TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHANGES TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHANGES
OF CLIMATE ELEMENTS IN OF CLIMATE ELEMENTS IN
HUNGARY HUNGARY
PRECIPITATION
PRECIPITATION
AsAs thethe climateclimate of Hungary of Hungary tendstends toto droughtdrought, temporal, temporal and and spatialspatial distribution
distribution of precipitationof precipitation has of has of specialspecial importanceimportance inin agriculturalaagriculturala ndnd ecologicalecological pointpoint ofof view.view.
Precipitation
Precipitation inin Hungary is Hungary is generallygenerally less thanless than thethe requirementrequirement of of vegetation
vegetation. A csapad. A csapadéék k általáltaláában kevesebb, mint a vegetban kevesebb, mint a vegetáácicióó
igigénye. The énye. The climaticclimatic waterwater balancebalance is negativeis negative inin thethe substantialsubstantial part part of theof the country. country.
Mean monthly and annual sums of precipitation
in Hungary, mm, 1961-1990
station year
Temporal
Temporal dynamics dynamics of of precipitation precipitation
The annualThe annual cozrsecozrse of precipitationof precipitation showsshows doubledouble wave. wave. Minimum Minimum precipitation
precipitation fallsfalls inin January. January. ThisThis is dueis due toto thethe lowlow vapourvapour pressurepressure and frequentand frequent anticyclonicanticyclonic large-large-scalescale weatherweather situationssituations ((SiberianSiberian maximum).
maximum).
Most of the precipitation falls between May to July. . ThisThis maymay be be associated
associated withwith thethe maximum vapourmaximum vapour pressure, pressure, nearnear thethe MedardMedard cyclone
cyclone activity, and activity, and thethe intensifyingintensifying convection.convection.
Maximum Maximum precipitationprecipitation showsshows slightslight temporaltemporal delaysdelays inin differentdifferent regions
regions of theof the country.country.
InIn thethe TransdanubianTransdanubian HillsHills and and thethe Bakony areaBakony area thethe most most precipitation
precipitation occursoccurs inin May, May, inin West Hungary inWest Hungary in July, July, whilewhile inin thethe major part of
major part of thethe country incountry in JuneJune. .
A secondaryA secondary maximum of precipitationmaximum of precipitation cancan alsoalso be observedbe observed atat autumn
autumn (October(October-November-November) ) inin South DunáSouth Dunántntúúl and l and inin thethe south-south- easteast slopesslopes of Dunáof Dunántntúúli li MediumMedium-high-high Mountains.Mountains.
ItIt comescomes fromfrom thethe rainsrains of of warmwarm frontsfronts ofof thethe MediterraneanMediterranean cyclones
cyclones ((GenoaGenoa cyclones) cyclones) originatingoriginating fromfrom LigurianLigurian seasea areaarea..
ItIt is notis not uncommonuncommon thatthat, due, due toto abundantabundant autumnautumn rains, rains, winterwinter halhal-- yearyear isis wetterwetter ((inin 20-20-30% of 30% of thethe cases).cases).
Greater
Greater precipitationprecipitation of theof the winterwinter half-half-yearyear is most specificis most specific toto thethe South Dun
South Dunáántntúúl l areaarea showingshowing MediterraneanMediterranean effects. effects. InIn AlföAlföldldön ön thethe summer
summer is wetteris wetter inin 80-80-90% of 90% of thethe cases.cases.
The secondaryThe secondary maximum inmaximum in autumnautumn is weakeningis weakening fromfrom south-south-westwest toto north-north-easteast direction.direction.
The annualThe annual sum of precipitationsum of precipitation maymay show upshow up toto 2.5-2.5-fold fold fluctuations
fluctuations yearyear byby year. year. ThisThis is theis the most most variablevariable climaticclimatic elementelement..
Temporal
Temporal dynamics dynamics of of precipitation precipitation
Mean summer - winter sums of precipitation
in Hungary, mm, 1901-1950
station sum hy win hy station sum hy win hy
InIn thethe dryestdryest yearsyears 290-290-350 mm 350 mm precipitationprecipitation fallsfalls inin AlföAlföld areald area, , while
while inin wetterwetter yearsyears eveneven 800-800-900 mm 900 mm precipitationprecipitation waswas measuredmeasured there
there. In. In West-West-DunDunántántúúl l precipitationprecipitation totalstotals exceedingexceeding 1000 mm 1000 mm areare notnot uncommonuncommon duringduring thesethese years.years.
InIn anyany monthmonth maymay occuroccur completecomplete lacklack of prrecipitationof prrecipitation..
LongLong--termterm averageaverage of of thethe numbernumber of of rainyrainy daysdays is is aroundaround 120 120 daysdays forfor thethe wholewhole, , soso theoreticallytheoretically everyevery thirdthird daysdays is is rainyrainy dayday. (. (RainyRainy dayday: : thethe amountamount of of precipitationprecipitation reachesreaches atat leastleast 0.1 mm.)0.1 mm.)
The The lengthlength of theof the longestlongest rainyrainy periodperiod waswas 52 days52 days..
InIn summer, summer, frewuentlyfrewuently occuroccur monthlymonthly rainfallrainfall amountsamounts of 200-of 200-300 300 mm.mm.
Since
Since 1870 the1870 the biggestbiggest annualannual amountamount of precipitationof precipitation waswas measured
measured atat PPécs city (1204 mm) écs city (1204 mm) inin 1896; while1896; while thethe smallestsmallest waswas atat Szeged city (216 mm)
Szeged city (216 mm) inin 2000.2000.
The highest annual precipitation amounts
in Hungary, mm, 1881-1992
The lowest annual precipitation amounts
in Hungary, mm, 1881-1992
Geographical distribution of the mean annual precipitation amount in Hungary, mm
The spatialThe spatial distributiondistribution of precipitationof precipitation is mainlyis mainly influencedinfluenced byby thethe combined
combined effecteffect of of thethe increasingincreasing distancedistance fromfrom thethe oceanocean (weakening(weakening oceanicoceanic effect) and effect) and thethe topography.topography.
InIn DunáDunántntúúl l areaarea, parallel , parallel toto thethe weakeningweakening oceanicoceanic effecteffect, mean, mean annual
annual precipitationprecipitation totaltotal decreasesdecreases fromfrom 800 mm to800 mm to 550 mm, from550 mm, from south
south--westwest toto north-north-easteast direction. direction.
ToTo thethe easteast fromfrom thethe DanubeDanube River, River, inin AlföAlföld ld areaarea meanmean annualannual precipitation
precipitation totaltotal decreasesdecreases concentricallyconcentrically fromfrom 550 mm 550 mm toto 500 500 mm, whichmm, which cancan be tracedbe traced back toback to thethe basinbasin charactercharacter of Alföof Alföld ld areaarea.. InIn HortobáHortobágy and gy and TripleTriple--KKöörrööss areasareas 480-480-500 mm 500 mm precipitationprecipitation fallsfalls per yearper year, , whilewhile inin SzatmáSzatmárr--BeregiBeregi--PlainPlain thisthis quantityquantity is upis up toto 600 600 mm.mm.
There
There is twois two--foldfold differencedifference inin thethe annualannual pecipitationpecipitation amountamount betwen
betwen thethe centralcentral part of Alföpart of Alföld (Great Plainld (Great Plain) and West Dun) and West Dunáántntúúl. l.
InIn most partsmost parts of theof the medium-medium-highhigh mountainsmountains ofof Hungary Hungary totaltotal annual
annual precipitationprecipitation generallygenerally exceedsexceeds 600 mm.600 mm.
Mountains
Mountains inin Hungary, Hungary, duedue toto thethe orographicorographic precipitationprecipitation formation
formation, show , show precipitationprecipitation surplussurplus comparedcompared toto plainsplains..
OnOn average, an average, an increaseincrease of 100 m aboveof 100 m above seasea levellevel is associatedis associated withwith around
around 50 mm precipitation50 mm precipitation growthgrowth per yearper year.. However
However, , thethe anomalyanomaly cannotcannot be uniformlybe uniformly detecteddetected inin thethe mountains
mountains..
ThisThis precipitationprecipitation growthgrowth is theis the strongeststrongest inin thethe luvluv sideside of theof the mountains
mountains, , perpendicularperpendicular toto thethe prevailingprevailing windwind directiondirection ((High-High- Bakony
Bakony). ). HoweverHowever, , inin thethe oppositeopposite (lee) side(lee) side negatínegatíve ve anomalyanomaly maymay alsoalso occuroccur (Bö(Börzsrzsöny Mountain).öny Mountain).
Height (m)
average
Geographical distribution of the mean precipitation total (mm) during the growing season in Hungary
Precipitation
Precipitation amountamount fallenfallen withinwithin thethe growinggrowing seasonseason (between(between April
April and Septemberand September) is important) is important inin agriculturalagricultural pointpoint of viewof view.. OnOn nationalnational average, average, thisthis amountamount is 55is 55-65% of -65% of thethe annualannual totaltotal precipitation
precipitation.. Regional
Regional distributiondistribution of of thisthis quantityquantity is similaris similar toto thatthat of of thethe annualannual total
total precipiattion. precipiattion. However, However, wewe shouldshould notenote thatthat thethe centralcentral part of part of AlföAlföld ld areaarea (Great Plain(Great Plain) is ) is extremelyextremely dry. dry.
Although
Although thethe growinggrowing seasonseason is wetteris wetter thanthan thethe winterwinter half-half-yearyear, , rainfall
rainfall amountamount inin thethe growinggrowing seasonseason onlyonly withwith thethe waterwater amountamount coming
coming fromfrom snowsnow meltingmelting isis sufficientsufficient forfor vegetation.vegetation.
Frequency
Frequency of of precipitation precipitation amounts amounts exceeding exceeding different
different threshold threshold values values
Besides
Besides quantityquantity, , thethe intensityintensity (i.e. (i.e. precipitationprecipitation fallenfallen duringduring a unit a unit timetime: : hourhour, minute; , minute; inin otherother wordword hourhour-- oror minuteminute-- ntensityntensity) is ) is alsoalso an an important
important featurefeature of of precipitationprecipitation). ).
ThisThis is an importantis an important parameterparameter, in, in respectrespect of of thethe efficacyefficacy ofof infiltrationinfiltration and soiland soil erosionerosion processesprocesses. .
Water
Water of an intenseof an intense rainfallrainfall infiltratesinfiltrates less, and less, and thethe impactimpact of of itsits raindrops
raindrops ofof highhigh kinetickinetic energyenergy stronglystrongly destroydestroy soilsoil aggregates.aggregates.
ItIt is calculatedis calculated onon ombrographombrograph data. data. DaysDays withwith precipitationprecipitation amountsamounts exceeding
exceeding thethe followingfollowing thresholdsthresholds areare usedused toto be classifiedbe classified: : cscs >> 0.1 0.1 mm, csmm, cs >> 1 mm, cs1 mm, cs >> 5 mm and cs5 mm and cs >> 10 mm (10 mm (cs: cs: dailydaily precipitationprecipitation amount
amount). ).
Intensity
Intensity inin thethe most heaviestmost heaviest showersshowers maymay reachreach eveneven 1-1-3 mm/minute; 3 mm/minute;
however
however, , thethe more frequentmore frequent quietquiet rainsrains provideprovide 1 mm/1 mm/hourhour precipitation
precipitation..
1) Landslides occur in those areas, where clay or marl layers alternate with permeable layers.
Cholnoky: → lanslide → slip, its part is „hepe”, often with hepe-lake;
E.g. Mezőség, or the Garden of Dragons (Szilágy county) in Transylvania;
Jenő Cholnoky: The Earth and it life, volume 6;
volume 6: Geography of Hungary, page 492;
„When I showed my students the slips, I warned them, that they can be immediately recognized on the rough surface (surface with „hepe-
hupa”). Transylvanian boys are not familiar with this word and one jokingly said that surely those sleep hills were the „hupa” and the hollows between them the „hepe”. The joke was successful, because sence then these forms have been named so, and recently these
morphological terms have been generally accepted; namely, hupa is a hill generated by slips and hepe is a hollow. Water frequently
accumulates in the latter forms: this is the hepe-lake.”
2) Landslides occur in those areas, where steep loess surfaces are found (e.g. in the eastern basin of Lake Balaton, or along the right bank of the Danube, as Dunaföldvár, Paks and
Dunaszekcső).
The loess pores are easily saturated with water → loess walls may burst off the steep loess surfaces;
In wet years the damage could reach 10 billion HUF;
In loess areas the collapse of loess walls can be prevented with contructing of slopes and installing of soil-bounding vegetation;
Examples:
• the tunnel in Balatonakarattya is approaching towards the Lake Balaton by 1-2 cm per year,
• the railway station in Balatonvilágos is slipping otwards the lake Balaton,
• Hollóháza, Ercsi and Rácalmás are also struggling against hillside movements.
Professional recommendations:
• construction works are prohibited within the distance from the loess that equls with the height of the loess wall;
• geological survey of the settlements, to determine areas being under prohibition from building permit;
• insulation of the sewing system (in the absence of this, will cellars collapse.
Annual number of days with daily precipitation (dp) exceeding different thresholds
dp > 0.1 mm dp > 1 mm
dp > 5 mm dp > 0.1 mm
The numberThe number of of rainyrainy daysdays is notis not closelyclosely relatedrelated toto thethe spatialspatial distribution
distribution of of thethe annualannual totaltotal rainfall. rainfall. InIn thethe middle, middle, drydry partsparts ofof AlfAlfööld areald area (Great Plain(Great Plain) ) thethe annualannual numbernumber of rainyof rainy daysdays is littleis little ((aroundaround 110 days110 days). At). At thethe samesame time, time, thethe most precipitationmost precipitation fallsfalls atat altitudes
altitudes higherhigher thanthan 700 m above700 m above seasea levellevel and and inin thethe SzatmáSzatmárr-- Beregi
Beregi PlainPlain (135 (135 days).days).
Bigger
Bigger rainfallsrainfalls areare closelyclosely associatedassociated withwith thethe topography.topography. Precipitation
Precipitation aboveabove 1 mm per 1 mm per dayday occursoccurs onon less thanless than 75 days75 days and and 95-95-100 100 daysdays per yearper year inin thethe middlemiddle partsparts of Alföof Alföld (Great ld (Great PlainPlain) ) areaarea and and inin WestWest-Dun-Dunáántntúúl, l, respectively. respectively.
Precipitation
Precipitation aboveabove 5 mm per 5 mm per dayday occursoccurs 35-35-40 40 daysdays and 45and 45-50 -50 daysdays per yearper year inin thethe middlemiddle partsparts of Alföof Alföld (Great ld (Great Plain) Plain) areaarea and inand in West-West- DunDunántántúúl, l, respectively. respectively.
Precipitation
Precipitation aboveabove 10 mm per 10 mm per dayday occursoccurs << 15 days15 days per yearper year inin thethe middle
middle partsparts of Alfof Alföld (Great öld (Great Plain) Plain) areaarea and and >> 25 days25 days per yearper year inin WestWest-Dun-Dunáántntúúl, l, respectively. respectively.
75% of
75% of thethe totaltotal durationduration ofof thethe precipitationprecipitation is belowis below 1 mm/hr1 mm/hr of of rainfall
rainfall intensity, intensity, resultingresulting inin 30% of the30% of the totaltotal precipitationprecipitation amount.amount. Moderately
Moderately--intensityintensity rainfallrainfall (1-(1-5 mm/5 mm/hrhr) takes) takes 22% of the22% of the annualannual duration
duration ofof precipitation, precipitation, resultingresulting inin 50% of the50% of the totaltotal precipitationprecipitation amount
amount!!
HighHigh intensityintensity ((aboveabove 5 mm/hr5 mm/hr) rainfall) rainfall occursoccurs onlyonly duringduring 2% of 2% of thethe totaltotal rainyrainy daysdays; ; however, however, thisthis involvesinvolves 20% of the20% of the totaltotal annualannual rainfall
rainfall amount!amount! Accordingly
Accordingly, , thethe significancesignificance of theof the medium-medium- and and highhigh intensityintensity rainfall
rainfall facilitatingfacilitating erosionerosion is outstandingis outstanding..
A thunderstormA thunderstorm originorigin erosionerosion riskrisk index is usedindex is used toto evaluateevaluate thethe soilsoil erosion
erosion impactimpact of frequentof frequent highhigh intensityintensity precipitationprecipitation..
Thunderstorm origin erosion risk index (indices) in Hungary
Extreme
Extreme high high precipitation precipitation amounts amounts for for Hungary Hungary (rainfall ( rainfall intensity): intensity ):
Duration, minute
Amount,
mm Location Duration Amount, Location mm
hour hour hour day month min
min min min min min
Mean number of thunderstorm days in Hungary
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms and and hails hails
Thunderstorm
Thunderstorm is onis on eoreor more electricalmore electrical discharges, discharges, accompaniedaccompanied withwith flash
flash of lightof light and sharpand sharp oror rumblingrumbling sound. sound. InIn allall casescases itit is relatedis related toto thethe formationformation of of Cb, Cb, furthermorefurthermore usuallyusually strongstrong gustygusty windswinds and and
heavy
heavy showershower andand hail.hail. Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms occuroccur most most ferquentlyferquently inin MáMátratra-- andand DunazugDunazug Mountains
Mountains, , inin SouthSouth-east-east AlföAlföld (Great ld (Great PlainPlain) ) areaarea and and inin SzatmáSzatmárr-- Beregi
Beregi PlainPlain ((aboveabove 30 days30 days//yr). yr).
The lowestThe lowest frequencyfrequency of thunderstormsof thunderstorms occursoccurs inin thethe middlemiddle partsparts ofof AlföAlföld ld (Great (Great PlainPlain) ) areaarea ((belowbelow 20 days20 days//yr).yr).
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms frequentlyfrequently involveinvolve hails, hails, ifif inin thethe top of thetop of the thunderstorm
thunderstorm cloudcloud thethe thethe tmeperaturetmeperature is wellis well belowbelow 00°°C and theC and the upwelling
upwelling is extremelyis extremely strong.strong. The most
The most hailhail occursoccurs inin JulyJuly (20 (20 occasionsoccasions asas averageaverage of manyof many years
years), ), whilewhile thethe fewestfewest inin DecemberDecember (0.(0.4 4 occasionsoccasions asas averageaverage of of manymany years).years).
Hails
Hails occuroccur inin Hungary alongHungary along soso calledcalled „hail„hail pathspaths”; ”; namelynamely,, MáMátratra-- and Band Büükkkk MountainsMountains, Kemeneshá, Kemeneshát, Villt, Villáányinyi Mountain andMountain and HajdúHajdúhháát. t.
Mean number of days with hail in the growing season in Hungary
Snow Snow and and snow snow cover cover
A specificA specific featurefeature of theof the climateclimate ofof Hungary is thatHungary is that snowsnow isis fallingfalling eveneven inin thethe mildestmildest winters, winters, althoughalthough itsits amountamount variesvaries betweenbetween widewide rangesranges fromfrom yearyear toto yearyear..
inin AlföAlföld (Great ld (Great Plain) Plain) areaarea itit is snowingis snowing onon averageaverage 18-18-22 22 daysdays per per year. year. ItIt is snowingis snowing 25-25-30 30 daysdays inin DunáDunántntúúl and l and thethe hillyhilly aeras, 30aeras, 30--40 40 daysdays inin thethe mountainsmountains and 50-and 50-60 60 daysdays aboveabove 700 m height700 m height fromfrom thethe seasea level
level..
The waterThe water equivalentequivalent precipitationprecipitation fallenfallen inin thethe formform of of snowsnow is betweenis between 40-40-170 mm 170 mm onon average. average. AtAt thethe samesame time, time, aboveabove 400 m height400 m height fromfrom thethe seasea levellevel itit exceedsexceeds 100 mm everywhere100 mm everywhere..
InIn West-West-DunDunáántntúúl l areaarea, the, the mildermilder winterswinters resultresult inin onon averageaverage 80-80-120 120 mm watermm water equivalentequivalent snowsnow amountamount per yearper year ((thethe effecteffect of Genoaof Genoa
cyclone cyclone).).
AlföAlföld (Great ld (Great Plain) Plain) areaarea characterizedcharacterized byby harshharsh winterswinters providesprovides onon average
average a merea mere 40-40-60 mm 60 mm waterwater equivalentequivalent snowsnow amountamount per yearper year..
The shareThe share of snowof snow fromfrom thethe annualannual precipitationprecipitation amountamount inin AlföAlföld (Great ld (Great Plain
Plain) ) areaarea is onis on averageaverage 7-7-10%, 10%, inin South-South-westwest-Dun-Dunáántntúúll 10-10-15%, 15%, whilewhile inin thethe mountainsmountains 15-15-20%.20%.
Mean annual amount of the water equivalent snow in Hungary
After
After snowfall, snowfall, ifif thethe tempertatureremainstempertatureremains permanentlypermanently belowbelow 00°°C, C, thethe snowsnow covercover is retainedis retained forfor longerlonger oror shortershorter periodsperiods of of time. The time. The daysdays whenwhen thethe surfacesurface is coveredis covered byby atat leastleast 1 cm thick1 cm thick completecomplete snowsnow cover
cover, , areare calledcalled snowsnow-covered-covered daysdays..
The leastThe least numbernumber of of snowsnow-covered-covered daysdays occuroccur inin thethe middlemiddle partsparts ofof AlföAlföld (Great ld (Great Plain) (30Plain) (30-35 -35 daysdays), where), where thethe amountamount of of snowsnow fallenfallen is is scarce
scarce..
The numberThe number of snowof snow-covered-covered daysdays inin thethe most partsmost parts of Dunáof Dunántntúúl l areaarea is is between
between 40-40-45 45 daysdays, due, due toto thethe more more snowsnow and despiteand despite thethe higherhigher average
average temperaturetemperature inin January. January.
InIn thethe medium-medium-highhigh mountainsmountains thethe numbernumber of snowof snow--coveredcovered daysdays exceeds
exceeds 50 days50 days, , howeverhowever aboveabove 700 m from700 m from thethe seasea levellevel 100-100-120 120 snow-snow-coveredcovered daysdays occur.occur.
InIn DunáDunántntúúl l MediumMedium--highhigh Mountain, everyMountain, every 100 m increase100 m increase inin thethe heightheight fromfrom seasea levellevel involvesinvolves 9 days9 days increaseincrease inin snow-snow-coveredcovered daysdays..
InIn somesome winterswinters no no completecomplete snowsnow covercover occursoccurs inin AlföAlföld (Great ld (Great PlainPlain) ) area, area, whilewhile inin otherother winterswinters snowsnow remainsremains therethere throughthrough 80-80-100 100 daysdays..
Mean annual number of the snow-covered days in Hungary
Snow-Snow-covercover thicknessthickness is alsois also an importantan important climateclimate parameter. parameter. ByBy averaging
averaging maximum maximum snowsnow-cover-cover thicknessesthicknesses of differentof different winters, winters, wewe obtain
obtain meanmean maximum snowmaximum snow--covercover thickness.thickness.
ThisThis valuevalue is aboutis about 15-15-20 cm in20 cm in thethe coldcold and snowyand snowy AlföAlföld (Great ld (Great Plain
Plain) ) areaarea..
AtAt thethe samesame time, time, thisthis valuevalue is 25-is 25-40 cm 40 cm inin DunáDunántntúlúl--HillsHills..
InIn thethe mediummedium-high-high mountainsmountains and inand in thethe edgeedge of Westof West-Hungary -Hungary thisthis valuevalue is 30is 30-50 cm.-50 cm.
ItsIts valuevalue exceedsexceeds 50 cm above50 cm above 500 m height500 m height fromfrom seasea level.level. Every
Every 100 m increase100 m increase inin thethe heightheight fromfrom seasea levellevel involvesinvolves 9 cm 9 cm increase
increase inin thethe nationalnational valuevalue of theof the meanmean maximum snowmaximum snow--covercover thickness
thickness..
InIn AlföAlföld (Great ld (Great Plain) Plain) areaarea therethere areare winterswinters whenwhen therethere is no is no measurable
measurable thicknessthickness of snowof snow--covercover and, atand, at thethe samesame time, time, alsoalso winters
winters whenwhen a a complete, 60complete, 60--80 cm 80 cm thickthick anow-anow-covercover occurs. The occurs. The national
national extremeextreme thickthick snowsnow covercover is 151 cm (Februaryis 151 cm (February 1947, 1947, KőKőszegszeg--StStáájerhjerháázakzak))
Mean maximum snow-cover thickness (cm) in Hungary
Hoar Hoar
Micro
Micro--precipitationprecipitation: : itit is is formedformed whenwhen waterwater vapourvapour condensescondenses onon thethe surfacesurface and and differentdifferent objectsobjects belowbelow 00°°C.C.
Rime Rime
Rime Rime
RimeRime is a typeis a type of microof micro--precipitationprecipitation condensedcondensed and and depositeddeposited onon branches
branches of treesof trees oror edgesedges of differentof different objectsobjects belowbelow 00°°C C temperature
temperature fromfrom flowingflowing mildmild and humidand humid air and air and formingforming iceice needles
needles..
DueDue toto makingmaking a significanta significant overload, overload, theythey maymay breakbreak offoff branchesbranches of treesof trees and overheadand overhead cablescables..
DueDue toto itsits potentialpotential severesevere damage, damage, thisthis is theis the onlyonly regularlyregularly measured
measured micro-micro-precipitatoionprecipitatoion. . InIn Hungary, a rimeHungary, a rime measuringmeasuring network
network has beenhas been workingworking sincesince thethe winterwinter of 1967/68.of 1967/68.
The most
The most rimyrimy areasareas inin Hungary areHungary are thethe mountains, mountains, wherewhere thethe meanmean annualannual numbernumber of rimyof rimy daysdays exceedexceed 30 days30 days, , whilewhile inin AlföAlföld ld (Great
(Great PlainPlain) ) areaarea thisthis valuevalue is onlyis only 4-4-8 8 daysdays..
A signfiicanztA signfiicanzt amountamount of rimeof rime maymay be depositedbe deposited eveneven inin less rimyless rimy areas
areas. .
Maximum deposited rime (g/m) in the function of the height above sea level in Hungary, 1968-69 − 1977-78
Height above sea level (m)
station Mass of the
absolute maximum deposition (g/m)
Mean annual number of the rims days in Hungary
Always look on the bright side of things!
We finished for today, goodbye!
ق ا ا إ اد د
ق ا ا إ اد د
ﻣ ﻣ ! ! ء ء ا ا
让我们总是从光明的一面来看待事 物吧！
今天的课程到此结束，谢谢！
