S H O R T E R N O T 1 C E S
1995
I243
B r ita in an d Ir e la n d ’. A s s u c h it m a y b e o f in te r e s t n ő t o n ly t o h is to r ia n s o f m e d ie v a l D u b lin a n d o f tra d e b ú t a ls ó to a w id e r r e a d ersh ip .
T h e Q u e e n ’s U n iv e r s ity , B e lfa s t M. T. F L A N A G A N
M é n a n d W o m e n a t T o u lo u s e in th e A g e o f t h e C a th a r s ( T o r o n t o : P o n tific a l I n s titu te o f M é d iá é v a l S tu d ie s , 1 9 9 0; p p . x iv + 2 3 5. $3 9.5 0) is th e first o f J o h n H in e M u n d y ’s p r o m is e d s e q u e ls to h is T h e R e p r e s s io n o f C a t h a r i s m a t T o u lo u se: T h e R o y a l D i p l o m a o f 12 7 9 (1 9 8 5: rév. a n t e , c iii. 4 7 7). O n e o f P r o fe s s o r M u n d y ’s u ltim a te a im s is t o d r a w as c lo s e as t h e e v id e n c e p e r m its to a s o c i o lo g y o f C a th a r ism , an d th u s t o a rriv e at a fu lle r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f its g r o w t h and d e c lin e . ‘P a r tly d e fe a te d ’, as h e n o w p u ts it, b y th e r o y a l d ip lo m a , h e te m p o r a r ily a b a n d o n s th e a tte m p t to e s ta b lis h w h ic h g r o u p s fa v o u r e d h e r e s y a n d tu r n s t o an e x a m in a tio n o f w id e r s o c ia l an d p o litic a l c h a n g e s - c h a n g e s w it h w h ic h th e fo r tu n e s o f C a th a r ism in T o u lo u s e w e r e at le a s t ‘c o n s o n a n t ’. T h e p r e s e n t m o n o g r a p h is c o n fin e d t o an e x p lo r a tio n o f ‘t h e r e la tio n s h ip o f m é n a n d w o m e n in an d o u t o f th e fa m ily s tr u c tu r e ’, p r in c ip a lly d u r in g th e th ir te e n th c e n tu r y (p p . 2-4). L ik e its p r e d e c e s s o r , th e r e fo r e , it h as to b e ju d g e d as b ú t an in s ta lm e n t o f a g ra n d er p r o je c t. W h e r e c o n c lu s io n s are v e n tu r e d , th e y are m o s t ly p r o v is io n a l an d o c c a s io n a lly banal: ‘e lá s s an d s o c ia l g ra d e p la y e d a v ita i r o le in T o u lo u s a n m arital r e la tio n s h ip s ’, fó r e x a m p le (p . 1 1 3). S o m é s till c o n tr o v e r s ia l id ea s a b o u t ea rlier m e d ie v a l s h ifts o f e m p h a s is fr o m b r id e w e a lth to d o w r y a n d fr o m e x - te n d e d k in g r o u p to lin e a g e are p e r h a p s ta k e n t o o m u c h fó r g r a n te d as a s e c u r e b a c k g r o u n d to th e e n q u ir y . L ittle c o m p a r a tiv e m a tér iá i is in c lu d e d , a lth o u g h m u c h c o u ld h a v e b e e n d e r iv e d fr o m s e ttin g o f te n fr a g m e n ta r y T o u lo u s a n s o u r c e s a g a in st t h o s e m u s te r e d b y , sa y , H e a th D illa r d in D a u g h t e r s o f th e R e c o n q u e s t. N o r d o th e m a jo r s o c ia l c h a n g e s p o s tu la te d at th e o u ts e t ga in v e r y clea r s u p p o r t fr o m th e e v id e n c e s u b s e q u e n tly p r e s e n te d . R a th e r , w o m e n are p ic tu r e d t h r o u g h o u t - u n s u r p r is in g ly - as g e n e r a lly s u b o r d in a te b ú t o c c a s io n a lly a u to n o m o u s . D r M u n d y c e r ta in ly d r a w s f r o m lim ite d a r c h iv e s as m u c h lo c a l in fo r m a tio n as t h e y w ill p r o b a b ly e v er y ie ld a b o u t s u c h t o p ic s as p r o p e r ty tra n sfers at m arriage, c o n c u b in a g e , h o m o p h ilia , a n d p r o s t it u t io n . H e a lsó a p - p e n d s , i n t e r a lia , a c a le n d a r o f c h a rters d e a lin g w it h w o m e n and fo u r m o r e fa m ily h is to r ie s o f th e s o r t o ffe r e d in h is p r e v io u s b o o k . T h e a c h ie v e m e n t lie s in th e d e ta ils , and it is a c o n s id e r a b le o n e . O n c e a g a in , h o w e v e r , w e are le it w a it in g fó r th e m a jo r s t u d y th a t w ill b r in g all t h is e v id e n c e t o g e th e r w it h in a fu ll e x p la n a to r y fr a m e w o r k . M e a n w h ile , th e re are at le a s t v ig n e tte s t o sa v o u r : th e lib id in o u s a b b o t o f L é z a c , w h o s e c o n q u e s ts c o n c e iv a b ly riv a lle d th e D o n ’s m i l le tre ; th e w o m a n B a b iló n ia w h o s t o le h e r h u s b a n d ’s c a s h an d lin e n to ru n o f f w it h a s o ld ie r fr o m B raban t; th e d a ir y farm er w h o n a m e d h is m ilc h c o w F o r m ic a .
A l l S o u ls C o lle g e , O x f o r d p e r e g r i n e h o r d e n
A n j o u - K o r i O k l e v é l t á r / D o c u m e n t a rés h u n g a r ic a s t e m p o r e r e g u m A n d e g a - v e n s i u m illu s tr a n tia , 1 3 0 1-1 3 8 7. V o l. I: 1 3 0 1-1 3 0 3, e d . G . K r is tó . V o l. II:
1 3 0 6- 1 0, e d . G . K r is tó . V o l. V II: 1 3 2 3, ed . L. B la z o v ic h an d L . G é c z i. V o l. V III:
1 3 2 4, ed . L. B la z o v ic h (B u d a p e s t-S z e g e d : K u ltu r á lis és t ö r té n e lm i e m lé k e k feltá rá sa , n y ilv á n ta r tá sa és k ia d á sa [R e se a r c h , R e g is tr a tio n a n d P u b lic a t io n o f
E H R N o v . 9 3
C u ltu r a l an d H is t o r ic a l R e m a in s ], 1 9 9 0-9 3; p p . 5 2 7, 6 1 1, 5 0 8, 4 4 0. F t 3 5 0, 5 8 3 4 2 4,5 0 0) are th e fir st f o u r v o lu m e s o f a p la n n e d c o m p le te e d itio n o f re c o r d s re la tin g t o t h e k in g d o m o f H u n g a r y in th e a g e o f t h e A n g e v in k in g s . T h is is in d e e d a m a jo r p u b lis h in g e n te r p r is e , f ó r a lth o u g h th e r o y a l a r c h iv e s at B u d a w e r e d e s t r o v e d b y th e O t t o m a n s in 1 5 2 6 an d 1 5 4 1, in th e r e g io n o f 6 0 , 0 0 0 d o c u m e n t s c o n c e r n in g H u n g a r y h a v e s u r v iv e d fro n t th e f o u r te e n th c e n tu r y and se v era l te n s o f t h o u s a n d o f th e s e h a v e n e v e r b e fo r e a p p ea red in p r in t. T h e r e c o r d s f ó r th e r e ig n s o f th e A n g e v in k in g s - C h a r le s ( R ó b e r t) 1(1 3 0 1-4 2), L o u is I ‘th e G r e a t’ (1 3 4 2-8 2) a n d C h a r le s II (1 3 8 5-6) - are e x p e c te d t o fill a b o u t s ix t y v o lu m e s . M a n y o f th e s e m a n u s c r ip ts are n o w h eld in th e H u n g á r iá n n a tio n a l a r c h iv e s, b ú t th e s c a tte r in g o f a rch iv á l m atéria! th a t a c c o m p a n ie d H u n g a r y ’s e x te n s iv e te r r ito r ia l lo s s e s after th e F ir st W o r ld W a r, c o m b in e d w it h th e u n d e r - ly in g a im th a t th is s h o u ld b e a c o m p r e h e n s iv e e d it io n , h as n e c e s s ita te d a s y s t e m - atic se a rch o f r e c o r d r e p o s ito r ie s an d p r in te d s o u r c e s in n e ig h b o u r in g an d m o r e d is ta n t States. T h e f o u r v o lu m e s c o n s id e r e d h ere b e a r w it n e s s t o th e s u c c e s s o f th is m a ss iv e c o - o p e r a t iv e r esea rch p r o je c t. A p a r t fr o n t a sm a ll n u m b e r p r in te d in e x te n s o , th e d o c u m e n t s are p r e s e n te d in c a le n d a r fo r m , in H u n g á r iá n , w it h each ite m a c c o m p a n ie d b y fu ll a rch iv á l a n d b ib lio g r a p h ic a l d e ta ils . T h e re su lt is a rich m ix o f r e c o r d s o f v a ried c h a r a c te r an d p r o v e n a n c e . M in g le d in th e c h r o n o lo g ic a l s e q u e n c e are d o c u m e n t s e m a n a tin g fnrnt th e r o y a l c h a n c e r y and fro n t e c c le s ia s - tical and se c u la r a u th o r itie s , an d r e c o r d s r e la tin g to H u n g a r y iss u e d b y fo r e ig n p o w e r s , in c lu d in g th o s e d r a w n u p b y o ffic ia ls v is itin g H u n g á r iá n te r r ito r v . T h u s , a lo n g s id e th e r e p o r ts o f p ap ai le g a te s , s u c h as that c o m m e n t in g o n th e p o litic a l s it u a tio n in H u n g a r y in 1 3 0 1 (I, n o . 1 0 3), are t o b e f o u n d r e c o r d s a risin g ír o m s u c h c o m m o n p la c e m a tte r s as p e t t y c r im e (II , n o . 1 7 8) and d e b t r e p a y m e n t (I, n o . 4 9 4). N a tu r a ll} ' e n o u g h , th e C h u r c h an d th e a r is to c r a c y fig u r e p r o m i- n e n tly in th e s e v o lu m e s . W e s e e , f ó r e x a m p le , th e e le c tio n o f a n e w b is h o p o f P é c s in 1 3 0 6 (II , n o . 1 8) an d a lo a n fó r th e rep a ir o f E s z te r g o m c a th ed ra l (I, n o . 7 1 2), w h ile a g rea t d ea l o f lig h t is ca s t ír o m v a r io u s a n g le s o n th e e s ta te s and o th e r in te r e s ts o f th e n o b ilit y . R e w a r d s f ó r m ilita r y se r v ic e in c lu d e th e g ra n t o f th e D a n u b e fe r r y to jls at F u ta k t o a m á n w h o h a d b e e n w o u n d e d f ig h tin g th e C u m a n s (I , n o . 4 5 1). T h e r e are g lim p s e s o f th a t m o s t d is tin c tiv e fe a tu r e o f th e fo u r te e n t h -c e n tu r y H u n g á r iá n e c o n o m y , th e m in in g o f p r e c io u s m e ta ls (e .g . II, n o s . 1 3 4- 5); an(f th e r e are im p o r ta n t d o c u m e n t s r e la tin g t o affairs o f State, su c h as that w h ic h r e c o r d s th e fo r m a i a c c e p ta n c e o f C h a r le s R ó b e r t as K in g o f H u n g a r y in 1 3 0 8 b y an a s s e m b ly o f lo r d s te m p o r a l and sp ir itu a l s u m m o n e d b y th e p a p a i le g a te C a r d in a l G e n t ilis (II , n o . 4 9 4). C h a r le s R o b e r t ’s c la im t o th e H u n g á r iá n th r o n e h ad r e c e iv e d fin a n cia ! s u p p o r t fr o n t h is g r a n d fa th e r C h a r le s II o f N a p le s , a n d it is n ő t w it h o u t in te r e s t to fin d that th e la tter, in s e e k in g f u n d s fó r h is g r a n d s o n ’s c a u se , raised lo a n s fr o m th e B árdi an d P e r u z z i o f F lo r e n c e o n th e s e c u r ity o f a g o ld e n c r o w n e n c r u s tc d w it h j e w e ls (I, n o . 7 4 4). T h is last d o c u m e n t, a lo n g w it h o th e r s f r o m th e N e a p o lit a n a r c h iv e s , w a s in c lu d e d in G u s z t á v W e n z e l ’s c o lle c t io n o f d ip lo m a t ic r e c o r d s r e la tin g t o th e A n g e v in p e r io d p u b lis h e d in th e 1870S; b ú t s u c h s o u r c e s a c q u ir e a n e w s ig n ific a n c e w h e n t h e y are p la c e d a lo n g s id e th e fu ll ra n g é o f a rch iv á l m a ter ia ls f ó r th is p e r io d . D e s p it e H u n g a r y ’s p o s it io n o n th e p e r ip h e r y o f C h r is t e n d o m , th e d ip lo m a tic m a n o e u v r in g s an d m ilita r y a d v e n tu r e s o f C h a r le s R ó b e r t and L o u is t h e G rea t, c o m b in e d w ith th e e ffe c ts o f H u n g á r iá n g o ld re le a se d in tő th e E u r o p e a n e c o n o m y , b r o u g h t St S te p h e n ’s realm in t ő c lo s e r c o n t a c t w it h States ly in g b e y o n d its im m e d ia te n e ig h b o u r s a n d a g r e a te r d e g r e e o f in flu e n c e in E u r o p e a n affairs. It is
1244
S H O R T E R N O T I C E S N o v e m b e r 1995E H R N o v .93
u n fo r tu n a t ab le t o e x p h a v e e n s u n b y A n j o u- 1 ca le n d a r ha e a s y a ccess k in g s.
U n i v e r s i
G e o g r a p n a t io n w it h w e r e e a g e r t to ld o r w r i v e r s ie s m ar that in te r e s q u e n c e s .T l C h in a . D i e
> 99a ; P P -3 : t h e d is c o v e i it h ad o n th s u m m a r iz e s t e p - b y -s te , d e ta ile d p ic tr a v e lle r s. ( p ic tu r e o f E III an d IV r e s p e c tiv e ly b y th e first t h e d if f u s io i o f t h e travi S e c t io n V s d is c o v e r y o í p e r c e p tio n c and m a in ly , c o n c e p t fó r ta tio n c o m n c o m p ila t io n M a r c o P o lo . u n k n o w n te th e ir tr a v e ls e d it io n o f 1 p r e v io u s ly 1 m e tic u lo u s t n o te s m a d e l R e ic h e r t, I v o u t w it h the p refe r r e d the d e s e r ip tio n s
S H O R T E R N O T I C E S
1245
u n fo r tu n a te , th e r e fo r e , th a t c o m p a r a tiv e ly f e w s c h o la r s o u ts id e H u n g a r y w ill b e a b le t o e x p lo it th is n e w A n g e v in g o ld m in e ; an e d it io n in L a tin o r E n g lis h w o u ld h a v e e n su r e d a w id e r r e a d e r s h ip . N e v e r th e le s s , th e r esea rch p o s s ib ilit ie s o ffe r e d b y A n j o u - K o r i O k l e v é l t á r are u n d o u b t e d ly im m e n s e , an d a M a g y a r -la n g u a g e ca le n d a r h as at least th e a d v a n ta g e o f a llo w in g H u n g a r ia n s at all a c a d e m ic le v e ls e a s y a ccess to th e s u r v iv in g r e c o r d s fó r th e reig n s o f th e ir t w o g rea t A n g e v in k in g s.
U n i v e r s i ty o f H u l l a n d r e w a y t o n
1995
G e o g r a p h ic e x p lo r a tio n h a s a p e r e n n ia l a p p ea l. E v e r s in c e H e r o d o t u s ’s fa sc i- n a tio n w it h th e w a n d e r in g s o f A r is te a s o f P r o c o n n e s u s - o r e v e n b e f o r e - p e o p le w e r e e a g e r to read o r ü s t é n t o th e ta les o f tra v e lle r s a n d w e r e ta k e n a ls ó b y sto r ie s to ld o r w r itte n n ő t b y , b ú t a b o u t th e m . T h e r e c e n t c e le b r a tio n s an d c o n t r o - v e r s ie s m a r k in g th e q u in c e n te n a r y o f C o l u m b u s ’s la n d fa ll h a v e c le a r ly s h o w n th a t in te r e st w a s n ő t lim ite d t o th e trip its e lf b ú t f o c u s e d a ls ó o n its c o n s e - q u e n c e s . T h e s u b title o f F ö lk é r E . R e ic h e r t’s r em a rk a b le b o o k B e g e g n u n g e n m i t C h in a . D ie E n td e c k u n g O s ta s ie n s im M i t t e l a l t e r (S ig m a r in g e n : Jan T h o r b e c k e , 1 9 9 2; p p . 3 3 6. D M 1 2 8) is s o m e w h a t a m b ig u o u s , fó r its s u b je c t is n ő t s o m u c h th e d is c o v e r y o f E a s t (a n d I n n e r ) A s ia b y w e s te r n tr a v e lle r s, b ú t ra th er th e e ffe c t it had o n th e in te lle c tu a l life o f m e d ie v a l E u r o p e . T h e b o o k d o e s n ő t r ep ea t o r s u m m a r iz e th e d e s c r ip tio n s g iv e n in th e fir s t-h a n d a c c o u n ts , n o r d o e s it f o l lo w s t e p - b y - s t e p th e w id e n in g o f th e E u r o p e a n h o r iz o n . It p r e s e n ts a b r o a d an d d e ta ile d p ic tu r e o f th e d iff u s io n a n d r e c e p tio n o f th e in fo r m a t io n g iv e n b y th e tr a v e lle r s. O f th e b o o k ’s s e v e n s e c tio n s , th e first a n d w e a k e s t e x a m in e s th e p ic tu r e o f E a st A s ia as r e fle c te d in th e w o r k s o f t h e c la s sic a l a u th o r s . S e c tio n s II, III an d IV c o n c e n tr a te o n th e th ir te e n th an d f o u r te e n th c e n tu r ie s and d ea l, r e s p e c tiv e ly , w ith ‘E n c o u n t e r s ’, a n a ly s in g th e in fo r m a t io n b r o u g h t to E u r o p e b y th e first w e s te r n tr a v e lle r s t o th e e a st, ‘D e s c r ip t io n s ’, tr a c in g t h e o r ig in s and th e d iff u s io n o f th e e y e w it n e s s a c c o u n ts , an d ‘E f f e c t s ’, f o c u s in g o n th e in flu e n c e o f th e travel a c c o u n ts o n th e w h o le s p e c tr u m o f m e d ie v a l in te lle c tu a l life . S e c tio n V sp e a k s o f th e in flu e n c e e x e r te d b y k n o w le d g e o f E a s t A s ia o n th e d is c o v e r y o f A m e r ic a . S e c t io n V I g iv e s a s u m m a r y o f th e n atú ré o f th e m e d ie v a l p e r c e p tio n o f E ast A s ia as r e fle c te d n ő t o n l y b y th e tr a v e lle r s ’ a c c o u n ts b ú t a lsó , an d m a in ly , b y th o s e w h o read th e m . R e ic h e r t’s b o o k is W ir k u n g s g e s c h ic h te , a c o n c e p t fó r w h ic h th e r e is n o E n g lis h w o r d . T h e t h o r o u g h n e s s o f th e p r e s e n - ta tio n c o m m a n d s d e e p r e s p e c t. T h is b o o k is n ő t a d ig e s t, a s c is s o r s - a n d - p a s t e c o m p ila t io n o f w e l l - k n o w n travel a c c o u n ts s u c h as t h o s e o f P ia n o C a r p in i o r M a r c o P o lo . A t th e e n d o f h is b o o k R e ic h e r t ü sts 1 26 in d iv id u a ls , m a n y o f th e m u n k n o w n to th is r e v ie w e r , w h o b e t w e e n 1 2 4 2 an d 1 4 4 8 le ft w r it te n traces o f th e ir tra v els in C e n tr a l an d E a st A s ia . N o r is th e a u th o r s a tis fie d w it h th e p r in te d e d it io n o f h is so u r c e s; h e h as e x a m in e d a b o u t a h u n d r e d m a n u s c r ip ts n ő t p r e v io u s ly u se d and in se v e r a l in s ta n c e s e s ta b lis h e d th e ir tr a n s m is s io n . H is m e tic u lo u s resea rch y ie ld s r e s u lts fr o m u n e x p e c t e d d a ta s u c h as th e m a rg in a l n o te s m a d e b y c o n t e m p o r a r y read ers. A m o n g th e g e n e r á l o b s e r v a tio n s m a d e b y R e ic h e r t, I w o u ld ü k é to p o in t o u t th e f o llo w in g tw o : n ő n e o f th e tra v e lle r s se t o u t w it h th e aim o f e n la r g in g th e s c o p e o f k n o w le d g e ; th e p u b lic v e r y m u c h p refe r r e d th e im a g in a r y tra v el a c c o u n ts fü le d w it h m i r a b i l ia t o th e m o r e r e a listic d e s c r ip tio n s g iv e n b y t h o s e w h o r e a lly k n e w w h a t th e y w e r e w r it in g a b o u t. T h is
E H R N o v .93
