AUTHOR'S JOURNEY FROM CONSTANTINOPLE TO VIENNA CONTAINING HIS ACCOUNT OF THE

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(9) TRAVELS IN. VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF. EUROPE ASIA AND AFRICA E.D.. CLARKE. LL.D.. PART THE SECOND. GREECE EGYPT AND THE HOLY LAND SECTION THE THIRD TO WHICH. IS. ADDED A SUPPLEMENT RESPECTING THE. AUTHOR'S JOURNEY FROM CONSTANTINOPLE TO VIENNA CONTAINING HIS ACCOUNT OF THE. GOLD MINES OF TRANSYLVANIA AND HUNGARY.. FOURTH EDITION. VOLUME THE EIGHTH. LONDON PRINTED FOR. T.. CADELL AND. W. DAVIES. IN THE STRAND. BY. R.. WATTS CROWN COURT TEMPLE. MDCCCXVIII.. BAR..

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(11) C sst LIST OP. EMBELLISHMENTS AND VIGNETTES IN VOLUME THE EIGHTH.. THB VIGNETTES ARE ENGRAVED ON WOOD, CHIEFLY BY W. HUGHES.. TO FACE THE TITLE. :. Chart of the Sea of Marmora, of the Dardanelles, and of the Thracian Bosporus. ;. originally published. as. Kauffer, at Constantinople.. by. Engraved by Neele.. CHAP.. I. Page. Limestone Formation of the Countries bordering the. by the Plain of. Archipelago,. as exemplified. Macedonia.. Engraved by Cooper, from a Sketch by. Seres in. the Author. 1. CHAP. Lamp from. Passeri. ;. II.. exhibiting the Virga divina, and. other Symbols of Mercury.. Copied by R. B. Harraden.. Engraved by R. Cooper. CHAP.. 52 III.. Grecian Origin of the English Pantomime, as exhibited. Dramas of the Antients. Copied Winkelmami, by R. B. Harraden. Engraved by. in the Mythological after. R. Cooper. 93. Antient Tumulus, near Devcli, in Thrace. 2ii48Gl. 112.

(12) EMBELLISHMENTS AND VIGNETTES.. CHAP.. IV. Page. of Sancta Sophia. North-west Prospect Grelot,. by. Letilia. ;. etched after. Byrne. 133. Topographical Chart of the City of Constantinople and its. Environs, Galata, Peru, Tophana, and Scutari. the original Survey. made by. Kauff'er.. ;. from. Engraved by to face. Neek. .. 186. SUPPLEMENT. CHAP. Onyx. Intaglio,. nople. I.. found by the Mud-washers of Constanti-. representing the Flight of ^neas. ;. Drawn from. the original. CHAP.. A new. from Troy.. Gem by Mrs. Edward. Clarke, 189. II.. Veronica, discovered by the Author Passage of Mount Hcemus. Designed from the. Species of. in the. original Specimens,. and engraved according. to their. natural size. 229. CHAP. The. Traveller's. Mines; consisting 3.. of,. I.. a. Hammer. a pair of Platinum Forceps. Phials. ;. III.. Mineralogical Apparatus for. ;. and. ;. 2.. 4, 5,. visiting. Blow-pipe. two small. the one containing Muriatic Acid, the other. Calcined Borax. 274. Boundaries of the Bannat of Temeswar. CHAP. Gipsies. R.B. washing Gold. Harraden. in. 303. IV.. the Bannat.. Designed by 321.

(13) EMBELLISHMENTS AND VIGNETTES.. CHAP.. V. rage. North-west View of. Vienna; from. upon the spot by the Rev, E.. a. Drawing made. F. Blomjield,. AT THE END OF THE VOLUME. M. A.. ..... Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. 374. :. General Outline of the Author's Route ; giving a more. faithful. view of his track through Greece, Macedonia, Thrace, Bulgaria, Walachia, Transylvania,. afforded. by any Maps. and Hungary, than can be. hitherto published.. from various documents, by Neele.. Engraved,.

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(15) GENERAL STATEMENT OF CONTENTS. PART. SECT.. II.. III.. VOLUME THE EIGHTH. Table 0/ Weights and. MoNEv/or. Mines of HtTNGARY. the. and Transylvania.. CHAP. P.. I.. 1.. THESSALONICA TO NEAPOLIS. Departure from Salonica. Remarkable Rocks respecting. — Lake. — Bolbe Palus — Bromiscus. Situation of the Sepulchre. Of. the. — Trana. of the Bianco e Nero Porphyry Erenderi Bauz. — Manuscripts — Cause. of. account of the. Monasteries. Antient Cities. Athos. polis. their. —. the country. Kunarga— Krenides. Dogs. Beshek. Natural Deposit. by Mr. Tweddell. visited. being overlooked. — Sources. — Some. of their wealth. — Orphano. —. Antient Medals. after passing the. Plain of Seres. — Equestrian Turkish Ladies— — Cavallo — Gold Drama— term. Tomb of. called Estericjae—. —Dervene — Strymon river— Amphi-. Various names of the city. —Appearance of. Clissele. — Micra Beshek — Khart. — Mount Athos —. q/". —. Valley q/'x\retlmsa. it. Euripides. St. Basil. of. — Lake Beshek — Uncertainty of authors. Strymon. Explanation of the. — Drabiscus. Praviita.. Fhilippi. Macedonia. — Neapohs,. and Silver Mines tf.

(16) GENERAL STATEMENT OF CONTENTS. CHAP.. II.. P. 52.. NEAPOLIS, TO THE TERRITORY OF Antiquities. of Neapolis. — Belon— Via. THE. CICONES.. Militaris— Phagres. — River Nestus — Yeni'ga — Ramadan— Turkish Saint — Ruins of Bistonia— Palus Bistonis — Pyrgis — Rhodope River KAru-tchi Tombs of Turkish Saints— Great Plain of National Wells — Ruins at Mycena Kalis Chouagilarkir—Gymmergine — Leunclavius Public Bath — Guyumdji Disregard shewn Firman — Conduct of — — Sourdji Tchafts-tcheyr — Extraordinary Bridges Hospitality of a Turk — Serrium Promontory — Shepshe Cicones Peresteria Great Roman Road— Territory of Tahtar Couriers. -.. to. the. the. the. Appearance q/"Fairy after lous Situation of the. of the Rebels. — Cause of. its. conflagration. Author and. his. — Ismarus. Companions. Peri-. — Behaviour. —Particulars of sackingand burning of Tairy — Difficulty of quitting town. the. the disaster. the. CHAP.. III.. P. 93.. FROM THE TERRITORY OF THE CICONES, TO CONSTANTINOPLE. River Hebrus. Plain of Doriscus. Antient allusion. to the. — ^nos. River Tearus. custom of Smoking— Wash Gold of the. — Achooria — Kishan —Medals— Grecian Origin of English Pantomime — Caduceus Hermes explained — Mode of practising Physic Turkey Ramadan — Bulgar Kieu Malgara—Develi Winter of Archipelago Prayers of Hebrus. —. Territory. of the Apsynthi. State of the Country. o/". in. the. the. Moslems. National Character of the Turks. — Rhodosto — Bisanthe. Prospect of the. — Yenijick. Froônih—Antient and.

(17) GENERAL STATEMENT OF CONTENTS. and modern. history of. Rhodosto. Inhospitable appearance. — Thracian and Trojan Barrmvs— Eski EregH — — Macrontlof Perinthus — Heraclea Curious anecdote of a Swallow — Selymbria— Roman. of Thrace. Inscription. Sit2iation. chos. marks of distance-— Crevatis Tchekmadj'i. Populace. — BuyAkTchekmadji — Kutchuk. Arrival at Constantinople. Behaviour of the. — Soros of Atracian Marble— Pera. CHAP. P.. IV.. 133.. CONSTANTINOPLE. Circumstances that prevented the Author' s departure influence of the climate. — Unhealthy. state. — Dangerous. of the English at. — Society of Vera.— Spies — Etiquette— Assemblies — State of the Turkish Government —. Fera— Rats and Evening. Persons who. Cats. farm. the Dirt of the City. — Diamonds— Other. — Vasa murrhina Bazar for Pataal — — mineral Manner of of — Drug-market — Shops for Stationary and Bookbinding — Tobacconists — Tchibouque Manufactories — Manner of City — Last Sancta Sophia Further account of — Cisterna maxima— Gyllius — — Aqueduct of Roman Emperors — Porta. precious. stones. the. Tash, or Keff-kill collecting. Localities. this. it. visiting the. visit to. that edifice. Basilica. Aurea. Description of the. Cyclopean the. the. IVdlls. JVall of. of Byzantium. Caranow-Gaê— Chalcedon. of Leander. — Sinus. appellation of. Kkdnah. Maidens. Byzantinus. The Golden Horn. — INIarcidum Mare.. Theodosius. Antient. Mohammed's Breach by Castle,. Cause qf. its. or. Tower. erroneous. Jewish depravity. — Cyat-.

(18) GENERAL STATEMENT OF CONTENTS.. SUPPLEMENT. CHAP.. I.. P. 189.. CONSTANTINOPLE, TO THE PASSAGE OF MOUNT H.EMUS, Temperature of the TVinter Season. Embassador the. Embassy. — Death. of. to. IVie. Pai'ls. — Grand. Signior sends an. Author prepares. — Receives a magnificent present Kauffer. — Cavalcade. to. accompany. of Wood-Opal. Pera. upon leaving. Appearance of the Ambassador — Interview with his Excellency. — Commencement of. — Persons Suite— — Kunneklea — Aspect of — — Tchorlu — TuRULLus Alarm by journey — Remarkable Serpent — Caristrania — Burghaz — Approach — Hasilbalem — Kirk Mount Haemus — Additional — Hericler— Fachi^Beymilico— Carnabat—Dobralle — River Kamtchi-su — Chaligh Kavack — New-discovered —jDragoelu — Festival of Courban the. the Expedition. Country. Pivatis. in the. Selivria. excited. the. to. escort. Iklisie. Shxxmlo.. Pâra/jf. the. Balaam.. CHAP. n. P. 229.. FRaM THE PASSAGE OF MOUNT HAEMUS, TO BUKOREST. Ocairrences at Shumla Situation of. of. Shumla. the English,. Languages. Medals. —Electrum—Marcianopolis. — Scordisci. Comparative Vocabulary. Bulgarian, Albanian, Erse, and Turkish. — Population. and Trade of Shumla. — Courban. Bairam— Tatchekeui— iJefnarâWe Quadruped— Lazgarat Torlach.

(19) \. GENERAL STATEMENT OF CONTENTS, Torlach. — Pisanitza— Rustchuk. Ru8tch£ik the. Passage of the River. mode of. Bridge. —. travelling —Tiya.,. Kapfika,. Walachia santry. River. — Language of. General. Hospodar. Walachia. BAkorest. to. Trade of. — Giurdzgio Change Tiasum — Breaking of. Napouka. or. Condition of the. —Approach. or. Danube. description. in. a of. State of the Pea-. Religion. — Epiilae Ferales. Reception of the Amiassador. —. Public Entry — English Consul — Audience of the Hospodar — Population — Commerce— Metropolitan Monas— — Schools — Magdalen Hospital— Ceremony of the Retery Statistics. surrection. — Triple Consulate — Gipsies. CHAP.. HI.. P. 274.. FROM BUKOREST IN WALACHIA, TO THE CAPITAL OF THE BANNAT. Departure from B6korest. Kirchinhof the. — Pitesti. Ambassador. — Bui en — Mar onches— Gayest—. Manner of facilitating. or. Cibinium. Library. of WalachiaÂlxita— Visible. — Pass q/'Rothenthurn Minerals— Geological Observations — Hermanstadt,. in the. Boitza. the passage of. —Munichest— Corte D' Argish — Salatroick. Kinnm — Pevichan— Boundary change. tin. manners of the people. Baron Bruckenthai's Museum — Pictures. — Ores. of. —. Gold — Vases— Gems — Medals — River. — Magh— Reismark Inhabitants q/Dacia— Muhlenbach — Sibot— Szasavaros — Deva — Roman Citadel— River Marisus Excursion the Tellurium Mine — Sekeremb, or Nagyag Manner which the Mine was discovered— Ores — description — Productions — Character of analysis — Treatment— Proft of the Mine-r— Miners — Return Cibin. to. in. Its. its. their. to.

(20) GENERAL STATEMENT OF CONTENTS.. — Dobra — Czoczed — Kossova Entrance of — Fazced—-Bossar— Lugos — Banditti -^Climate Bannat — Temeswar Description of Country.. Deva. tx). the. Bannat the. of. the. CHAP.. IV.. P. 321,. FROM THE CAPITAL OF THE BANNAT, TO THE GOLD AND SILVER MINES OF CREMNITZ. Bad. air. of the Bannat. Moksin. River Tibiscus. of the Bannat tanastae. — Komlos. their. Sicambria. of the Country. — Segedin—Ketschemet. —. Gipsies. —Jazyges Me— Buda Palace —. mode of washing Gold. — Pest — Comitatus. Pesthiensis. History (j/Buda. — Theatres of Pest. Aspect. Population of the two. cities. — Public Library — Cabinet — — of Natural History Revenue Botanic Garden — Town of Gran Remains of Public Buildings — Road Pest Latin Language — Gran Population — Miiieral Springs^ Gold Mine— Flying Bridge — Bakabanya Situation of Rich quality of Ores— Mode of estimating value— — EnArenaceous Gold and Manner of washing — Schemnitz Approach Mine Road trance Town — Schemnitz College of Mines — Chemical Laboratory — Students — Uniform of Mines— Road Cremnitz Lead Foundry — Cremnitz Gold Mine —Appearance of Ore — account of Matrix— Imperial Mine — — — Mines Process for Ores Crude fusion Reduction of — Evaporation of SxAT^hur — Enrichedfusion — Thefusion upon Lead — Purif Furnace — Beautiful process of University. the. to. the. their. its. the. to. Silver. the. to the. to. the. to. the. .. Satistical. its. the. the. the. the. cation. separating the the. Mines. Gold from. the Silver. —Assaying-house— Mint.. Average Produce of.

(21) GENERAL STATEMENT OF CONTENTS. CHAP.. V.. P. 374.. FROM THE GOLD AND SILVER MINES OF CREMNITZ, TO VIENNA. ylrrivnl of. stohln. — Spurious Minerals — Mines of — Theresa-schadt — Hospital Vein — Oberbiber-. two young Princes. Schemnitz. —Johan-schadt — Stephano- schadt — Green-stohln. Produce of the Mines. Miners. — Expenses. — Manner of working them—Numler of. of Government. —Average. Falue of the. Schemnitz Ore — Wind-schadt Mine — Population — Sulterraneous reception of the Archdukes— Hydraulic Machine—. — Description of a Wash— house^ or Lavatory, for Ores Minerals of Schemnitz Experiments Laboratory — Council-chamber of Imperial Mines— Paquer-stohln Mine — Review of Corps — — Geology of auriferous of Miners of Models mountains— lown o/'Schemnitz Cataract near Neusohl Departure from Schemnitz — Stamboch Bath — Lewa — Verehely— Newtra — Freystadt — Tyrnaw-— Sarfo — Czekles — Palace of Prince Esterhazy — Presburg — PopM/fl^/ow Posonium History of Presburg — State of Literature — Emperor — JFines of Hungary Theatre— Person of Passage of Danube — Altemberg— Reiglesbrun— Fischamend Vienna — Concluding Observations. Honours paid. to their. Highnesses the. in. the. the. the. the. Collection. the. the. ADDITIONAL NOTES. p.. 413..

(22) GENERAL STATEMENT OF CONTENTS. APPENDIX,. No.. I.. P. 415.. On the Antiquity and. Origin of the Pantomimes of Harlequin,. Punch, Brighella, Gracioso, the Author,. Scai'pin, tS^c.. ;. in. a Letter. to. ly the Marquis di Spineto.. No.. II.. P. 424.. On. the. Ravages committed. Armies. wwrfe?-. in. Constantinople, ly the Christian. Baldvvyn Earl of Flanders, a.d. 1205.. a Translation of a Fragment the. o/'. with,. Nicetas the Choniate,. ly. Rev.G. A. Browne, M. A. Fellow of Trinity College,. Cambridge.. No.. III.. P. 439.. A List of all the Plants collected during these Travels, in Greece^ Egypt, the Holy Land,. alphabetically arranged^. is^c,. No. IV. P. 450.. Temperature of the Atmosphere, according tion;. with a. to. Diurnal Observa-. Corresponding Statement of Temperature in. England during. the. same. period.. No. V. P. 458.. A. Diary of. the Author's Route. ;. containing the. Names of. Places he visited, and their Distance from each other.. INDEX. TO. VOL.. III.. IV.. V.. VI. VII.. VIIL. INCLL'DING THE. THREE SECTIONS. op. PART THE. SE5:OND.. the.

(23) TABLE. WEIGHTS. of. and. MONEY. FOE THE. MINES OF HUNGARY AND TRANSYLVANIA.. A Table their. of Weights occiu's in Note (2), p. 311 but as names appear frequently in the Supplement, it has been ;. thought that a place of general reference for the JFeights, and. Money, of Hungary, dc. might be. useful, if placed at the. beginning of the Volume.. One. quintal {centenarius) equals. =. One pound. = =. One mark. One. loth. One. quintale. As an. .....==. may be made. Silver in the. 2 marks. 16 loths, or lothen.. 4 quintales [drachma;). 4 deniers.. use of this Table, the following. illustration of the. statement. 100 pounds.. of the average proportion of Gold and. Hungarian Ores. :. Lot. Qu.. One mark One mark. of silver from the Schemnitz ore, contains. One mark. of silver from the Cremnitz ore, contains. of gold from iheBakabant/a ore, contains. In the account of the Mines, and Supplement, allusion the value of which dollars, Jloritis,. is. last. Pen.. of silver.. 4 of gold. 15 of gold.. Chapter of the. sometimes made to German Money;. may be. and. 3.2. 0.0. 0.0.. thus rated.. It. is. counted. kreutzers. Flor. Kreutz.. One. rixdollar of. One. florin. Vienna. But the common reckoning. h equal. = is. in florins. to. 1. .. 30. O. .. 60. and. krcutiieTs.. in rir-.

(24) To reduce. the. German Money. Money, the following. The. rule. of our. its. equivalent in English. observed. value of a Jlorin in the Imperial Dominions, as. gary, Austria, Bohemia,. be. to. may be. money. ;. if. paid in. silver, is. or 2s. 2zd. if the course of exchange at Leipsic. as high as six rixdollars to the. pound. sterling.. Because. six rixdollars are equivalent to nine florins [nine florins. reckoned equal to a pound. when. Hun-. about two shillings. the pound sterling. being. sterling, at Vienna, or at Presburg, is. worth. six rixdollars at Leipsic),. therefore, reckoning the ôrira at two shillings, the kreutxer. being -^ of that sum,. is. rather less than two farthings..

(25) Plain of S6re» in JJacedonia, us seen near Pravista.. CHAP.. I.. THESSALONICA TO NEAPOLIS. Lake of. Depart lire from Salonica. St. Basil. — Clissele—. — Lake Beshck — Uncertainty of authors — BolbePalus— ^^/ei/q/"Arethusa Dogs Tomb of Euripides — Bromiscus Of Sepulchre—Trana Beshek— of Remarkable Rocks respecting. it. called. the. iEstericae. Situation. the. Natural Deposit of the Bianco e Nero Porphyry-—. — Micra Beshek—Khan visited ly. Erenderi Bauz. Mr. Tweddell. leing overlooked. — Mount. Athos. Manuscripts — Cause of their. — Some account of. the Monasteries. —. ivealth —Antient Sources of of Athos —Dervtne — Strymon —Amphipolis Various names the — Orphano Antient Medals —Appearance <f the country cfter passing the Strymon — Kunarga their. Cities. river. 'of. city. VOL. VIII.. B. Krenides—.

(26) FROM THESSALONICA,. 2. Plain of S^res. Krenides. Equestrian Turkish. Ladies. — Cavallo — Macedonia Neapolis.. Drama. CHAP,. (j^. —. ijjg. Philippi. —. Pravista. —. — Drabiscus. Gold and Silver Mines of. following morning {December 3l), at. ten o'clock, having from saiomen.. Explanation of the term. all. things in readiness for a. Very arduous journey through the rest of Mace-. Constantinople, we took leave of our friendly host and his most amiable family. Mounted on horses that would not have disgraced the race of Bucephalus, and accompanied by Mr. Kreen, the Consul's secretary, who went with us part of the way, we donia and Thrace, to. rode through the eastern gate of the tering the plain without the walls,. city.. En-. we passed. a. tumulus at half an hour's distance from the town,. almost as large as the one. coming from. upon the. Tekale.. left. hand.. we measured. It is also close to the. in. road. In the coemetery without. the walls of Salonica, the shafts of antient co-. lumns may be observed. We afterwards saw a mound, on which there seemed traces as if a fortress. had stood there: beneath. it. were the. remains of walls, and hard by a fountain, the. water of which was received into the operculum of an antient Soros.. Thence passing over some. two hours' time we entered a defile, where we saw ruins upon the heights above us. hills,. in.

(27) TO NEAPOLIS. as of ^diVi. 2i. oi. on either. fortress. ?LVi. side.. We. aqueduct \. ;. There. is. chap.. also. then descended into. ^. the very extensive and fertile plains of Lagadno. and Baleftchino;. so called from. Upon. this plain is a large lake. our route being that of. the. St.. it. it. :. it. because their. when used. (1). :. from. distinguished size. is. to us to bear. a small river runs little. marking the distances'.. to the road,. pairs,. called Lake. In this plain there are. it.. easily. right,. This lake. seemed. the marks of being flooded into. was upon our. perhaps smaller during. is. summer, because. is. the south-tvestern side of. south-east.. Basil:. villages. The land here. having these appellations.. low and marshy.. two. is. antient. tumuli close. They. are. sepulchres,. more diminutive. ;. and. as marks of distance, they occur in. one being on either side of the way.. The author. finds an insulated note. upon a blank. In. leaf of his. Journal, which mentions that there are some inscriptions to be seen at a place called Daoot, or Dintt, holly, distant two hours from Salonica: but of the place so. named, or. its. situation, he can offer. no. other information. (2). The author more than once. alighted from his horse to measure. the distance, by paces, from one of these stations to the next ensuing. and found. it to. paces each. :. equal, as he thought,. but. it. two Roman. has been observed, that,. miles, of a. " allowing twenty-eight. inches to each pace, the distance nearly equals the ordinary mile of IGIO yards.". ;. thousand. Roman. They are much more frequent, and occur with. greater regularity, as the traveller approaches Constantinople.. B 2. of.

(28) FROM THESSALONICA, manner they appear in the whole route t(J The air here is very bad but the land, notwithstanding its watery aspect, was this. Constantinople.. much. cultivated,. We. well.. ;. and the corn looked extremely. observed a. in. upon our. like. Sussex coast. England: there were however, among them,. some with. of a very. horns,. black wool.. bad kind. country to the. hilly. ;. having. plain,. and. south-east,. we. After quitting this. ascending a. ctiside.. breed of sheep,. fine. that of the South-Downs. arrived,. about. Clissele\. distant seven hours from Salontca:. here. at. sun-set,. we were compelled. a. village. remain. to. called. and. for the night,. was no place farther on, within any reasonable distance, where we might hope to as there. rest.. We. post-house. slept ;. a conack belonging to the. in. a wretched hovel, admitting neither. light nor air, except. we were. this. glad to keep shut.. Leaving Year,. from the door; and. Clissele,. on the. we proceeded. first. day of the. New. eastward, along the side of. a chain of mountains bounding the level country tov/ards the north.. a fertile plain. :. preceding day,. (l). In this manner. like that it. has. we. entered. which we crossed on the. tivo. names. ;. being called. WiWXîxKlissala iu Mr. TValpole's Journal..

(29) TO NEAPOLIS.. in. many. About this. places wide enough. half an hour after. day,. The road was. and Guhashtchi.. Seraivashtcki. we observed. for. a carriage.. we began. our journey. before. some. at. us,. the most remarkable 11 11 appearance caused by rocks that we had ever distance,. the road,. in. 11. RemaTiiable Rocks.. At first we mistook them for ruins, somewhat resembling those of Stonehenge: but as we drew near, we were surprised to find that. seen.. the supposed ruins were natural rocks; rising. perpendicularly out of the plain, like a Cyclo-. pean structure, with walls and towers;. the. road passing through the interstices by which. they are separated. ritic: is. These rocks are. porpliy-. they have that lava-like appearance which. sometimes confounded with volcanic pro-. ducts.. We. then descended towards another lake, ^^* .. upon our that of. in of. ,. right,. and. St. Basil,. day before.. It. •. the lake. we had. 1. passed the. extends at the feet of. of mountains, from. 1. greater magnitude than. ivest. to east. ;. and. this chain is. called. Lake There are two towns of the same name, the Lessej- and the Greater Beshek. We observed some boats upon this fine piece Beshek.. ©f water.. It is. about twelve miles in length,. Beshck..

(30) FROM THESSALONICA, and. length,. which. plain, in. (l). states. may be. it lies,. The. breadth'.. or eight in. six. considered as a. dimeusions-; but Mr. fVitlpole. This was our conjecture as to. its. them soraewbal. which only shews how uucertaiu. differently. ;. computations by the eye must prove, of the extent of a lake, or. all. ^Nothing. inland sea.. when such a. more. is. piece ot water. WdlpoWs Journal. following extract from Mr. his. Journey from Salmiica to Cavallo;. " At. deception, especially. liable to cause. surrounded by high mountains.. is. seven hours' distance from. or, as. he writes. it,. Cavalla.. we reached. Salontca. The. give the whole of. will. Klissala. passing, ou the right,. two beautiful lakes, and two towns, called the Greater aud the Lesser Beshek. Of these lakes, the first and smallest. appeared to be twelve miles in circumference. and. fifteen miles in length,. caught. in. them, said to be excellent.. uames which the lakes. It. antienily bore. :. :. may be. the larger. Many. five in breadth.. kinds of fish are. not easy to point out the. is. Johannes Cameuiates, who. wrote in the year 904 his account of the destruction of Thessalonica, His account of the Ihkes. does not give them.. I shall transcribe.. '. In. the middle of the plain are two broad lakes, like seas, overspreading the greater part of containing. numerous;. They. it.. large. fish,. of which they afford. neighbouring. villages,. Klissala.. I. a. different species, and very most plentiful supply to the. and to Thessalonica.'. " The next day we reached from. are productive of great advantages,. and small, of. Ounvo;. iv uiffai.. the Strymon, about ten. passed the river at. its. boat, flowing with a quiet even course.. mouth,. x,.. t.X.. hours distant. in a triangular ferry-. Basil, in a letter to. Gregory. The Strymon Jhivs so ' gently, and its waters are so quiet, that it scarcely appears a river,' At a little distance were ffôXamri^tu piv/âri -reîXifivaâv. Epist. 19. of Nazianzus, speaking of the river, says. some small. vessels riding. '. —. at anchor, which had. The mountains. cargoes of corn.. ;. come. to the north-east are. to take in. connected. with Paugeus (placed by Dio Cassius,47) near to Philippi, in which the gold mines were worked. ;. giving to Philip and his son Alexander. a revenue equal to three millions of our money, annually.. " Some. ruins of. probably the. site. Roman work,. of Amphipolis. ;. near the mouth of the Strymon, mark a colony from Athens, and a city of. importance in the Peloponnesian war.. From. this place the. Athenians. drew.

(31) TO NEAPOLIS. plain wherein that of. same. continuation of the. J. We. placed.. St. Basil, or St. Fasilh is. can find. drew great sums of money, and were supplied with timber for their fleet. (Thucyd. lib. iv.) We find, from an epigram of Antipater, that in the age of the Antonines some remains of tbeTemple of Diaoa. were extant here. The epigram. ii'iiffiy.. on each. side of the river,. W. and hence, he. ;. Chrysopoli. If this be true,. at. mouth of. the. we have. the. of the. ^tfippiovrts. it,. {\\b. iv.). river are called. a proof that Amphipolis stood here;. though in ruins when Antipater wrote the. for the city,. it. was called Amphipolis.. says, it. say the ruins. travellers. in. a/iifori^mt it^xifitf. In the time of Thucydides, the river flowed round. tau "Sr^vfiito;. Some. made. important, on account of the mention. is. situation of the city. mentioned, rose again, and was called Chrysopolis. this. :. lines. we. already. learn from. Tzetzeson Lycophron, ver. 416.. " From. mouth of the Strymon. the. This place. is situate. three hours.. between two. to Pravasta, I count five hours.. plains,. and. is. distant. There are here many iron works ; and the. from the sea. fortresses at the. Dardanelles are supplied from this place with balls for the cannon.. The. mountains containing the iron ore run in a direction from Orfano, near the Strymon, to Pravasta.. At. three hours' distance. on a piece of land projecting into the. by a low isthmus to the continent of Macedonia.. from the resemblance they ;. But. it. name of. Salonica to Cavalla. is. is. turned to the. The. the place.. Near the gate of the town,. One of. these. Philippis inscribed on. it.. distant, according to the. Appian. (lib. iv.). town. sea,. and united. derive the. name. to the figure. and the head. to. distance altogether from. between eighty-five and ninety miles, going in a. antient sepulchres, with Latin legends on. published.. Cavalla, situate. appears to be only an abbreviated corruption of Buce-. phala, the antient. N. E. direction.. Some. find in the position of the. the hinder part of which. of a horse the land.. is. sea, opposite to Thassus,. twelve.". as. you leave Cavalla, are two. them. ;. these have been already. monuments, near a mosque, had the word It. was probably brought away from that. place,. Jerusalem Itinerary, nine miles; according to IFalpole's. MS- Journal.. chap..

(32) FROM THESSALONICA,. 8. no notice of this masrnificent of watei* piece 1 t>. CHAP, I. .. ^'-. V. , ,. in. any modern writer.. Stephanus of Byzantium. ,. mentions a czVyand. name. lake of the. leaving us quite in the dark as to -S"^*". Lake Bolbe. and the. Bolbe;. situation';. its. by Thucydides. said. is. of. Pttlna,. .. to. be. in Macedonia^. From. city^. but he does not notice the. we. Thucydides. learn, that. had. it. a communication with the sea, towards Aulon^. and Bromiscus: and. this. Lake Beshek, although. to. is. our eyes. true of the it. appeared. The beginning of the. completely land-locked.. Lake Bolbe. may be. by UAnville placed exactly. at. the distance ofybr/j/ wz/e^fromTHEssALoxiCA';. but the town of the Greater Beshek, which. is. not so near to Salonica as the eastern extremity of this lake, say, nine. is. only tiventy-seven. from. hours,. assigns for. that. miles, that is to. city.. UAnville. Sinus. a situation close to the. it. Strymonicus; which does not agree with real. position.. words of to. *aJ. (1) "Ea-Ti. of observation,. BoX/ii}. (2) KaJ aipiKOfiivos. lib.. evident. its. from the. v'oXis,. xaJ. x!fiv>!.. that. Lake. the. BjjZanl. de Urb. &c.. Sti'pli.. L.Bot.lGdl.. iîfivri i^ttiriv i;. Hist.. seems. Thucydides, considered with reference. place. his. p. 173.. It. i.. (3) Vid.. c.. Vi^î. "SuXyiv. I'z). rhv AuXavx,. âXccffffav, xa'i îiTvsroir,(ru.mvs;.. 103. p. 27.. y.x). iûion. ^. S^v,ul<rxev,. rviv tuz-ra.. /!. BoXlon. Thucydid.. ed. Hudson/'.. Specimen G80graphicum GracicE. Antiqitce.. Paris, 176-..

(33) TO NEAPOLIS.. 9. can be no other than the BoLBiEAN:. Besheic. and having-. chap.. becomes. this clue to its history, it. '. a most interesting object to every literary traveller;. guided to. being thus, at once,. the. Arethusa, to the situation of the town of the same name, and to the Tomb OF Euripides, which the Macedonians would Valley or dale of. "^'"^^^. "^. not suffer to be violated, that the Athenians. might be gratified by the possession of his The Bolb.ean Lake is mentioned bones*.. by Scylax^ as being between Arethusa and Apolloxia. The same lake is also noticed by Aristotle. These are perhaps ail the allusions to. it. in antient history. Tomb of Euripides,. A. and decisive.. :. but with regard to the. our mformation. copious Tomboy. is. '-. whole host of authors. cited to determine the position of this. .. (4). ". Is. cam. in. Macedonia apud Archelaum regem. uteretur eo rex familiariter. ;. est.. Sepulchrlm autem. fit^/ia. 'Evî'Ti^yi;. Ton. quoque loco praedicarent.. cum. legati. terram. eorum. eo. OuiraTt. WesQuod Quamobrem. MS. Francq.. cot /ivnfio. 'Elgfrl^n. cgregius poeta morte obit& sepultus in. mors. memoriam Macedones,. aXiro vov. (aut, ut ostent.. seling. in Itin.Hierosol. oS. atque. esset,. est: et ex his vulneribus. ejus, et. dignati sunt honore, ut in glorise <ro». most. rediens nocte ab ejus coena canibus a. xiuodam aemulo immissis dilaceratus secuta. EuniPiDEs.. may be. ap.. oXmro vau.). terrA foret.. ad eos ab Atheniensihus missi petissent ossa Athenas in. illius. Macedones in. patriam e;i. cap, £0. p. 409. (5) 'Aîfovfa. permitterent. trausferri;. re. dencgandA perstiterunt.". ed.. Delph.. 'EA.Xji»/f,. BaA/3«. Cart/andensis Periplus, p. Go.. maximo consensu Auli. Gellii. lib. xv.. Paiis, 1681. Xi/i'm,. '. A.T»XXavia,. cd. Gronov.. 'EXXtivii-. L. Bat. 1697.. Scylacri.

(34) FROM THESSALONICA,. 10. remarkable monument. Plutarch^. CHAP, t. -. -. >. Aulus. and the author of the. Stephanusy. Gellius,. Fitruvius, Pliny,. Itinerary from Bourdeaux to Jerusalem, Bromiscui.. to its situatiou near. OF Arethusa'.. all. point. Valley. Bromiscus, is some difference in the. There. name of the city writing Bromiscus and. the manner of spelling the. some, as Thucydides, as. writers,. later. in ;. ;. Stephanus,. the. transposing. second and third letters of the word, and writing. By Stephanus, Bormiscus. Bormiscus. Of the Dogs called. Es-. tertccB,. is. men-. town of Macedonia, where Euripides was lacerated by a kind of dogs, called, in the Macedonian tongue, Esteric^^. It would be. tioned as a. curious to ascertain whether an etymology for this. name. exists in any appellation given to a. breed of dogs among. peculiar. Stephanus adds, that from. nations of Europe.. the. (1). wounds. A. northern. the. inflicted. by the. teeth. of. the. Greek epigram of Dionynus asserts, that the poet died of old. age, and, contradicting the statement. made by other authors. as to. the cause of his death, thus mentions the situation of the sepulchre:. Ou. in. xvvuii lyivs; eTx* ^lîvion, ovhi yutaixoi. Dioni/sii (2) eve. E0PMI2K02,. icuva;. T>). ^^^mÛv. •ga.Tûa. Byzant. delJih. &c.. (piuvn. MaKiiotixf. Epigramm. ey. 'E2TEPIKA2. p. 174.. u. lib. iii.. Florileg.. c.. 25.. xvteffva^ctxres yiyotiv Euî^riins' KuXeuffif. o'l. Muxiiitu-. Steiih..

(35) TO NEAPOLIS.. 11. Thus. and died'.. EstericcB, Euripides fell sick. does not appear that he was. torn in pieces. those animals, as some have related. he. lost. his life. chap.. it. by. >. î. but that. ;. in consequence of a disorder. occasioned by his being bitten by a pack of. He might. enraged hounds*.. therefore have. His. died of the disorder called hydrophobia.. sepulchre was constructed by order of Archelaus :. was. it. at the confluence of two streams. ;. the water of the one being poisonous, according. situation of tlic. Sepukhre ofEtJRl-. to Pliny. that. ^ ;. and the other so sweet and salutary, were wont to halt and take. travellers. (5) 'E«. Si. Tut ^vyfiarav afpaiffTWanftt. (4) See the passage before cited from. A ULUS. stance attending the death of Euripides T/*£; Sj Xiysvixi, rraf. '. Hist.. lib. xiii.. 'Sia,<r9rafff>i*ai,. cap. 103. vol. also. Euripides finitus. V.. p.. Argentor. Ann. 7. mentioned the manner of. Ab. est.. domum. hospitalem. repetens,. it. EignriSjif.. Valerius. .. Archelai enim regis coena in Macedonia Crudelitas. laniatus obiit.. FaZeni il/axem?,. cap. 12. ^.A55.. lib. ix.. That authors, however, were not agreed. the circumstances of his death, appears from I'ausanias,. SuiDAs in. X'î"'^ t|eA.-. " Sed atrocius aliquanto. :. canum morsibus. fatitantoingenio nondebita!" ed. Delph. Paris, 1679.. Kara t«». Diodor. Sicul. Biblloth,. x. r. X.. 432.. The circum-. Gellius.. thus related by Diodorus:. is. A^-êXiai ru (laîXu Maxtioruv. Sotra, KU17) TsoiîffiTv xa). Maximus has. Stephanus de. aiiroit aTtffatiiv.. L. Bat. 1697.. Urbib. &c. p. 184.. Vide Diogenian. Fabricium Biblioth. GrcBC.. lib.. ii.. et. lib.. as to. and from. i.. Apostol. in liô/Aôu xvus. cap. 18. vol. II. p. 235.. ;. Hamburg.. 1796, &c. (5). " In Macedonia, non procul Euripidis. confluunt lib.. ;. po'clce. alter saluberrimi potus, alter mwrtiferi.". xxxi. cap. 2. torn.. HI.. pp. 264, 265.. sepulchro,. duo. rivi. Plinii Hist. Nat.. X. Bat. 1635.. pides.. i.

(36) FROM THESSALONI£!A,. 12. CHAP,. meals by. their. more fully borrowed. by. stated. '. may be. whom. from. Ammianus. is. Plini/. Marcellinus. situation in the Falley of. its. Other authors, as Plutarch ^ describe. jirethusa ^ (crs^;. Fitruvius,. his account'.. minutely describes. it. This. refreshing current.. its. I.. near. Aî&ii(rav). Arethusa. to. ;. which. reconciled to the preceding statement. Bromtscus; for TVesseling affirms, that the two places were near to each If we had been allowed leisure for other*. the inquiry, we should not have despaired of of. situation at. its. monument, described as. finding a ation. under circumstances of such precision. especially as. (1) " ttc. Non minus. may have been. it. in. Macedonia, quo. monumenli,. sinistra. autem. qui. est. sclent,. 163. (2) ". Am St.. Ex angulo tamen. Akkthusa convallis Tullius. ait,. unum. propter aqua: honitatem. nemo. Vitruvius de Architect,. ad. ;. accedit, lib. viii.. orientali. quod c.. S.. Macedonicis jungitur collimitiis per. qua cognominantur Acontisma. et static,. sublimitate. in. qua. conspicui, et. visitur. :. lib. xxvii.. (3) Kai ra(p(vTi. rris. Stagira,. cap. 4. p. 527. ed. Maxiiaviaf. vrifi. '. nbi. Gronov.. AîSauvav.. cui proximii. Euripidis sepclchruh. Aristotelem. fundentem aureum flumen, accepimus natum.". Marcellinus,. p. 59.. Euripides, dextri. concurrunt in. 1649.. arctas pracipitesque vias,. tragoediarum. rivi. in altera parte monumenti,. mortiferam aquam dicitur habere." p.. observed by. loci sepultus est. duo. advenientcs. accumbentes viatores pransitare rivufli. to its situ-. et. Ammianus. L. Bat. 1693.. Plut. in. Numa,. tom.. I.. Lutet. Paris. 1624.. (0 "Viciuae rFesselitigii. Aritliusa. Xnime^dv. in. et. li'ia.. Bormiscus seu. Bromiscus. Hierosoli/mit. p. 605.. fuerunt.". Amst. 1735..

(37) TO NEAPOLIS.. 13. travellers so late as the thirteenth century. present condition, Macedonia. its. is. *. but in. :. not a country. where researches may be carried on which require any deviation from the main route even. if. the object be ever so nigh at hand.. We. congratulated ourselves upon being barely able to obtain, unmolested, a sight of this illustrious. region. ;. and. that others. to. make. may be. a sketch of. gratified. its. appearance,. by a representation. of the country where Euripides passed his. The. latter days.'. principal object, in this view,. lake whose borders were the haunts of the Tragedian, when he. the very. is. favourite. encountered the catastrophe that gave to Are-. thusa's. Vale. in order to. the honour of his grave.. make. the reader. more. fully. But com-. prehend the nature of this valley, and of the country,. it is. necessary to continue the narrative. of our journey.. '. In two hours after leaving. Clissele,. having. entered the valley with the mountains upon. our. (5). left,. "IBI POSITUS est. Hierosoli/nnUtnum, iays,. right,. we came. EVRIPIDES POETA.". Itinerarium. and the lake upon our. p. 6()-i.. ed. fVes.ieling.. j4mst. 1735.. ffêsseliig^. that the llinerari/ from Burdigala to Jerusalem was written. before the year 1300..

(38) FROM THESSALONICA,. 14 the. to. Trana Beshek,. called. Greater Beshek,. rather a village than a town, standing. by the. Trana Beshek:. commanding a. of the Water,. sldc. beautiful. we. After passing this place,. prospect.. lected a few rare plants, and one in. col-. flower. full. The geological which was quite new to us. the mounphasnomena were also interesting tains were of granite, very high, but covered :. from their bases trees.. size,. also Natural the Bianco c nero. phyry.. to. their. summits with. olive-. There were also Falionia oaks of great We observed and enormous plane-trees.. masses of a rare mineral aggregate, which. j^g^y j^g. cousidercd as diallage porphyry \ being called ''bianco t nero'. the sauic substaucc that. is. by. lapidaries.. This. mentioned by Ferber,. in his. For-. Italian. Italy ^j'. and. its. great beauty. an allusion ^ when he. •. i. kmd i. c. i. of rock. •. is. " Travels through is. the subject of. describing a kind of. is. marble found near the harbour of Porto Ferrajo, in the Tuscan territory. been observed. ;. but. (1). now. in the. had never before. in its natural state.. of oblong crystals of opake. ded. it. dark. It consists. ivhite feldspar,. diallage of. Hamf.. imbed-. An opake. Every substance containing imbedded crystals of feldspar heiu^ called porphyry.. (2) See Ferher'9, Travels, p. 21?.. Lond. 1776.. (3) Ibid. p. 267. (4) Traits. de Min^ralogie, torn.. III. p. 89.. Pans, 1601..

(39) TO NEAPOLIS.. 15. in feldspar^. be attributed. to an incipient decomposition in. the stone. so great. ;. is its. tendency. its. to. native quarry, in consequence of. constituent.. Its loose. undergo an. upon being taken from. alteration of this nature. its. fragments were. alkaline. all in. such. a state of decomposition, owing to this change in \hefeldspar, that they crumbled, and were easily. broken. in. Upon drawing. our hands.. nearer to. upon the left, whence these fragments had been detached, we had the further the mountains. satisfaction of discovering the its. natural deposit. ;. same aggregate. (5). The author. will. half,. In. coasting the borders. take this opportunity to correct a very absurd. error respecting the meaning of the ôtA feldspar, which has prevalent, probably from the venerable It is said to signify. himself. p. 25.. " Feld-spath,. in. the whole mountain appa-. rently consisting of no other substance ^. another hour and a. ''''field. c'est-k-dire,. Hauy. become. having fallen into. span" and thus Hauy. it. (tom.ll.. Spath des cha»ips") derives. it. from our cooimon English acceptation of the v/rrd field ; whereas it means mountain-spar; being a constituent of gianite, and therefore eaWedfeld-spnr, from the old northern or Danish word for a mountain, feld, or field (6). We. ;. as. " Doire. Feld," the highest. mountain. in. Norway.. brought from this place as many specimens as we could. conveniently convey with us on horseback. :. some of them are now. in. the author's collection of minerals in the University of Cambridge,. where they have been placed with the fragment of a large vase found same kind of. at SaIs in Egypt, manufactured by the Antients of the. porphyry. are entirely. The quarries whence unknown.. it. chap.. may perhaps always. white colour. was derived by antient lapidaries. v. »». >.

(40) FROM THESSALONICA,. 16. CHAP,. X Mitra. of the. BoLBÂN Lake, we came. Beshek, called Micra Beshek \. Be$hek.. this little. to the Lesser. and having passed. ;. town, which, by the way,. is. larger than. became. the town called Greater Beshek, the view. very beautiful; and the appearance exhibited. by. the town, upon a promontory stretching into. the lake, had something of the fine character of the scenes in. we. Soon afterwards. Switzerland^. reached the western extremity of. inland sea. and, entering a. ;. defile,. about an hour a river flowing out of defile,. In this. it.. above the precipices on the right hand,. are the ruins of a monastery. to a great height on each side.. trees and Vallonia oaks.. rise. en-. After having quitted. narrow pass, we arrived,. the time of our leaving. Clissele,. a view of the sea in front. offer a natural. The rocks They are. covered with enormous plane-. tirely of clay slate,. this. this little. followed for. in five. hours from. at a dervene; with. This defile seems to. boundary between Macedonia and. Thrace; and the appearance of the dervene in-. duced us. to. was now considered but upon inquiry, they told. suppose that. as a frontier pass. ;. it. us that the Strymon, four hours farther towards the. east, is. in fact,. considered as the boundary. was the. antient limit. which,. between the two. (1) See the Plate at p. 387 of Vol. IV. of. these Travels.. :. the Quarto Edition a|.

(41) TO NEAPOLIS. countries.. From. this. 17. place to. Mount Athos. chap.. they reckon the distance as equal to sixteen. hours. ;. which nearly corresponds with what. we had been. told in Salontca;. puted distance. ney of. thirty. twelve hours. whence the com-. two days and a half, or a jour-. is. hours. but. :. we had been. upon the road from Salonka.. place where this dervSne occurs. is. called. only. The Khan. Erenderi Bauz^,. So many persons had visited Mount Athos, that we gave up all thoughts of going to see the monasteries there. formed. -V"""'. but we should not have. :. this resolution at the time, if. we had. not fully believed that the valuable journals of. Mr.. TwEDDELL would have communicated. the world every information that for,. to. was hoped. respecting the libraries and other curiosities. of that mountain. to us at Salonka. Mr. Charnaiid had given. an account of Mr. Tiveddelfs.. if^^'l l\lr.. labours upon. Mount. Athos, and of the pre-. cious harvest he had reaped. ;. from which. supposed that even gleaning would be. (2). " The names. we. fruitless.. of places in this fârt of our Journey beân to be. and having no good maps of the country, and the inhabitants beinj for the most part Turks, we found it very difficult to in Turkish:. obtain any information respecting our route.". VOL. VI I r.. c. Cripps's 3fS. Journal.. '^^'^^. ^y. 2 wed-.

(42) MOUNT ATHOS.. 18. CHAP. I.. such a husbandman had quitted the. after. From some. we were. made by. sketches. field.. his artist Preaiix,. enabled to judge of the scenery in the. recesses of the mountain. :. it. very much resem-. bles that of Vietri (the school of Salvator Rosa) in the Gulph of Salernum, in Italy.. circumstances the loss of. fatal. may be. treasure. To what. all this. literary. now. attributed, the Public is. by the valuable work which his brother has edited': it is a loss the more to be regretted, as another century may pass away informed,. without giving birth to one so. he had His. fulfilled,. life fell. as. was. this. fitted for the task. lamented scholar.. a sacrifice to the undertaking': in. consequence of a fever which. accomplishment of Manu-. died at Athens.. this. attended the. arduous journey,. he. That he made discoveries of. scripts.. an important nature relating to Greek Manu-. ". (l). the late John Tweddell," edited by his A.M. Lond. 1815. It contains a Mr. John Tweddeli/s Letters, together with a republi-. Reriains of. brother, the Rev. Robert Tweddell, selection of. cation of his. ". Prolusiones Juveniles ;" and a body of most satisfac-. tory evidence, respecting the extraordinary disappearance of his script journals,. the care of the British /Imhassador at Constantinople.. doubt (2^. is. done away,. as to this. " Nous venons de. double-tierce, J^jauvel's. Letter. Lond. 18J5,. manu-. drawings, &c. &c. after they had been consigned to. fruit des to. le. Thus every. mysterious transaction. perdre apr^s quatre jours d'une fi^vre. fatigues. Mr. Neave,. in. excessives. de son voyage.". " Tweddell's Remains,". See p. 10..

(43) MOUNT ATHOS.. 19. Mount Athos, is perhaps but there is good reason. the libraries of. scripts in. not positively. known. ;. to believe that he did, because the author has. since purchased a valuable. Greek Orators, thence obtained. of the. manuscript. from a Greek Prince, who it;. and because subsequent. travellers, in their letters. to England,. mention. the existence of a manuscript of Hoimer,. another of Aristotle,. But the of the. fact of libraries. been disputed.. as. being. such manuscripts existing at. Mount Athos. and. now there^ in. any. has always. The same disputes have been. held respecting the Monastery in Patmos, both before and since the discovery of the Manuscript of. Plato:. the most positive assurances being. given to travellers, that no manuscripts worth. —. although there would be found there yet exist in the library o{\\\q Patmos Monastery another manuscript, of '' Diodorus Siculus," written upon vellum*. One cause why these notice. (3). ;. These manuscripts are particularly mentioned by Mr.. St. John's College, CaynhridgCy. respecting a journey to. in. Fiott, of. a schedule cf literary information. Mount Athos and. all. the north of Greece, pre-. pared by that gentleman for the use of his friend and fellow collegian,. Mr. Hughes. (4) See the. _. " Catalogue of Manuscripts. the beginning of Vol. VI.. in the. of the Octavo. p.21.. C 1. Patmos JAhrary,". at. Edition of these Travels,. chap. v-. ... y -^.

(44) MOUNT ATHOS.. -^0. CHAP. '-. Codices .. Se"Ma°nuscripts be-. ing overlooked.. have so often escaped observation. that the manuscripts in. all. is,. the Greek monasteries. ^^^^ ^^^'^ considercd by their possessors as and although they somegQ much lumbcr with them without times refuse to part :. Capudan. an order from the Patriarch or the Pasha, they generally consign of. rubbish in a corner. of. them. as a heap hook-rooms,. their. allowing only to printed volumes a place upon " Every monastery," says the the shelves.. Consul Rycaut\. " hath. which are kept custody of one. in. who. library of books,. its. whom. they. call. ^ksvo^vXukoc,. also is their steward, receives their. and renders an account of but. under the. a lofty tower,. we must. all their. money,. expenses. not imagine that these libraries. are conserved in that order as ours are in the. Christendom;. parts of. and compiled. in. of the contents. ;. that. method on. they. are. ranked. shelves, with labels. or that they are brushed and. kept clean, like the libraries of our colleges: but they are piled one on the other, without order. or. exposed. method,. to the. covered with dust,. worm.". and. The monks of Mount. Athos are as ignorant and as avaricious as their. (l). ". Present state of the Greek KaH Armenian Ch.\ixch&s,". Lond. 1679.. p. £60..

(45) MOUNT ATHOS.. 2f. They have chap.. brethren in other parts of Gieece. ofreat. to. revenues. and the contributions brought. ;. them by travelhng monks,. especially. ^. by. those of Russia, contribute to keep them rich, fat,. and indolent.. Studious pursuits are not. very compatible with a state of society where every stimulus to industry. consequence. that. is,. is. annihilated. when any. :. the. traveller gains. admission to their libraries, and examines the. he finds that they. condition of their books,. have never been opened together;. worms. that. that the leaves stick. ;. fall. out of. their. old. wooden covers and that they are nearly dust. hidden by The monasteries themselves, ;. according to their appearance as exhibited in the designs which Mr.. Tweddell. caused to be. many little. made. of them, are like so. in the. midst of the most sublime solitudes; the. fortresses. mountain Athos being as craggy and rugged as one of the peaks of Caucasus.. monly. called. Hagion. Oros,. Although comits. bears the name of "AoriNA.. summit still The principal * ^. monasteries are those of Santa Laura, Batohedi, Chiliadar,. and. Ihero. ;. each. of. 1-1 which. pays. ?,. hundred. dollars.. others, paying each half less,. But there are sixteen that sum, or somewhat. according to their pretences of poverty. ;,. ac-. theMona* teries.. annually to the Turkish Government a rent of. about. some. count of.

(46) MOUNT ATHOS.. 22 CHAP,. one or two being wholly exempt from. impost,. all. and therefore called Kesim, a Turkish word signifying "free. from. The sum. taxes'.'. total of. the contribution levied upon the monasteries of. Mount Athos is only equal to a thousand dollars not amounting to a thousandth part of the gifts annually made to them by the princes and ;. priests. of. Georgia.. Russia,. ''. He. Moldavia,. and. Walachia,. says Rycaut\ "the. that sees,". various coverings they have for their altars, the rich ornaments they have for their churches,. apprehend those people. will not easily. Amongst. very poor. they have. a. Sepulchre,. call. every Good Friday, at night, precious stones.. Most of. represent the history of. of Christ. in. the. exposed rich with gold and i-Triracpio,. their monasteries. its. be. other treasures,. their. representation. which they. to. can. foundation, not in. paint or colours, but in embroideries of gold^. and. pearl,. and other precious stones, intermixed. with singular art and curiosity. also variety of rich. They have. vestments for the priests,. where. especially in the four chief monasteries,. are. many. chests filled with such robes as are. \ised at the celebration of divine service. (l). ". :. their. Present State of the Greek and Armenian Churches," p. 224.. Lond. 16T9..

(47) MOUNT ATHOS.. 23. basons, ewers, dishes, plates, candlesticks, and. chap.. incense-pots of precious metal, are not to be. many. reckoned, of silver. gilt.. ». of which are of pure gold, or. They have. crosses of a vast. bigness, edged with plates of gold and studded. with precious stones, from whence hang strings. The covers of. of oriental pearl.. their. books. of the Gospel, Epistles, Psalters, and Missal,. embossed with beaten curiously bound up with cases of often. are. Among. silver gilt, or plain silver.". or. gold,. or. the antient. who approached. Heathens, every suppliant altar,. gold,. the. overwhelmed by the magnificence of the. external. ceremonies,. felt. that his. were incomplete unless he. left. devotions. behind him. something, however humble, as a vow, were only a handful oijlour and. salt;. it. and, consistently. with the Pagan character of the Greek religion, as. it. gifts. now professed, independently of the made during the splendid ceremonies. is. which are exhibited by the monks of Mount Athos upon the high festivals of the year, the. common. procession. (j'la-oôg). which takes place conducted with. in the time of divine service is. such state and pomp, that the poorest devotee finds himself unable to depart without paying ofThdr. some token of legging. is. no. his. adoration.. where. practised. The. skill. with. of. more. ^'^^^'.

(48) FROM THESSALONICA,. 24 CHAP,. and although the Greeks be both poor and covetous, yet there are lew unmfluenced address. >. either. :. by. who do. ostentation or superstition,. not bestow some ahns. Some who have. upon the. monasteries.. exercised a predatory. life,. and. lived by plunder and violence, believe that they shall. by. atone for the sins they have committed. sacrificing a portion of their. wealth upon the tributions. misbegotten. Holy Mountain.. The con-. thus made, and registered. in. the. books of a single monastery (Santa LauraJ, besides the extraneous collections from foreign countries,. months. may. It. amounted. to the. in the short. space of six. sum of two thousand. therefore easily be imagined. of poverty. is. endured by the. priests. dollars'.. what of. sort. Mount. Athos; for in this account of their resources, not a syllable has been said of their landed property, which. is. considerable,. both within. the Peninsula and upon the main land.. number. is. calculated to. amount. to six. Their. thousand. whom. about two thousand are abroad, begging for their lazy brethren at home. In. of. the. time. of. were within the Peninsula, and upon the mountain, no less. (l) See Rynaul's. Churches,". p. £49.. Strabo,. there. "Present State Lond,l679.. of. the. Creek ami Arminian.

(49) TO NEAPOLIS. than five. cities',. 25. mentioned also by Herodotus. Dion, OloPHYXUS, Acrothoon, Thyssus or Thysus, and. by. and. ThucydidesU. namely,. From Khan. Erenderi. towards the north-east,. we. hours. through. a maritime. In two. arrived at another dervene, and a. upon the shore of the gulph.. rode entirely along the coast, having. little. Thence we cliffs. above. and the sea upon our right so near to us, that our horses' feet were sometimes in the water. When we had doubled. us upon our. left,. we. point of land,. beheld. all. the. north-. Sinus Strymonicus.. The. weather, however, was very hazy; a hot. Sirocco. eastern side of the. Upon the opposite side of wind then blowing. the gulph we saw the ruined city of AmphiPOLIS,. now. called Eski Kaleh, the old fortress. Orphano-palceo,. (2) "Bxî S'. "Aûiv. 'jToXiis,. (Postrema vox corrupta ^. (3) "Effu. Si. Qiaos, KXtuval. (4) Tu; Ar«».. also. citicrof. Bauz our journey lay. and common Oak.. OrientaJis, Falloriia,. also. ^. covered with large trees of the Platanus. plain,. this. ——. i. ^''"'^'. Cleon^.. hhariy. chap.. '. di. rov "aSu. or antient. Orphano.. We. Aiov^ KXtuiva;, Qvfo'av, 'OXo^t/|/v, ' Ax^nriuov;.. est, ut inf. vid.). oiKtif^'iva,!. HerodnCi Poli/mnia,. Strabon. Geog.. ejV) a'^t,. lib. vii.. lib. ix. p. •J81.. ATov, 'OXiipvôs, ' Anfiicov,. cap. 22. p. 391. ed. Gronovii>. cLxXas, Oufffftv, kcc) KXiuvctt, xxi 'AxpaSaou;, Kai 'OXoip«|ov, xai. Thucydid. Hist.. lib. iv.. cap. 109. p. 276. ed. Hiidsoni.. mentions a colony from Andros, of the name of Sana.. Thucydidet. Dervene,.

(50) FROM THESSALONICA,. 26 CHAP, --. Riverr. crossed the river place,. by a. Strymon. in our. On. flying-bridge.. side of the river the shore. way. to this. the south-west. and sandy,. is flat. of pools of stagnant water, and the air. full. There. of course unwholesome.. khan. ;. is. is. here a large. camels were feeding in the fen,. and. wearing upon their backs heavy saddles, as. ready at. Some. for instant use.. vessels. were lying. anchor within a small port more to the. south-west, distant. about a mile from the ruins. of the old fortress of Amphipolis, receiving. corn for Constantinople.. We. saw one. ship with. one Martingale, and other small which the Turks call Girlingitch. After. three masts, craft,. we had. crossed the ferry, the city,. the ruins of Amphijioiis.. of walls, with. masonry round. morc of Roman than of Greek of the work being. We. and. saw. tiles. also. the hills to the. Acropolis. consisting principally. the materials. stones. cement.. Upon. ;. we passed through. may be. together. with. part of an Aqueduct. east,. discerned,. We. in the soiP.. put. the traces of. by the marks. an left. dined in the midst of the. upon the pedestal of a marble column, and by the side of an antient covered well.. ruins,. (l). Here, perhaps, stood the. wore antient name. of. Acra.. o/c? ciYarfe/. whence Amphipolis had. its.

(51) TO NEAPOLIS. which. is. down. Amphipolis, the date of. lis. cavern. within a small. steps leading. to. 27. The. it.. are. situation. origin of its name,. would be. that. proving. position elsewhere:. its. it. idle if. by. to attempt it. had not. we. for this circumstance, the antiquities. found. of. and the. foundation, are so decidedly fixed. Thucydides,. been. there. :. afterwards. at Orphano might have induced us to suppose that Amphipolis was there situate^. But the testimony of Thucydides. here doubly valuable. is. to his. ;. because, in addition. adherence to truth,. characteristic. he. has himself told us that he was summoned, during the Peloponnesian war, to the relief of. Amphipolis; before ihe Lacedaemonian. he. therefore,. is. it. surrendered to Brasidas,. Of. general'.. the. most. all. likely. authors, to. afford. accurate information respecting this city:. was owing he was doomed. it. to his failure in the expedition that. his history.. to the exile in. which he wrote. According to Thucydides,. it. was. a colonial city of the Athenians, situate near. (2). also. An. inscription, with the. name. of the people of Jmphipolis, has. been observed at Orphano.. (3). AIAHN. Tlifi'Touiri (. To» 'OXopov,. xiXtueirts. Hudsoni.. ffîffi. ). l*< Ton 'inôv ffTôcrnyov rov It) Q^xxtif,. "OS TAAE STNErPAÊN,. lionh7i.. Oxon. 1696.. Thucydidis Hist.. 0OTKT-. ovr» Tt^c Qaa-ov, (. lib. iv.. c.. 104. p. 273.. ). edit.. chap..

(52) FROM THESSALONICA,. 28. mouth of. the. round. it,. the. Strymox. :. the river flowed. being upon either side, and from this. circumstance the city was called by. Amphipolis\. The place where. its. it. founder. stood had. been formerly denominated the Nine Ways.. when. origin,. Nicias,. who,. was not of founded by Agnon son of wrote,. Thucydides It wâs. antient date.. at the. Its. head of an Athenian. colony,. built a city here, sixty-one years after the first. Persian invasion ^. was severely. felt. The loss of Amphipolis by the Athenians, who had. been accustomed to derive from. it,. besides an. annual revenue in money, a supply of timber for their navy.. The. different style of. masonry,. and the mixture of Grecian and Roman work, visible in. the. among. the ruins of this city,. circumstances of. explained. is. history. its. ruined and rebuilt more than once. antient geographers. "Srûftovo;.. The. (2). Thucyd.Wh.'w. first. c.. it. was. Although. have scarcely mentioned. 102. p. 272.. eA. Hudsoni.. attempt to found a city here was made by Aristaem'aS. the Milesian, after his flight from Darius; but. the Edonians.. :. Thirty-two years afterwards,. it. was frustrated by. says Thucydides, the. Athenians sent hither a colony, which was destroyed by the Thracians. and. in the. .<#§-now. any. twenty-ninth year after. son of. iVirifli,. Grecian city whose history. trated.. this event,. founded Amphipolis.. Vid. Thucydidem,. lib. iv.. is. more. cap. 102.. another colony, led by. There. is. explicitly p.. no instance of. and. fully illus-. 272. ed. Hudsoni..

(53) TO NEAPOLIS.. 29. yet their commentators have. it,. number of facts, and. allusions to. to supply the loss; and,. has more. it,. among. collected. a. which serve. these, no one. largely contributed than IFesseling,. Notes upon the Itinerary from Bourdeaux to Jerusalem^ He has given an epigram of. in his. Antipater, descriptive of. condition in. its. the. by which it appears that a temple of Brauronian Diana was then conTVesseling also spicuous among its ruins*.. age of the Antonines ;. proves, from various authorities S but especially. from Tzetzes upon Lycophron, that Amphipolis rose again from the ruined state in which it is described by Antipater, and took the. (S) Itinerariuin. of. p. 604. ap. Vet. RarR. Itiucr.. A7nst. 1735.. ed. ffêsselingii. (4). Hierosolymitanum,. name. 'Sraufii'>vi xa.). fttyaXiu xitoXicftiiov 'EXX>jirsravr«. "Hg<«y 'V^Svrii 4>vXX<Sa$ 'Afi(pi»iXi,. As/Ta rm. AiSio'rn; fioavâviô;. Mifitii,. Tfj» Se. xa) Torafiou. ôT Aiytiâis. J','^;v/a. snou. t' afiîfjiu^rtrav uoaipt. /jLiyaX^v i^tv, ui aXiccv^f. " Ex Amphipoli, monumento Edonie. Phyllidis,. ad Strymonem et. Hellespontuni conditoj nulla vestigia praeter Dianae Braurouidis aedeni et aquani,. de qu^. pugnatum. fuerat, durare. :. conspici urbem,. magnum. olim Atheniensibus certamen, ab utraque rip&, ut lacerum purpurse. pannura." (5) Catalogus. Urb. Vatican, et alter ZiJac. Goar post Codin.. editus, Scholiastesque. Li/cophron. ver. 416.. Ptokmcei CoisUnianus,. p.. 404.. prietereaque Tzetzes in.

(54) FROM THESSALONICA,. 30. had many names which Wesseling has not mentioned; and its Turkish. But. Crysopolis. Various the City,. name. it. of lamholi, or Emboli,. is. derived from one. EioN out of which the Greeks made Iampolis, and the Turks IamIts other names were, Acra', BOLi, or Emboli. of them; for. it. was. called. ;. Myrica, Crademna, and ANADR^MUS^ It is mentioned by Constantine Porphi/rogenetes, among the cities of Macedonia. The name of Chrysopolis was still retained in the sixteenth century. Belon mentions its ruins at the mouth of the Strymon; and he says the peasants called. them. Chrysopoli'.. After leaving these ruins,. we ascended. a. hill. and having passed over the top of it, descended immediately upon Orphano, which is said to be distant eight hours. but Orphano.. we performed. from Khan Erenderi Bauz. the journey in Jive hours.. Hcs at thc foot of the. (1) It. ". hill. was called ^^cra before. it. ;. Orphano being upon. had the name of Amphipnlis. Harpocratio exMarsy^ in Macedonicis in. Acram. vocatam. fuisse,. '. Afupl-reXis. ac postea Amphipolim,". Animadv. in Stephan. de Urbib.. et. It. auctor est prius Teste. Gronovio. Popul. p. 78. (lO.) Amsl. 16/8.. (2) Ibid. (3) ". L'on. voit les. mines d'vne. mone, qui est en tout deshabitee. :. ville a I'entree. de la bouche de Stri-. laquelle les paisans. du pays nomment. CHarsopoLi." Premier Liv, des Singular, observees par Belon, feuille 55' Paris, 1555..

(55) TO NEAPOLIS.. 31. one side of it, and Palceo-Orphano upon the other*, This circumstance, added to the similarity of the. names. two. of the. places,. chap. ^' ,. ,. would rather tend by UAnvillt. to confirm the opinion entertained. oi Amphipolis\. —that the name did not imply an. ambiguous position with regard. to the rivery. but. a city whose position was ambiguous respecting two countries, or, as. a city on the. tivo. seems now. sides of a. hill. ;. to. be the case,. one part being. detached from the other for the convenience of. Were. its port.. it. not for the observations of. seem probable and the opinion would be strengthened by what we Thucydides, this might. ;. have to state further concerning Orphano.. It is. now. fifty. a poor village, consisting of about. houses. ;. and there. side of the. from the shore. which. a small fortress upon the. with about twenty other dwell-. hill,. Orphano. ings.. is. not more than a mile distant. is :. a small river runs through. The quantity of ancient medals brought us, during the. place,. (4) ". it,. there falls into the sea.. was Our. so. evening that that. great,. to. we remained in this we were occupied. journey, during the whole of this day, was principally east-. north-east.. Towards Orphano. Orpluino are. all. Turks.". (5) See I)' Antille's. it. CrippsV. AnU. was due eaU.. MS.. The. inhabitants of. Journal,. Geog. Parti,. p.. 200.. Land. 1791.. Antient Medals..

(56) FROM THESSALONICA,. 32 until. tion. a. late. hour in the night. in. making a. We. and purchasing some of them.. the price,. medal. as. usual,. and one. in bronze,. two paras. at. piastre for. selec-. fixed. every. for. every. silver. medal, without making any distinction after-. wards which might cause altercation or bargaining. Every person, who arrived with bronze or. silver. was. knew at his coming what he if we made any purchases and. medals,. to receive,. ;. we took care never to deviate from the price we had fixed, however desirable the acquisition might be. price. A. few were offered at a higher. and upon our refusing. ;. to give. it,. they. were taken away. In this manner we lost some silver medals of Thasos ; but in general the persons who brought them were very glad to get what we proposed those who sold any to :. us,. afterwards. and. place,. manner. sent. spread the news. about. others with more.. we purchased. one. many. of. them were. never seen before.. rare,. But. In this. hundred. twenty-six medals in bronze, and six in. the. and silver. :. and some we had. among. the. bronze. medals, the number of those of Amphipolis. was very remarkable.. There were also coins of Alexander and of Philip. A beautiful little silver medal, craij-Jish,. having on one side a lobster or and upon the other a dolphin, is still.

(57) TO NEAPOLIS. unknown. to us.. 33. The medals oiAmphipolis were chap.. evidently struck in different periods. ;. for their. reverses differed, and the legend was variously. Upon one we saw. added.. the head of Apollo. and for the reverse, a lavip burning upon a second, the reverse was a coiu; upon a third, a horse galloping ; and so on the same. in front. ;. ;. front appearing with a variety of obverse types.. Here we obtained those antient medals of Amphipolis which some Numismatic writers have erroneously ascribed. to. Lesbos; repre-. senting in front the Centaur iVe^^w^ with. Dejanir a;. more than an indented Others of Amphipolis had the bearded square. head of Jupiter, cinctured by ^ filet, or diadem, in and. for reverse, nothing. front,. —. if. this. be not intended. for the portrait. of Philip, the son oi Amyntas; horse prancing.. The. for reverse, a. following were the different. legends of the Amphipolitan medals. and. oldest, being in the. writing 1. IBov(rTô(P'/iôv. ;. the. first,. manner of. /.

(58) FROM THESSALONICA,. 34. There were not. CHAP. ^'.. .. less than fifteen different kinds. of medals of this city alone, three of which were. Centaur Nessus, &c.. in silver, representing the. We. also found here. Pallas. A. PEAAHZ.. greatest rarity;. and. for. medal. of P^.0Ni A. pasture. at. Philippi,. of. of the. of Hercules in front; a tripod, with the legend. Audoleon, king. Also a medal of. armed head,. ;. — head of. — head. reverse,. <!>IAinni2N.. a bull. reverse,. front;. in. medals of Pella;. full face, in front;. and. upon the obverse side, an equestrian Jigure in full speed, with some of the letters of the word AYAHA EONTOZ. Coins of the is!omfln Emperors were. also. many. of them, because they. dition.. observed. We. saw one. here. of. :. we. but. were. rejected. in. bad con-. Alexander Severus,. representing in front the image of Ceres, bearing in. her right hand a patera, and in her. sceptre,. with theword AA\<l>inOAEITnN. thereverse appeared the this legend,. head of. the. a. and for. Emperor, Vfith.. AYTHMAPCEV-AAEZANAPOC.. The bronze medals of Alexander had simply a bow and quiver,. ;. left. with the. AAEHANAPOY;. initials. quiver, or. B. A.. and those. or. the. Great. a club and the. word. Philip,. an. equestrian figure^ naked, or a radiated head,. and. the legend. BAZIAEXil. <MAinnOY. or. of. BAClAEnZ. <MAinnOY, with. a. t or. thunderbolt..

(59) TO NEAPOLIS. Others,. with. a female. laurel in front,. and. 35 decorated with. head,. for reverse a stele within a. chap. .. '_. same head appears upon the medals of Thessalonica, seem to have been struck by Cassander, in honour of his wife, laurel chaplet, as the. the sister of Alexander the Great, and to exhibit. her portrait.. It is not. every reader that will. tolerate a long Numismatic series. ;. therefore with. these general observations we shall close the. list;. adding only, that a volume might be written illustration of the medals. in. found at Orphano alone.. Our course from Orphano {January the third) was east-north-east, through the fertile plain of Mestania, lying between two chains of mountains; upon our right and left. It is highly cultivated. We saw some neat plantations of the wheat looked uncommonly tobacco and corn :. well.. route,. Upon. the. left,. or northern side of our. were many Turkish. mountains,. situate. guished always, mosques and. tall. villages. upon the. towards their basis. as being. Turkish,. ;. distin-. by. their. minarets rising amidst groves. of cypress and poplar trees.. Turkish population. Another proof of a. was afforded. in the frequent. recurrence of public fountains close to the road.. The reason given. to us,. why. so. many. villages. are stationed at a distance from the highway,. D 1. Appearcountry. fng^tfr^ ^''•i''"''"-. ..

(60) FROM THESSALONICA,. 36 CHAP,. was. ._. that. this;. Turkish soldiers. the. plunder, and sometimes ruin, a town or village, in passing is. through. preferred which. and therefore a situation. it;. not liable to their ravages.. is. we came. After riding four hours, Kunarga.. always. to. a khan,. and saw fragments of antient. called KunargQ,. The whole of our journey through this plain was extremely The mountains upon our left were agreeable. columns near the spot.. very high and massy, but not covered with. There were many Turkish coemeteries. snow. near. road. the. ;. and. these. in. we observed. At the end of the. several antient columns.. were not less than six or seven founspot, shaded by large plane-trees. upon one tains Here we were not far distant from the ruins of Philippi, upon the slope of a mountain to the plain there. left. of our rout. of fountains,. :. possibly therefore this groupe. so remarkably. distinguished. by. the venerable grove beneath which they appear,. may have been Krenides.. dcrivcd. its. because. this. name was. not applicable to. its. but to those in. its. city,. They poured. vicinity'.. Vt. same whence that city KPHNIAE2;. appellation of. within the. fountains. (1) 0/. the. auticut. OIAinnoi,. KPHNIAE2 in. srga. AATOT". woy.if Utiv, xîjiiai. ya^. forth. n iliri. AATC2 Tiî. <rai. such copious. uvcfjiaZ,iTO. Xetpat vctfiuiraiv. xra.Xai,. nai. rSr waKXai..

(61) TO NEAPOLIS.. „. 37. streams of water, according to Appian, that the land below. all. we had antient. left. them was a marsh^.. we ascended. them,. paved road about four. a. chap.. After. >. by an. hill. wide, the. feet. remains of which had often occurred before. From the heights we. during the day's journey.. had a fine view of Pravista, situate and beyond it, of a noble plain, surface of a lake, surrounded tains.. flat. as the. by high moun-. reminded us of the plains of Greece. It. and as. in a defile. it. is. a geological character peculiarly great limestone formation. characteristic of the. around the shores of the Archipelago, it will be proper to annex a delineation of its appearance in perspective ^. It. was the great plaix of. Seres, which supplies the merchants of Salonica. with their principal exports. hundred. tobacco; containing three. îXicr^ros. ^h î. iu<pvi;. 9iXiv0tvs a-j««r«y. p. 666.. ed.. Schweigkaus.. description of Philippi. of. tlie. Q^Sxa;. i-r). Appiani. is. âîov,. uKvûKfi. de Bell.. lib. iv.. Lips. 1785.. villages,. r%,. Civil,. Ka,t. c.. a^'. 105.. so. if-vr'^j. vol. II.. The most copious and minute. afforded by Appani, (and of the exact situation. camps of Brutus and. Cassius,) in this. and the following chapter;. every word of which ought to be present to those visit. and. in cotton. the ruins of that city.. A. who may. hereafter. bronze medal of Philippi, as found at. Orphano, has been already described. (2). Hgof. Ss. TM(K£a->j/*iSo/a"EA02. iirr),. loco supradicto. (3) See the Ftgnetle to this Chapter.. K»t iaXuffot,. fJt,iT. kuto,. Appian,. piainof.

(62) FROM THESSALONICA,. 38 CHAP,. when viewed from. thickly set together, that. the tops of the surrounding mountains, their. appearance resembles that of a great. It. city'.. more than fortyis whence it bears miles from Salonica, five Its fertility, now become a proverb north-east. over all Turkey, is mainly due to the annual inundations of the Strymon. Except towards the south, where this river makes its exit, the PLAIN OF Seres is surrounded in the manner distant, in a direct line, not. here described auriferous. ;. having the highest ridges of. Mount and Mount Cer-. PANGiEUS towards. the. east,. ScoMius towards the north, ciNA upon the west. This plain also produces a term, however^ silk, as its name implies ;. equally applicable to. The valuable work the Notes, formation,. cotton,. or to 2xc^ fine flax*. of Felix Beaujour, cited in. contains. accurate. concerning this. statistical. wealthy. in-. district.. The name has been variously and sometimes. (1). Voy. Beaujour Tabl. du. Comm.. de la Grece, torn.. I.. p. 55.. Paris, 1800.. Belon mentions a town of Ceres, which he has described as the Cranon of the Antients, " Et arrivasmes premierement h Ceres,. anciennement nommee Cranon, qui est vne autre grande ville," Les observations de plusieurs Singularitez, &c. trouvês en Grice, par Pierre Belon du Mans, liv. i. fol. 55. Paris, 1555. (2) Te <r«gi*av, signifying silk or Jine flax,. being taken from nij711U^.. is. of. Hebrew. Stc. Sic.. extraction. ;.