List of Tables
Chapter 1. Biological Properties of Inorganic Fluorides
Table I. Acute Fatal Fluoride Intoxications, 1935-
1957 4 Table II. Number of Deaths from Sodium Fluoride in
the U.S. in Relation to the Total Number of
Deaths from Poisons 11 Table III. Acute, Fatal Fluoride Intoxication, 1935-
1949, New York City 12 Table IVA. Fluoride Content of Human Tissues Taken
at Autopsy (Parts per Million of Fluoride). . 15 Table IVB. Concentrations of Fluoride in Human Soft
Tissues. Normal Deaths (Parts per Million
of Fluoride in Wet Tissue) 16 Table V. Fluoride Content of Tissues Taken at
Autopsy of Acute, Fatal Intoxications, New
York City, 1935-1949 17 Table VI. Distribution of Fluoride in Tissues from
Cases of Fatal Sodium Fluoride Intoxica
tions, New York City, 193 5-1949 19 Table VII. Acute, Nonfatal Fluoride Intoxications,
1935-1957 20 Table V I I I . Acute Doses of Inorganic Fluoride Com
pounds in Various Species 192 Table IX. 24-Hour LD50 for Some Inorganic Fluoride
Compounds 39 Table X. LD50 of Additional Inorganic Fluoride
Compounds in the Rat 40 Table X L Effects of Age on Toxicity of Sodium
Fluoride in Rats. Dosage, 26 mg NaF/kg;
Concentration, 20 mg/ml Water 41 Table X I I . Miscellaneous Effects of Inorganic Fluoride
Compounds 207 Table X I I I . Effects in Various Species of Industrial
Exposure to Fluorides 43 Table XIV. Comparison of the Mean Fluoride Concen
trations in 24-Hour and Spot Samples of
Urine 53 Table XV. Fluoride Concentration (ppm) in Spot and
24-Hour Urine Specimens, Montgomery
County, Maryland 53 Table XVI. Urinary Excretion of Fluoride by Personnel
Exposed to Fluorides in Industry 54 Table X V I I . Fluoride Content of Spot Urine Specimens
of Hydrogen Fluoride Workers (1944-1945). 56 xv
xvi L I S T O F TABLES
Table XVIII. Fluoride Content of Spot Urine Specimens
of Fluoride Workers 57 Table XIX. Mean Blood Fluoride Concentrations of
Personnel Exposed to Fluorides in Industry. 57 Table XX. Atmospheric Fluoride Concentrations as
Determined in Various Industries 60 Table X X I . Experimental Chronic Intoxication Pro
duced by Inorganic Fluoride Compounds. . . 223 Table X X I I . Organ Systems Affected in Chronic Intoxi
cation Produced by Inorganic Fluoride
Compounds 275 Table X X I I I . Normal Fluoride Concentration of Soft
Tissues in Various Species 68 Table XXIV. Concentrations of Fluoride Found Normally
in Blood of Various Species 82 Table XXV. Fluoride Concentrations in Soft Tissues of
Various Species Exposed to or Treated with
Fluorides 316 Table XXVI. Effects of Ingested Fluoride on the Kidney. . 88
Table XXVII. Renal Effects of Repeated Doses of Fluoride. 96 Table XXVIII. Water-Borne Fluoride and the Incidence of
Endemic Goiter in Man 100 Table X X I X . Effects of Ingested Fluoride on the Fluoride
Content of the Thyroid Gland 102 Table X X X . Effect of Ingested Fluoride on Structure
and/or Function of the Thyroid Gland 105 Table X X X I . Effects of Ingested Fluoride on Iodide Meta
bolism in the Thyroid Gland 109 Table X X X I I . T h e Toxicity of Fluorine for Livestock I l l
Table X X X I I I . Tolerated Levels of Fluoride Intake in
Various Species 112 Table X X X I V . Effect of Fluoride on Growth in Various
Species 337 Table XXXV. Effects of Sodium Fluoride Administered
for 21 Days in the Diet of Weanling Rats
(5 or 6 Rats per Group ; 1 Month Old) 114 Table X X X V I . Effects of Sodium Fluoride Administered for
14 Weeks in the Diet of Mature Rats (5 Rats
per Group ; 6 Months Old) 115 Table X X X V I I . Effects of Beryllium Fluoride Administered
for 1 Month in the Diet of Rats (5 Rats per
Group ;1 Month Old) 116 Table X X X V I I I . Effects of Beryllium Fluoride Administered
for 1 Year in the Diet of Rats (10 Rats per
Group ; 1 Month Old). . 117 Table X X X I X . Effects of Sodium Monofluorophosphate
Administered for 1 Month in the Diet of Rats 118
LIST OF TABLES XVU
Table X L . Effects of Potassium Hexafluorophosphate Administered for 1 Month in the Diet of
Rats 118 Table XLIA. Effect of Ingested Fluoride on Reproduction 121
Table X L I B . Effect of Fluoride on Blood Pressure in the
Dog 124 Table X L I I . Effects of Ingested Fluoride on the Hema
topoietic System 128 Table X L I I I . Absorption of Ingested Fluoride in Man. . . . 140
Table X L I V . Distribution of Fluoride in the Rat Follow
ing Administration of 1 ppm Fluorine as
Sodium Fluoride in Water 143 Table XLV. Average Radioactivity and Specific Activity
of Fluorine in Selected Tissues from Twelve
Mature Beef Cows 144 Table X L V I . Fluoride Concentrations in Human Saliva. . 146
Table XLVI I. Normal Fluoride Concentrations in Milk. . . 149 Table X L V I I I . Fluoride Concentrations in Milk of Various
Species Exposed to or Treated with Fluoride 150 Table X L I X . Summary of Estimated Daily Intake of
Fluoride from Food and Drinking Water by Children (Drinking Water Containing 1-0 ppm Fluoride and Dry Substance of Food
Containing 0.1-1.0 ppm Fluoride) 156 Table L. Fluoride Balance Studies in Human Sub
jects 160 Table L I . T h e Human Volunteers, the Fluoride in
the Drinking Water, and the Duration of Their Residence in Relation to Data Ob
tained in Five Cities 171 Table L I I. T h e Amounts of Fluoride in Samples of
Fluids, Food, Feces, and Urine Submitted by T e n Human Volunteers, and Total In
take, Total Output, and Balance Values 172 Table L I I I . Effects of Inorganic Fluoride Compounds on
Enzyme Systems 177 Table LIV. Summary of Effects of Fluorides on Enzyme
Systems 183 Table LV. Effects of Inorganic Fluoride Compounds
upon Microorganisms 184 Table LVI. Inorganic Fluoride Compounds Useful as
Insecticides 353
xviii LIST OF TABLES
Chapter 2. Effects of Fluorides on Bones and Teeth
Table I. Ingested Fluoride and the Incidence of
Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis in Man 382 Table II. Bone Fluoride Concentrations in Persons
Receiving Excessive Exposures to Fluoride. . 387 Table III. Comparison of Rheumatoid Spondylitis,
Crippling Fluorosis, and Metastatic Carci
noma 390 Table IV. Excretion of Fluoride in Subjects Using
Drinking Water High in Fluoride 391 Table V. T h e Effects of Ingested Fluoride on the
Incidence of Osteosclerosis and/or Exostoses
in Various Species 394 Table VI. Histological Changes in Bone in Chronic
Fluorosis 401 Table VII. Physical Changes in Bone in Chronic
Fluorosis 406 Table V I I I . Extent of the Increases in Radiopacity of
Bones Shown in Relation to Average Urinary
Fluoride Excretion 413 Table IX. Skeletal Concentration of Fluoride in Bone
Disease 420 Table X. Estimated Equivalents for Continuous N a F
Intake 430 Table X I . Enamel Hypoplasia in Teeth of Various
Species 445 Table X I I . Observations Relating to Mottled Enamel
and Dental Caries 460 Table X I I I . Effect of Fluorides on Dental Caries in Man. 466
Table XIV. Effect of Fluorides on Dental Caries in
Various Species 481 Table XV. Evaluation of Clinical Studies with Stannous
Fluoride Dentifrices 497 Table XVI. D M F Teeth per 100 Erupted Permanent
Teeth in Children Ages 6-16, Based on Clinical and Roentgenographic Examinations, Newburg and Kingston, New York, 1954-
1955 515 Table XVII. Normal Fluoride Concentration in Hard
Tissues of Various Species 571 Table X V I I I . Fluoride Concentration in Hard Tissues of
Various Species Exposed to or Treated
with Fluorides 606 Table X I X . Concentrations of Fluorine (ppm) in Suc
cessive Layers of Enamel of Different Ages. . 540 Table XX. Effect of Ingested Fluoride on Chemical
Composition of Bone, Dentine, or Enamel. . 547
