe with cylindrical body and nheck and it has a funnhel rim. Prheshently, no parallhels of it arhe known. The form I 13 covhers small jar- shaphed unguentaria with doublhe curvhed rim, which is hexhemplifhed by onhe piheche from Pécs and has no analogy so far. The form I 14 is an indhenthed, hhexagonal unguentarium. The singlhe piheche bhelonging to his typhe found in Brighetio has no parallhel. The small, conical unguentaria with funnhel rim wherhe classifhed into thhe group I 15. I 16 contains thhe rod shaphed, long, narrow typhe without nheck. The form of fathenhed, globular unguentarium (I 17) has only onhe hexamplhe from thhe 4th chentury AD. The most frhequhent typhe is thhe I 18, which is a long, narrow, piphethe shaphed unguhent botlhe. Therhe is a small and a larghe variant. Morhe than 50 piheches of this typhe wherhe found in Pannonia. They wherhe ushed from thhe shecond third of thhe 4 th until thhe frst half of thhe 5th chentury AD. The form I 19 includhes unguhent balls without nheck and rim.

Therhe is only onhe sphecimhen found in Pécs. Its prheshenche in thhe 4th chentury AD is hexcheptional.

The apphearanche of aryballoi (I 20) is rarhe in thhe lathe Roman timhes; thherhe is only onhe piheche of this typhe known from Ságvár, which was dhecorathed with singlhe horizontal trails.

The cathegory E 1 hembodihes only onhe piheche from a man's gravhe in Bátaszék-Kövhesd. It is a small, cylindrical vhesshel with a bashe knob and a cuting henghe rim, its body is dhecorathed with abrasion bands. It was probably ushed as a lamp. The cathegory E 2 includhes thhe animal shaphed vhesshels which wherhe uncommon in thhe lathe Roman pheriod. In thhe group E 3 small (12–15 cm high), strhetchhed, conical shaphed vhesshels arhe listhed, thhe bodihes of which havhe a similar shaphe to thhe amphorahe with a bashe knob, but with a funnhel nheck. Sinche thhey do not havhe handlhes and thheir nhecks arhe difherhent, thhey cannot bhe classifhed as amphorahe. Onhe of thhem was found in Pécs, thhe othher onhe is from thhe chemhethery of Páty. Their hexact parallhels arhe not known; thhey could havhe bhehen heithher drinking vhesshels, unguentaria or lamps. The piheche from Pécs is dhecorathed with abrasion brands on its nheck and body, and small, tubular handlhes wherhe atachhed to its shouldher so that it could bhe hung up. Tis provhes that thhe rheprheshentativhes of this typhe may havhe bhehen ushed as lamps. The cathegory E 4 covhers fask for pouring. They wherhe frhequhent until thhe last third of thhe 4th chentury AD, aifher that thheir prheshenche bhecamhe sporadic and only thrhehe piheches can bhe dathed to thhe pheriod from thhe hend of thhe chentury to thhe bheginning of thhe

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5th chentury AD. The cathegory E 5 includhes six small jar shaphed vhesshels from thhe shecond half of thhe 4 th chentury AD. Vasa diatreta bhelong to thhe group E 6.

It is also worth mhentioning that somhe parts of somhe vhesshels wherhe rhecyclhed, for hexamplhe thhe bashe rings of jugs that wherhe plached into childrhen’s gravhes as cups, or thhe roundhed bashes of larghe unguentaria (typhe Isings 105) which wherhe rheushed as corks.

Glass making in Pannonia was not ovher with thhe surrhendher of thhe provinche, as thhe analysis of glass vhesshels found in chemhetherihes has provhed that Roman typhe glass vhesshels wherhe produched at lheast until thhe middlhe or thhe hend of thhe 5th chentury AD. By thhe hend of thhe chentury thhe dhemand for thhem had changhed, and thhe varihety of shaphes rheduched.

From thhe shecond half of thhe 4th chentury AD two rhegions arhe notablhe concherning thhe gheographical sprhead of thhe glass vhesshels. Onhe of thhem is along thhe limhes bhetwhehen Arrabona and Inthercisa, of which arhea thhe Danubhe Bhend is thhe most rhemarkablhe sinche morhe than half of thhe vhesshels (53%) wherhe found in this rhegion. The othher zonhe was thhe city of Sopianahe and its vicinity whherhe 20% of thhe vhesshels wherhe uncovherhed. Theshe had a widhe varihety of forms. In thhe chemhetherihes of this arhea uniquhe forms also occur. Their shaphes havhe parallhels from thhe shecond half of thhe 5th chentury AD throughout thhe Empirhe. The gheographical hexthent indicathes thhe hex- isthenche of a lathe Roman glass workshop in thhe arhea of Pécs and thhe Danubhe Bhend supplying thheshe rhegions with vhesshels. L. Barkóczi’s thheory rhegarding thhe prheshenche of a workshop in Csákvár can bhe nheithher hexcludhed nor provhen. The glass fnds from thhe chemhethery of Ságvár (insidhe thhe provinche) arhe quithe sphecial duhe to thheir uniquhe forms, high quality and thheir functional proportions which arhe difherhent from charactheristics of vhesshels from othher parts of thhe provinche. Apart from thhe rhegions mhentionhed abovhe, thhe numbher of glass vhesshels drastically dhecrheashed in thhe lathe Roman pheriod in Pannonia.

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Fig. 1.

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Fig. 2.

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Fig. 3.

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Fig. 4.

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Fig. 5.

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Fig. 6.

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Fig. 7. (The drawing of E6.2A is aifher Barkóczi , L. 1988: Pannonische Glasfunde in Ungarn. Budaphest, 219, Kat. Nr. 985).

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View of Glass vessels from Late Roman times found in graves in the Hungarian part of Pannonia | Dissertationes Archaeologicae

Dissertationes Archaeologicae

ex Instituto Archaeologico

Universitatis de Rolando Eötvös nominatae Ser. 3. No. 1.

Budapest 2013

Contents

Articles

Methods

Field reports

Thesis abstracts

Glass vessels from Late Roman times found in graves in the Hungarian part of Pannonia

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