Subject Index In most instances the common names of insects, and the adjectival form of scientific names, have not been included in this index.

(1)

In most instances the common names of insects, and the adjectival form of scientific names, have not been included in this index.

A

Acacia, 161 Accession card, 567 Achroia grisella, 302

Achromobacter eurydice, relationship to European foulbrood, 121-122

synonomy of, 120 transmission of, 440 Acleris minuta, 203 Acrostalagmus, 234

Acrostalagmus aphidum, 245 Adelina, 306

frequency of infection, 310 life cycle of, 308-309 Adelina cryptocerci, 312 Adelina mesnili, 310, 311

Adelina sericesthis, host specificity of, 309- 310

spore recovery after infection of, 311 Adelina simplex, 312

Adelina tenebrionis, 310, 311 Adelina tipulae, 312 Adelina transitu, 312 Adelina tribolii, cysts of, 307

hosts of, 310

in microbial control, 311 Adelina zonula, 312 Adoretus sinicus, 98 Adoxophyes, 402, 404

Aedes, Coelomomyces infection in, 157, 159, 160, 185

Aedes (Macleaya) sp., 153, 158 Aedes aegypti, ciliate infection of, 354

Coelomomyces infection of, 151, 154, 157, 158

eugregarine infection of, 295 microbial control of, 506

susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis, 46

Aedes albopictus, ciliate infection of, 354 Coelomomyces infection of, 151, 154,

157, 158, 171, 183

Aedes australis, 154, 158 Aedes calceatus, 354 Aedes einereus, 154, 158

Aedes communis, nematode parasitism in, 380

Aedes fulgens, 354 Aedes haworthi, 354 Aedes marshalli, 354 Aedes metallicus, 354 Aedes notoscriptus, 152, 158 Aedes polynesiensis, 151, 157, 185 Aedes scatophagoides, 154, 158, 168-169 Aedes scutellaris, 151, 154, 158

ciliate infection of, 353, 354

Aedes sierrensis, ciliate infection of, 355 Aedes taeniorhynchus, Coelomomyces in

fection of, 153, 158, 169, 170, 171, 174, 175, 176-177, 181, 182

Aedes vexans, 153, 158 Aedomyia, 151, 159

Aedomyia catasticta, 151, 153, 158 Aegerita, 234

Aegerita xvebberi, 237 Aerobacter spp., 128

Aerobacter aerogenes, taxonomic prob

lems of, 5, 128, 139 varying pathogenicity of, 139 Aerobacter cloacae, 138, 141 Aerobacter scolyti, 140, 440 Aeromonas, 127

Aeromonas margarita, 127 Agamermis, 374

Agamermis decaudata, 377 Aglais urticae, 126 Agriotes obscurus, 207 Agr totes sputator, 207 Agrostis alba, 93 Agrotis infusa, 374 Agrotis ipsilon, 132 Agrotis orthogonia, 126 Agrotis segetum, 257 Akanthomyces, 275

Alfalfa caterpillar, see Colias eurytheme 652

(2)

Alimentary tract, bacterial flora of, 138, 139, 142

bacterial flora of, 138, 139, 142 bacterial infection of in bagworm, 119-

120

bacterial multiplication in, 136 bacterial transmission by passage

through, 440 as barrier to infection, 129 eugregarines in, 294-296 histopathology of, 44

localization of eugregarines in, 294-295 mechanical blockage by fungi, 253 mechanical damage and pathogen pene

tration of, 129

nematode commensals of, 364, 369 nematode penetration of, 368, 376 nematode survival in, 377 paralysis, of anal sphincter, 396

from Bacillus thuringiensis infection, 42-43

protozoan infections of, 313, 315-316, 342, 343, 347, 348

as route of fungus infection, 241-242, 247, 453

Allantonema, 370 Allantonematidae, 370 Allomyces, 165, 172 Allomyces javanicus, 165

Alsophila pometaria, microbial control of, 504

Alvein, 53

Alysia manducator, 410, 411 Amara obesa, 257

American foulbrood, causative agent of, 54-55

pathology of, 55-57 resistance to, 54

signs and symptoms of, 54 susceptibility to, 54, 55 toxin associated with, 56-57 Amoeba proteus, 348

Amoebae, pathogenic to insects, 348-353 Amphimallon majalis, and milky disease,

91, 100, 101, 437

Amphimallon solstitialis, latent bacterial infections in, 439

susceptibility to milky-disease organ

isms, 98, 99, 101 Anagasta, 410

Anagasta kühniella, microbial control of, 29

original host of Bacillus thuringiensis, 29, 32

protozoan infection in, 457, 458 schizogregarine infection of, 302, 304 symptoms of to Bacillus thuringiensis,

42

virulence of Bacillus cereus to, 24 Anal sphincter, paralysis of, 396 Anasa, 412

Anasa tristis, 411

Anatomical systems in diagnosis, 569- 570

Ancylistes, 190

Andrena, stylopization of, 414-416

A n g o u m o i s grain m o t h , see Sitotroga cere ale lla

Anomala exitialis, 456 Anomala innuba, 98 Anomala lucicola, 98 Anomala oblivia, 98

Anomala orientalis, susceptibility to milky diseases, 98, 99, 100, 102

symbiotic gut protozoan of, 348

Anopheles, Coelomomyces infection of, 151, 159, 160, 166-167, 168-169, 170, 172, 174, 176-177, 183, 184

haplosporidian infection in, 315

susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis, 46

Anopheles aconitus, 153, 158 Anopheles annularis, 152, 158 Anopheles barbirostris, 152, 158 Anopheles bifurcatus, 305

Anopheles crucians, Coelomomyces infec

tion of, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 166-167, 172, 181, 185

Anopheles ear lei, 153, 158 Anopheles farauti, 152, 158

Anopheles funestus, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 170, 179

Anopheles gambiae, Coelomomyces infec

tion of, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 161, 163, 170, 178, 179, 180, 181, 184 Anopheles georgianus, 154, 155, 158 Anopheles hyrcanus, 152, 158 Anopheles hyrcanus var. sinensis, 170 Anopheles jamiesi, 153, 158

Anopheles maculipennis, 345

(3)

Anopheles minimus, 152, 158 Anopheles pretoriensis, 153, 158

Anopheles punctipennis, 152, 154, 155, 156, 158, 166-167

Anopheles punctulatus, 154, 158

Anopheles quadrimaculatus, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159

Anopheles ramsayi, 153, 159 Anopheles rivulosum, 153, 159 Anopheles rufipes, 153, 159

Anopheles squamosus, 152, 153, 155, 159, 168, 169

Anopheles subpictus, 151, 152, 153, 159, 171

Anopheles tesselatus, 154, 159 Anopheles vagus, 151, 152, 153, 159, 170 Anopheles varuna, 152, 153, 159 Anopheles walkeri, 154, 159

Anther aea eucalypti, chemical culture of tissues from, 540

Anther aea pernyi, paralysis of from bac

teria, 42

Antibiotics, effects on milky-disease or

ganisms, 97

lack of, in Beauveria, 255 produced by Bacillus alvei, 53

sensitivity of crystalliferous bacilli to, 40

Anticarsia gemmatilis, 263 Apanteles sp., 458

host reaction to oviposition by, 395 vector of microsporidian spores, 326,

328

Apanteles glomeratus, teratocytes pro

duced in host by, 407

as vector of entomogenous bacilli, 440 vector of microsporidian spores, 326,

328, 458

Apanteles medicaginis, 395 Apanteles militaris, 410

Aphelenchidae, entomophilic species, life cycles, and habits of, 371

Aphelenchoidea, 370-371 Aphelenchoides, 371 Aphelenchoididae, 371 Aphelenchus macrobolus, 371 Aphelopus, 414

Aphelopus theliae, 413-414 Aphodius spp., 368

Aphodius howitti, coccidian infection in, 310

Cordyceps infection in, 282, 288 milky diseases in, 98, 100 Aphomia gularis, 24, 32 Aphonus castaneus, 98, 99

Apis mellifera, American foulbrood of, 54-57

amoebic disease of, 348-351 brood diseases, diagnosis of, 553 disease study of, 423

European foulbrood of, 50-57, 117, 120- 123, 439, 440, 443

mailing restrictions on, 593

maladies of diagnosed by Aristotle, 552 mycoses of, 241, 242, 247, 250, 251, 253,

254

nematode parasite of, 371 Nosema apis in, 458, 459, 460

not susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis, 46

nutrition in diseases of, 436 per os infection w i t h Serratia, 136 resistance in, 432

resistance to foulbrood, 441 septicemia in, 126, 127 Aporia crataegi, 126, 457, 458

Aproctonema entomophagum, 373 Arachnida, Cordyceps infections of, 288 Aradus cinnamomeus, fungus infection in,

452 Arcella, 169 Archigregarina, 298 Ar chips crataegana, 505 Arctia caja, 207

Argyrotaenia mariana, microbial control of, 504

Argyrotaenia velutinana, microbial con

trol of, 504, 507-508 Arizona, 9

Armigeres, 159 Armigeres digitatus, 356

Armigeres (Leicesteria) dentatus, 356 Armigeres obturbans, 151, 154, 159 Artona trisignata, 398

Ascaris, 385

Asclepias syriaca, 347 Ascocystis, 295 Ascogaster, 410

(4)

Aspergillus, 234, 236, 242, 245, 249, 250, 2 5 1 , 2 5 3 , 254, 255, 257, 261

Aspergillus flavus, artificial culture and virulence of, 262

chitin hydrolysis by, 243, 279 differential host penetration of, 241 as grasshopper pathogen, 239, 242, 250 humidity, effect on, 244

infection through spiracles, 242 infectious to all tissues, 249, 250 in tegumental resistance to, 259 lepidopterous pupal resistance to, 454 mechanical gut blockage by, 253 mechanical loss of resistance to, 245 melanic reactions associated with, 251 oxygen uptake increase, 427

physical damage by mycelia of, 253 physiological characteristics of, 262 pigments secreted by, 252

respiration inhibition by, 254

saprophytic strain and pathogenicity of, 258

sensitivity of Bacillus thuringiensis to, 40

temperature effects on infectivity of, 253 toxin production by, 247, 251, 254 Aspergillus luchuensis, 454 Aspergillus ochraceus, 257

Aspergillus parasiticus, infection through spiracles by, 242

sporulation of, 250

temperature effect on infectivity of, 245, 253, 455

Aspergillus versicolor, 263 Aulacorthum circumflexum, 403 Aureomycin, 437

Auricularia, 190

Azygospores, formation in Entomoph

thora, 199-200

Β

Babesia bigemina, 292

Bacillus, antibacterial substances for, 436 crystalloid parasporal inclusions of, 22 description of, 22

diseases produced by, 21 early work, confusion of, 118 as entomogenous pathogen, 21-67 parasporal body, morphology in, 35 taxonomy of, 13

(see also various species)

Bacillus sp., taxonomic reassignment in, 32

"Bacillus Y," 51 Bacillus alesti, 15

as variety of B. thuringiensis, 437 (see also Bacillus thuringiensis var. al

esti)

Bacillus alvei, antagonism plates, 595 bacteriophages for strain differentia

tion, 437 early isolations of, 51

and European foulbrood, 53-54, 120, 122, 439

Bacillus anduzae, 15

Bacillus anthracis, sensitivity to penicil

lin, 40

taxonomic relationships of, 13, 14, 32, 33, 48

Bacillus apisepticus, 126, 127 Bacillus cazaubon, 440

Bacillus cereus, cross specificity of, 32 crystalliferous species, related to, 28, 29 culture of, 596

diseases caused by, 22-28 exotoxin of, 39

gut histopathology produced by, 45 key to related species, 33-34 lytic exoenzymes of, 43 m o d e of action, 26, 28

pathogenic strains of, 23, 24-25, 26 pathogenicity of, 7

p H as factor in infection, 442

relation to Bacillus anthracis, 13, 14, 32, 33, 48

survival of, 439

symptoms and signs in insects infected with, 23, 26

taxonomic problems associated with, 13- 15

use against codling m o t h , 504 virulence differences, 24-25, 437, 438 Bacillus cereus Group, key to species of,

33-34

Bacillus cereus var. alesti, pathogenic to silkworms, 26, 29

taxonomic reassignment of, 32 toxins extracted from, 30 (see also Bacillus thuringiensis) Bacillus cereus var. mycoides, 14, 15, 33 Bacillus circulans, 15

(5)

Bacillus dendrolimus, change of name, 32, 34

larval migration in epizootic produced by, 439

Bacillus entomocidus var. entomocidus, chemistry of, 37

exotoxin produced by, 39 histology produced by, 27, 44 as microbial-control agent, 502 taxonomy of, 13-15, 32, 34 toxins extracted from, 30

Bacillus entomocidus var. subtoxicus, n o exotoxin produced by, 39

taxonomy of, 13-15, 32, 34 Bacillus euloomarahae, 58, 80, 102 Bacillus eurydice, 52

Bacillus euxoae, 15, 34 Bacillus finitimus, 13, 14, 15, 34 Bacillus fribourgensis, 58, 101 Bacillus galleriae, 33

Bacillus larvae, bacteriophages for strain differentiation, 55, 437

bee colony resistance to, 441 description of, 54

m o d e of action, 55-56 resistance of spores, 55 toxins produced by, 56-57 (see also American foulbrood) Bacillus lentimorbus, 76, 113

blood turbidity produced by, 80 carbohydrate requirement of, 107-108 effect of p H on, 104

effect of starch on growth, 111 field development of, 77, 78, 79 larval instar resistance to, 96 long-term biological control with, 481 nitrogen requirement of, 109 oxygen sensitivity of, 106

production of spores, 524-526, 534, 543 tabulation of susceptible hosts, 100 use in nutritional state determination

of larval host, 87 viability of in culture, 112 virulence variation, 437

Bacillus lentimorbus var. australis, 58, 100

Bacillus megaterium, 14, 15, 23, 33 Bacillus noctuarum, synonym of, 5, 126,

127, 438

Bacillus paraalvei, antagonism plates, 595 Bacillus pathogens of bees, 50-57

Bacillus pluton, synonym of Streptococcus pluton, 51, 120

Bacillus popilliae, 8, 28, 66, 80 artificial culture studies on, 103-113 dosage effects by injection of, 89-93 effect of food on development of, 85-89 effect of temperatures on development

of, 78, 79, 80, 81-85 field development of, 77, 78, 79 host range of, 97-103

long-term biological control with, 481 mass production of, 596

as microbial control agent, 75-76 nature of paraspore in, 81

production of spores, 524-526, 534, 539, 543

soil inoculation studies, 93-96 strains of, 76, 101

taxonomy, need for clarification, 17, 58 viability of spores of, 439

virulence increase, 438 virulence variation, 437, 438 (see also Milky diseases)

Bacillus popilliae, Cyclocephala strain, 101 Bacillus popilliae, Melolontha strain, 101 Bacillus sotto, as variety of B. thuringien

sis, 32, 33, 437

Bacillus sphingidis, reclassifications of, 126, 127

virulence loss, 438 Bacillus subtilis, 15

Bacillus thuringiensis and its varieties, 5, 7, 8, 17, 66, 511

bacteriophage and antibiotic sensitivity of, 39-40

commercial production of, 494-500, 527- 531, 534, 535, 536, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 544

crystal, formation and characteristics, 34-38

dispersal by parasites, 440 dispersal capacity of, 428 field application, 49

histopathology of infection with, 43-44 historical aspects of, 28-31

host susceptibility to, 44, 46 mass production of, 596

as microbial insecticide, 46-49, 481-506

(6)

as microbial insecticide, standardization of, 47, 530-531, 535-536

mode of action, 40-43, 535 paralysis d u e to, 41-43

parasporal crystal, discovery of, 30 persistence in nature of, 439 p H as factor in infection, 442

as predisposing factor in Streptococcus infection, 141

staining of, 611

as stressor in coccidian infection, 311 structure determination of, 615 susceptibility of M. domestica to, 583 taxonomy of, 13-16, 31-34

toxins, classification of, 38-39 virulence differences, 437, 438

(see also Bacillus thuringiensis var.

thuringiensis)

Bacillus thuringiensis var. alesti, crystal, chemistry of, 37-38

crystal formation in, 35 dissolution of crystal, 43 host paralysis from, 41

taxonomic-key characteristics of, 34 taxonomic problems associated with,

13-15

taxonomic reassignment of, 32 toxin extraction from, 30 toxic fractions of, 31

Bacillus thuringiensis var. dendrolimus, 39

Bacillus thuringiensis var. sotto, crystal, chemical composition of, 37-38 effect of alkali-treated cultures on silk

worm, 30 historical aspects of, 29

lack of thermostable exotoxin in, 39 paralysis and gut p H changes with, 41 taxonomy of, 13-15, 32, 33-34

Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis, 489, 490, 512

commercial names for, 498-499 dispersal of, 440

epizootics caused by, 425 exotoxins produced by, 39

field testing of commercial product of, 501-506

first commercial testing of, 495 historical aspects of, 28-29

industrial standardization, lack of, 500- 501

insect control with, 489-490, 493, 494 as microbial insecticide, 46-49

in microbial-chemical mixture for con

trol, 491, 492 m o d e of action, 40-43

regulations governing commercial pro

duction, 497 residual activity of, 486

sensitivity to Aspergillus flavus sub

stance, 40

serological strain comparison, 437 survival of, 428, 439

taxonomic problems associated with, 13- 15

taxonomy of, 32-34 toxin extraction from, 30-31 virulence loss, 438

(see also Bacillus thuringiensis) Bacteria, bacteriophage for differentiating

strains, 437

biochemical techniques for, 617 as control agents, 481-482, 486-491, 493-

506, 524, 527

crystalliferous (see Bacillus thuringien

sis and varieties) epizootics caused by, 437-443 nonsporulating, 117-143 sporeforming, 21-67, 75-114 staining techniques, 611, 613 taxonomy of, 1-17, 31-33 Bacterial epibionts, 143

Bacteriophage, of Bacillus larvae, 55 of crystalliferous bacilli, 39

use in differentiating bacterial strains, 437

Bacterium, 118

Bacterium eurydice, 16, 120

Bacterium eurydice, also see Achromo- hacter eurydice, and European foul

brood, 439

Bacterium prodigiosum, 131 (see also Serratia marcescens) Bacterium sphingidis, see Bacillus sphingi-

dis Baetis sp., 357

Bagworm, see Solenohia triquetrella Balansia, 274

Balantidium, 353

(7)

Balantidium spp., 357 Barrouxia, 306, 309, 310

Barrouxia ornata, spore morphology of, 309

Basidiobolus, 190

Basidiobolus, ranarum, 190 Beauveria, 451, 509

ability to infect many hosts, 257 absence of antibiotic substances in, 255

of premortem sporulation in, 250 infection by spore consumption of, 241 mycelial spread from host into sub

strate, 258

organic content and blood p H altered by, 252

production of free cells in blood, 248 red colors produced by, 252 species and synonyms of, 234 symptoms produced by, 251

Beauveria bassiana, age susceptibility of insect to, 454

antibiotic production, absent in, 255 apparent i m m u n i t y in, 260 bacteria combined with, 247 and Β H C and D D T for control, 491 combined w i t h Serratia, 247 conidiophore morphology of, 235 as control agent, 508-510

free cell production in blood by, 248 host death, blocked circulation by, 253 humidity, effect on germination of, 244 infection, signs and symptoms in, 251-

252

through digestive tract by, 241, 247 through tracheae by, 242

inoculum amount and host mortality with, 246

in tegumental penetration, process of in, 240, 242-243, 246

organic matter and, 456 perithecial stages of, 236, 256 physical factors in infection with, 455 presence in soil, 258

spore viability of, 257

starvation effects on gut infection with, 247

strains or synonyms of, 234

temperature, effect on infected host with, 245

tissue tropisms in, 248-249, 250

toxin, produced by germinating spores of, 243

produced in colony substrate, 254 transmission of, 453

variability of strain virulence, 257 virulence variation, 452

Beauveria brogniartii, 234 Beauveria delacroixii, 234

Beauveria densa, color changes in eggs in

fected by, 252

cuticle penetration by, 240, 242 diminution of virulence in artificial cul

ture, 262

perithecial stages of, 236, 256 strain of Beauveria tenella, 234 substrate penetration from infected ca

davers with, 258 temperature effects on, 245 Beauveria doryphorae, 234

Beauveria effusa, digestive tract infection attempts with, 241

incomplete phagocytosis of free cells by, 250

isolated cells in blood of, 248 strain of Beauveria bassiana, 234 Beauveria globulifera, cuticle penetration

by, 240

humidity, effects on germination of, 244 infection, failure to produce per os, 241 injury as predisposing factor to infec

tion with, 246

resistance to infection by, 260 spore viability of, 257

strain of Beauveria bassiana, 234 Beauveria laxa, 234

Beauveria shiotae, 234 Beauveria stephanoderis, 234, 260 Beauveria tenella, 234

virulence variation, 452 Bees (see Apis mellifera)

Biochemical techniques, miscellaneous, 617

Biological control (see Microbial control) Biophysical techniques, 617

Blaberus craniifer, susceptibility to Ser

ratia marcescens, 132, 136

Black flies, Coelomomyces infection of, 157

Β laps mortisaga, 312

(8)

Blastocrithidia, 344

morphological features of, 339 new names for some species of Cri

thidia, 338, 344, 346 Blastocrithidia bombycis, 346 Blastocrithidia culicis, 346 Blastocrithidia familiaris, 346 Blastocrithidia gerridis, 345, 346 Blastocrithidia leptocoridis, 346 Blastocrithidia sandoni, 346

Blatella germanica, commensal ciliates in, 357

latent infections in eggs, 439 L D5 0 for Serratia infection in, 135 resistant to per os infection w i t h Ser

ratia, 136

susceptibility to American foulbrood scale residue toxin, 57

to Serratia marcescens, 134 Blatta spp., 348

Blatta orientalis, commensal ciliate of, 357

commensal flagellate of, 347 nematode survival in gut of, 377 Blissus leucopterus, fungus infection in,

246, 452, 454, 455

Blood, alkalinity of related to paralysis, 41

composition, changes d u e to flagellate infection, 341, 342

mycoses of, 248-249, 250

resistance to fungus infection by, 259- 260

role in resistance to insect parasites, 400-404, 418

studies in diagnosis, 575

Bombus, nematode castration of, 381 Bombyx mori, bacterial infections in, 26,

27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 125, 127, 128, 132, 134, 139, 141 diagnosis of disease in, 562 disease study of, 423, 424 flagellate infection of, 346 fungicidal substances of, 442

fungus infections in, 240, 241, 246, 247, 248, 250, 252, 259, 260, 262, 453 i m m u n i t y in, 432

i m m u n i t y studies in, 616 increase in virus infection, 450

protozoan infections in, 292, 318, 324, 326, 458

resistance to pebrine, 459

restrictions on field tests for microbial control due to, 499

staining of polyhedra in, 611 survival of viruses in, 444

trans-ovum transmission of Nosema bombycis in, 458

types of nosematoses in, 459

Borrelinavirus bombycis, activity decline in, 600

Bothynoderes punctiventris, microbial- chemical control of, 492

Botrytis acridiorum, 234 Botrytis melolonthae, 234 Brachymeria fonscolombei, 410

Brachyosis, in association with a virus disease, 64

causative agent, 59

experimental infections of, 61, 63, 64 symptoms and pathology of, 58-59 tabular comparison of three causative

agents, 65

Brachyrhinus ligustici, 458 Brachysternus sp., 98 Bracon, 397

Bracon brevicornis, 397 Bracon hebetor, 458 Bracon hylobii, 397 Bradynema, 370 Brevibacterium, 9, 140 Bunonema, 366

Bupalus piniarius, bacteriosis of, 126 mycosis of, 245

Bursaphelenchus, 371, 375 Byssostilbe, 288

c

Cabbage looper, see Trichoplusia ni Cacoecia, 404

Cacoecia crataegana, 126 Cactoblastis cactorum, 499 Caligo eurilochus, 418 Calliphora sp., 340

Calliphora erythrocephala, 306 Callosamia promethea, 284 Calosoma sycophanta, 457 Camnula pellucida, 123, 134 Camponotus pennsylvanicus, 287 Cannibalism, and transmission of fungus,

216

(9)

and transmission of protozoa, 301, 309- 310, 313, 457-458

Cantharis fusca, 457 Carabonema hasei, 369 Carabonematidae, 369 Carabus auratus, 296 Carausius morosus, 132, 340, 341

Carpocapsa pomonella, bacterium-nema- tode disease complex in, 382 entomogenous parasite of, 410 host of nematode DD-136, 382 microbial control of, 492, 504, 511 mycosis of, 244

susceptibility to Bacillus cereus, 23, 24 susceptibility to Serratia infection, 132 Carriers, pathogen, 429

Cassida, 408

Castration, by entomogenous parasites, 411-412

by nematodes, 381

parasitic, nutritional basis, 413 Catenaria allomycis, 167, 178 Catenaria anguillulae, 178 Caudospora, 322

Caudospora simulii, 322, 323, 326 Caulleryella, diagnostic review of, 305 Caulleryella anophelis, 305 Caulleryella apiochaetae, 305 Caulleryella pipientis, 305 Cenaeus carnifex, 346

Cephalcia abietis, bacterial infection in, 134, 135, 136

incubation infection period, 427 Cephalobidae, entomophilic species, life

cycles, and habits of, 368 Cephalobium microbivorum, 368 Cephalosporium, 234, 275

Cephalosporium lecanii, 241, 262, 452 Ceratophyllus spp., 343

Ceratophyllus columbae, 310, 312 Ceratophyllus fasciatus, 352 Ceratophyllus gallinae, 310, 312 Ceratopogon solstitialis, 306

Cetonia aurata, milky-disease organisms- in, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102

Chagasella, 306, 309, 310 Chaoborus, 317 Chilo simplex, 245

Chironomids, ciliatoses of, 353-357 Chironomus, 317

Chironomus plumosus, 354, 355

Chlamydospores, in Entomophthora, 198 Chloromycetin, 437

Chlor ops taeniopus, 411 Chondronema, 370

Choristoneura, fumiferana, antagonism of two viruses in, 450

Bacillus cereus pathogenic to, 23 double virus infection in, 444 egg reduction laying in, 459 microbial control of, 504 mycosis of, 197

trans-ovum transmission in, 458 Choristoneura murinana, microbial con

trol of, 505

Chorizagrotis auxiliaris, 132 Chromaphis juglandicola, 214 Chromatography, 10

Ciliatoses, of miscellaneous insect orders, 357-358

of mosquitoes and chironomids, 353-357 Ciliophora, 353-358

Cione intestinalis, 295 Claviceps, 273, 274

Cleonus punctiventris, 133 drought as stressor in mycosis of, 263 insecticide as stressor in mycosis of,

263

latent infection of Metarrhizium in, 240

mycosis of, 247, 258 p H and mycosis in, 244, 456

Climate, as density-dependent mortality factor, 433, 455

Cloaca, 9 Cloaca spp., 128 Cloaca aerogenes, 128, 139 Cloaca cloacae, 138, 437

Cloaca cloacae var. acridiorum, 16 Closterium, 190

Clostridial pathogens of insects, 57-66 Clostridium, 22, 57, 58, 62, 65, 106 Clostridium brevifaciens, 58-66 Clostridium malacosomae, 58-66 Clysia ambiquella, 29

Coccidia, diagnosis of, 306, 308 in fresh water insects, 312

genera of other than Adelina, 309 generic and specific review of, 311-312 host specificity in, 310

(10)

infection, epizootiology of, 310 symptoms of, 308

morphology and development of, 308- 309

as parasites of fleas, 312 as potential control agents, 311 in stored product pests, 311 transmission of, 309-310 Coccobacillus, 118

Coccobacillus acridiorum, age susceptibil

ity variance to, 441

o p t i m u m for epizootics with, 442 present status of, 16, 138-139 survival of, 439

transfer of, 440

virulence increase of, 438 virulence variance, 437 (see also Cloaca cloacae) Coccobacillus insectorum, 126 Cochliomyia, 343

Codling m o t h , see Carpocapsa pomonella Coelogregarina, 305

Coelogregarina ephestiae, 458

Coelomomyces, development and structure of resting sporangia, 167-169

in diagnosis of insect diseases, 585 early developmental stages of, 163-164 extent and structure of mycelium, 164-

167

geographical distribution of, 160 germination of thick-walled sporangia

of, 173-177

of thin-walled sporangia of, 177-178 habitats of, 161-162

histological observations on infected hosts, 171-172

list of host species, 158-159

of species, host, locality, and refer

ence of, 152-154

observations on nuclei of, 172-173 species with one host, 156-160

^with several hosts, 150-155 sporangia, 167-170, 173-178 thin-walled sporangia of, 169-170 use in biological control, 150, 183-186,

510

varietal forms on several hosts, 155-156 (see also Coelomomyces infections, and

specific names)

Coelomomyces (Muspratt's type b), 158

Coelomomyces africanus, 152, 155, 158 field infection experiments with, 178 Coelomomyces anophelesica, 151, 152, 158/

159

pathogenesis of, 172 thin-walled sporangia in, 169

Coelomomyces ascariformis, 152, 158, 160 Coelomomyces bisymmetricus, 152, 156,

158, 160

Coelomomyces cairnsensis, 152, 158 Coelomomyces cribrosus, 152, 156, 158,

159, 160

Coelomomyces dodgei, 152, 155, 156, 158, 160, 166-167

early development of, 163 infection experiments with, 181 mycelial nuclei of, 172

percent infections in nature, 185 thick-walled sporangia in, 174, 177 Coelomomyces finlayae, 152, 158 Coelomomyces grassei, 152, 158

Coelomomyces indiana, 151, 152-153, 158, 159

nuclear observations on, 172 pathogenesis of, 171-172

thin-walled sporangia, germination of, 177-178

thin-walled sporangia in, 169, 170 Coelomomyces infections, 149-179

in adult mosquitoes, 170-171

Couch, Dodge, and Umphlett's experi

ments with, 181-183

degree of infection in nature, 183-185 experimental infections of, 178-183 Laird's infection experiments with, 183,

185-186

microbial control of mosquitoes by, 150, 183-186, 510

Muspratt's infection, experiments with, 179-181

recognition of infection, 163 seasonal occurrence of, 162-163 T o k e l a u Islands experiment in micro

bial control with, 185-186

Walker's infection, experiments w i t h , 178-179

Coelomomyces keilini, 153, 158 mycelial structure of, 165, 166, 167 Coelomomyces lativittatus, 153, 156, 158,

160

sporangial germination of, 174, 177

(11)

Coelomomyces macleayae, 153, 158 Coelomomyces notonectae, 153, 157, 159,

161, 162, 171

Coelomomyces pentangulatus, 153, 156, 159

early development of, 163, 164 infection, percent in nature, 185 mycelium of, 166, 167, 168, 169

observations on mycelial nuclei of, 172 Coelomomyces psorophorae, 153, 154, 156,

157, 158, 159, 160 early development of, 164

infection, percent in nature, 184-185 infectivity experiments with, 181-182 mycelium, extent and structure of, 164,

165

sporangia, thick-walled, germination of, 174-175

Coelomomyces psorophorae var., 153-154, 158, 159, 171, 177, 178

Coelomomyces punctatus, 154, 156, 158, 160, 174, 177

Coelomomyces quadrangulatus, 154, 155, 156, 158, 165, 166-167

Coelomomyces quadrangulatus var. irregu

laris, 154, 158, 167-168

Coelomomyces quadrangulatus var. lam- borni, 154

Coelomomyces. quadrangulatus var. par

vus, 154, 159, 169

Coelomomyces sculptosporus, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160

Coelomomyces solomonis, 154, 158 Coelomomyces stegomyiae, 150, 151, 154,

155, 157, 158, 159, 160 histology of in host, 1/1, 172

sporangial germination in, 173, 175, 177 use in microbial control, 185-186

Coelomomyces stegomyiae var. rotumae, 154, 158

Coelomomyces tasmaniensis, 154, 158, 160 Coelomomyces uranotaeniae, 154, 156, 159,

165, 166-167

Coelomomyces walkeri, 154, 158 Coelomycidium simulii, 315 Coelospora binucleata, 317 Coelosporidium periplanetae, 313, 315 Colchicus autumnalis, 342

Coleoptera, Cordyceps infections of, 281- 283

Colias, 395

Colias eurytheme, Bacillus infections of, 24, 29

control by B. thuringiensis var. thur

ingiensis, 490, 493 disease in, 588

humidity in virus infections, 449 nuclear-polyhedrosis of, 429

reaction of to entomogenous parasite, 395

Serratia infections for, 132 survival of viruses for, 444 as test insect, 494

Color, changes in bacterial infections, 23, 50, 51, 54, 59

changes in Cordy ceps-infected larvae, 282

changes in fungus-infected host, 251, 252

changes due to stylopization, 415 of Cordyceps stromata, 275

of Entomophthora conidiophores, 195 Colpoda sp., 357

Commensalism, in bacteria, 120 of nematode and insects, 364

Commercial production of pathogens, 495- 500, 519-548

assay, 534-535

growth conditions for, 541-542 media for, 538-541

nuclear-polyhedrosis viruses, 521-524 process engineering, 544-545 recovery of, 542-543

research involved, 531-536 selection of pathogens for, 531-533 strain selection for, 536-538

(see also Microbial-control products) Completoria, 190

Computers, use in diagnosis, 584-587 Concentration of pathogens, 599-600 Conidiobolus, 190

Coniomycetes, 219 Copaifera mopane, 161 Copidosoma koehleri, 399 Cordyceps, 236

artificial culture of, 278, 284, 285 chitin hydrolysis by, 278-279 conidial stages of, 275, 282, 283 cultural requirements of, 278

germination, host penetration and de

velopment of, 279-281 host specificity of, 277

(12)

as parasite o n other fungi, 273-274 stromal morphology of, 275-276 subgeneric categories of, 274-275 superparasitism of by other fungi, 288 Cordyceps acicularis, 281

Cordyceps ainictos, 288 Cordyceps albida, 288 Cordyceps amazonica, 277, 287

Cordyceps aphodii, 278, 279, 280, 282-283 Cordyceps arachneicola, 288

Cordyceps armeniaca, 281 Cordyceps aspera, 281 Cordyceps atrobrunnea, 283 Cordyceps australis, 276, 286 Cordyceps barnesii, 281 Cordyceps baumaniana, 283 Cordyceps bicephala, 287 Cordyceps blattae, 277, 287 Cordyceps brasiliensis, 281 Cordyceps brittlebankii, 281 Cordyceps catocercoides, 288 Cordyceps citrea, 281

Cordyceps clavulata, 277, 280, 285 Cordyceps coccinea, 281 Cordyceps cor allomyces, 287 Cordyceps coronilla, 286 Cordyceps consumpta, 283 Cordyceps craigii, 283 Cordyceps cranstounii, 278, 283 Cordyceps ctenocephala, 285 Cordyceps curculionum, 277, 281 Cordyceps cylindrica, 288 Cordyceps deflectens, 283 Cordyceps dimeropoda, 285 Cordyceps dipterigena, 276, 287 Cordyceps dittmarii, 286 Cordyceps dovei, 281 Cordyceps elongata, 284 Cordyceps engleriana, 288 Cordyceps entomorrhiza, 281 Cordyceps erotyli, 281 Cordyceps falcata, 281

Cordyceps flavo-brunnescens, 284 Cordyceps fleischen, 288

Cordyceps formicarum, 286 Cordyceps formicivora, 286 Cordyceps forquignoni, 287 Cordyceps furcata, 288 Cordyceps geotrupis, 281 Cordyceps glaziovii, 283

Cordyceps gracilioides, 281 Cordyceps gracilis, 276, 277, 283 Cordyceps grenadensis, 288 Cordyceps gryllotalpae, 287 Cordyceps gunnii, 278, 283 Cordyceps hawkesit, 278, 283 Cordyceps henleyae, 283 Cordyceps hesleri, 285 Cordyceps heteropoda, 285 Cordyceps hokkaidoensis, 284 Cordyceps humberti, 286 Cordyceps ignota, 288 Cordyceps incarnata, 288 Cordyceps infections, 273-289

hosts of, 273-274

medicinal value of infected hosts of, 274

morphology of, 275-277 of Arachnida, 288 of Coleoptera, 281-283 of Diptera, 287 of Hemiptera, 285-286 of Hymenoptera, 286-287 of Isoptera, 287

of Lepidoptera, 283-285 of Orthoptera, 287 pathogenesis of, 279-288 physiology of, 277-279 taxonomy of, 274-275 Cordyceps insignis, 281 Cordyceps interrupta, 281 Cordyceps isarioides, 284 Cordyceps japonensis, 287 Cordyceps javensis, 283 Cordyceps joaquiensis, 281 Cordyceps juruensis, 288 Cordyceps kirkii, 287 Cordyceps klenei, 283

Cordyceps koningsbergeri, 287 Cordyceps lachnopoda, 287 Cordyceps lacroixii, 283 Cordyceps langloisii, 286 Cordyceps larvarum, 283 Cordyceps larvicola, 281 Cordyceps lloydii, 287 Cordyceps locustiphila, 287 Cordyceps macular is, 281 Cordyceps martialis, 281, 283 Cordyceps melolonthae, 281 Cordyceps memorabilis, 281

(13)

Cordyceps michaelisii, 284 Cordyceps michiganensis, 281

Cordyceps militaris, 236, 276, 277, 284, 285, 288

antibiotic produced by, 255 artificial culture of, 278 chitin hydrolysis by, 278-279 presence of carotenoid in, 275 Cordyceps miryensis, 284 Cordyceps myrmecophila, 287 Cordyceps neovolkiana, 281 Cordyceps nikkoensis, 283 Cordyceps nipponica, 275, 285, 286 Cordyceps norvegica, 275, 283, 285 Cordyceps nutans, 285

Cordyceps obliqua, 284 Cordyceps obtusa, 281 Cordyceps odyneri, 286 Cordyceps ophioglossoides, 275 Cordyceps owariensis, 285 Cordyceps oxycephala, 287 Cordyceps palustris, 281 Cordyceps paradoxa, 285 Cordyceps peltata, 277 Cordyceps podocreoides, 288 Cordyceps polyarthra, 284 Cordyceps proliferans, 287 Cordyceps pruinosa, 284, 285 Cordyceps ramosa, 281 Cordyceps ravenelii, 277, 281 Cordyceps rhizoidea, 281 Cordyceps rhizomorpha, 288 Cordyceps ridleyi, 287 Cordyceps robertsii, 278 Cordyceps rubra, 281, 283 Cordyceps scottiana, 281 Cordyceps sinensis, 277

use as food and medicine, 274, 283 Cordyceps singeri, 288

Cordyceps smithii, 287 Cordyceps sobolifera, 276, 285 Cordyceps sphecocephala, 286 Cordyceps stiphrodes, 287 Cordyceps stylophora, 277, 281 Cordyceps subcorticola, 288 Cordyceps submilitaris, 283 Cordyceps subsessilis, 281 Cordyceps subunilateralis, 287 Cordyceps superficialis, 281 Cordyceps takaoensis, 285

Cordyceps takaomontana, 284, 285 Cordyceps tarapotensis, 284 Cordyceps taylori, 283 Cordyceps thaxteri, 275, 288 Cordyceps thyrsoides, 287 Cordyceps translucens, 281 Cordyceps tricentri, 285 Cordyceps tuberculata, 284 Cordyceps typhulaeformis, 288 Cordyceps uleana, 287

Cordyceps unilateralis, 277, 287 Cordyceps variabilis, 277, 281 Cordyceps viperina, 281 Cordyceps volkiana, 281 Cordyceps wallaysii, 288

Cossws cossws, fungus infection of, 245, 249 Cotinis nitida, 99

Cremastocarpon, 274 Crithidia, 338, 339, 344, 345, 346 Crithidia anophelis, 345

Crithidia familiaris, see Blastocrithidia fa- miliaris

Crithidia fasciculata, 345

Crithidia leptocoridis, see Blastocrithidia leptocoridis

Crithidia melophagia, 339

Crithidia sandoni, see Blastocrithidia san- doni

Cryptaphelenchus, 371 Cryptocercus punctulatus, 312 Cryptocordyceps, 275

Crystalliferous bacteria, additional toxins produced by, 38-39

chemistry of toxic crystal, 37-38 commercial quality control, 48-49 commercial standardization of, 47 crystal stability, 38

development of toxic crystal, 35 differential centrifugation, 598-599 diseases caused by, 21-67

field application as an insecticide, 49 general and gut paralysis caused by,

41-43

histopathology associated with, 43-44 historical aspects of, 28-31

as a microbial insecticide, 46-49 m o d e of action of, 40-43

morphology of toxic crystal, 35-37 sensitivity to bacteriophages and anti

biotics of, 39-40

(14)

specificity w h e n used as an insecticide, 47-48

susceptible insect species to, 44, 46 taxonomy of, 13-16, 31-34

(see also Bacillus thuringiensis and va

rieties)

Crystalliferous pathogen, definition of, 28 Crystals, bacterial (see Crystalliferous bac

teria)

Ctenocephalides cants, protozoan infec

tions of, 342, 343, 352, 460 Ctenophthalmus spp., 343 Culex, 151, 159, 179 Culex decens, 354

Culex erraticus, Coelomomyces infection of, 153, 156, 159, 163, 164, 166-167, 168-169, 172, 185

Culex faudatrix, 152, 159 Culex fuscocephalus, 354 Culex gelidus, 354 Culex nebulosus, 354

Culex pipiens, ciliate infection of, 354, 355

flagellate infection of, 346 schizogregarine infection of, 305 Culex quin que jasciatus, 160 Culex siamensis, 152, 154 Culex simpsoni, 153, 159 Culex summorosus, 152, 159

Culex taeniorhynchus summorosus, 354 Culex taeniorhynchus trisimialis, 354 Culex tarsalis, 460

Culex tritaeniorhynchus, 170 Culex tritaeniorhynchus siamensis, 159 Culex vexans, 154

Culicoides alatus, 380 Culicoides albicans, 381 Culicoides peregrinus, 354, 355 Culiseta, 159

Culiseta annulata, 354, 355

Culiseta inornata, Coelomomyces infection of, 153, 159, 163, 184, 185

Cultural properties, as related to bacterial taxonomy, 6-7

Culture collections, 593

Culture of pathogens, 203-204, 595-597 Cuticle, penetration by fungi, 210, 240-

241, 243-243, 245, 246, 259 Cyclocephala, 76, 99 Cyclocephala sp., 99

Cyclocephala borealis, 98, 99, 100, 101 Cyclocephala immaculata, 99, 101 Cylas formicarius elegantulus, 133 Cylindrocorporidae, entomophilic species,

life cycles, and habits of, 369 Cystidia, 195

Cystocordyceps, 275

D

Dacus Cucurbitae, 399, 400 Dacus dorsalis, 133 Dasyhelea obscura, 331 DD-136, 382, 379, 461, 511, 596 Delacroixia, 191, 193 Delacroixia coronata, 193 Dendroctonus monticolae, 133 Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, nematode ef

fects on flight of, 380 Dendrolimus sibericus, 32, 440, 505 Density-dependent mortality factors, 433,

434

in nematode infection, 384 Dermacentor andersoni, 132 Dermestes maculatus, 57 Deuteromycetes, see Hyphomycetes Dexia ventraits, 407

Diagnosis, 549-588 accession card form, 567

analysis of facts collected in, 577-588 anatomical systems in, 569-570 ancillary examination, 571-577 background for, 549-589 biochemical tests in, 575-576 blood studies in, 575 computers in, 584-587 cultivation of pathogens in, 573 definitions of, 550-551 diagnostic index in, 584 early beginnings, 551-553 electronic processing in, 584 evaluation of data in, 578-579 final, form for, 583

history card in, 567 infectivity tests in, 573-574 laboratory examination in, 571-577 laboratory examination scan sheet form,

572

listing of possible diseases in, 581 of reliable findings in, 579 microscopic examinations in, 573

(15)

nomenclature of diseases, 558-562 nosography, 555-556

nosology, 555, 556-558

observation of course of disease in, 576- 577

of insect diseases, 549-589

physical examination card form, 570 physical examination in, 568-571 probability in, 586

report of, card form for, 583

selecting the single disease in, 581-584 selection of principle features in, 579-

581

serological tests in, 574-575 signs of disease in, 559-560 special techniques in, 576 steps in, 562-588

symptoms used in nomenclature, 558- 562

terminology, 550-551 types of, 553-555 Diagnostics, 550, 551, 552 Dialeurodes citri, 237, 257 Dibrachys, 440

Dibrachys boucheanus, 458 Dibrachys cavus, 133, 458 Dinocampus, 406 Diplazon fissorius, 400 Diplocystis, 295-296 Diplocystis major, 296 Diplocystis schneidert, 296 Diplogaster, 367, 368 Diplogasteridae, 366-368 Diplogasteroides, 367 Diploscapter, 366 Diplotaxis sp., 98

Diprion hercyniae, 24, 446, 447 pathogen survival in, 428 polyhedrosis as control for, 508 resistance to virus infections, 448, 449 spread of viruses of, 446, 447, 450 survival of viruses for, 444, 445 Diptera, Cordyceps infections of, 287 Discophrya, 357

Disease, classification of in diagnosis, 555, 556-558

description of in diagnosis, 555, 556-558 genetic, 556, 582

history of in diagnosis, 564-568 infectious, in classification, 556-558

infectious, epizootiology of, 423-475 listing of in diagnosis, 581

metabolic, 582

nomenclature of, 558-562

noninfectious, in classification, 556-558 nosography of, 555-556

nosology of 555, 556-558

observations of course of, 576-577 signs in, 559-560

symptoms, definitions of, 559-562 types of, 559-562

Disinfection techniques, 601-604 Dissection of insects, 593-594 Ditylenchus, 369

Dobellina, 348, 352 Dobellina mesnili, 352 Dolerus gonager, 128, 134 Dolerus nigratus, 128

Dorcus parallelopipedus, 366 D o u b l e infections, 64

Drosophila sp., 134, 344 Drosophila melanogaster, 608 Drosophila subobscura, 384 Dysdercus, 207

Dysdercus ruficollis, 310

Ε

Eacles impertalis, 284 Ecdyonurus venosus, 327

Ecology, relation to bacterial taxonomy, 9-10

(see also Epizootiology)

Ectobius lapponicus, eugregarine infec

tion in, 295 gut flagellate of, 347

E D5 0, determination of, 427, 609 Egg, 252, 261

bacterial transmission by, 440 disease transmission by, 426, 429, 430 encystment of, 401-404, 418

fungus transmission by, 453 laying, reduction of, 459 mycoses of, 252, 261

Nosema bombycis transmission by, 458 protozoan transmission by, 457 sterilization of, 603

virus transmission by, 445, 446 (see also trans-ovum transmission) Ektaphelenchus, cocoonlike structures in,

371, 375

ectoparasite of bark beetles, 374

(16)

Elachertus, 398 Elaphomyces, 274, 275, 288

Electron microscopic examination, 614-616 Electronic processing, 584

Embia solirei, coccidian infection in, 312 Empusa, see Entomophthora Enarmonia, 404

Encapsulation, see Encystment Encystment, of nematodes, 379-380

of parasite eggs and embryos, 401-404, 418

Endamoeba, 348

Endochironomus nynchoides-group, 324 Endolimax, 348, 352

Entamoeba, 348, 352 Entaphelenchus, 371 Enterella stethorae, 451 Enterobacter aerogenes, 128, 139 Enterobacter cloacae, 138

Enterobacteriaceae, role as potential path

ogens, 127-128 Enterocystis, 294, 295 Enterocystis ensis, 295 Enterocystis fungoides, 295 Enterocystis palmata, 295 Enterocystis racovitzai, 295 Enterocystis rithrogenae, 295 Entomogenae, 274

Entomogenous, definition of, 191 meaning in relation to bacterial tax

onomy, 3-4

Entomophagous insects, pathologies caused by, 393-422

Entomophthora, artificial dissemination of, 217-219

asexual development of, 195-198 azygospore formation, 199-200 chlamydospore development, 198 conidia development and morphology,

197-198

conidiophore development of, 195, 197 conditions producing resting spores of,

200-201

cultivation of, 203-204

developmental m o d e of, 212-214 historical aspects and synonomy of, 191-

193

host-parasite relationships of, 205-219 host species and distribution of, 205-209 index to species of, 223-225

introduction of by inoculation, 209-212 morphology and development of, 193-

205

mycelial morphology and development of, 193, 195

natural dissemination of, 215-217, 317 reproductive morphology and develop

m e n t of, 195-203

resting spore germination of, 201-202 sexual development of, 198-203

signs and symptoms of infection with, 214-215

taxonomy based on resting spores of, 202-203

temperature effects o n artificial culture growth of, 204-205

vegetative morphology and develop

m e n t of, 193-195 zygospore formation, 199 Entomophthora acaricida, 207, 223 Entomophthora acaridis, 223 Entomophthora americana, 223

host and distribution of, 207 zygospore formation in, 199 Entomophthora anglica, 223 Entomophthora anisopliae, 223

synonym of Metarrhizium anisopliae, 234

Entomophthora anticae, 223 Entomophthora aphidis, 224

conidia, variations in, 198 conidial aureole (halo) 196-197 hosts of, 207, 208

m o d e of infection by, 209 resting spore of, 194, 195 spore dispersal of, 453

Entomophthora aphrophorae, 224 Entomophthora apiculata, 224

artificial culture of, 204

as lepidopterous larval pathogen, 207 Entomophthora apiculata var. major, 224 Entomophthora arrenoctona, 224 Entomophthora atrosperma, 224

resting spore morphology of, 203 Entomophthora aulicae, 224

224

Entomophthora coronata,

193, 224

Entomophthora kansana,

Entomophthora erupta,

224 conidial halo produced by, 452 cannibalism as means of natural spread conidiophores, variations in, 195

in, 216 historical aspects of, 191, 192

dissemination, by insects infected with, host and distribution of, 205, 206, 207

218 morphology, of resting spore surface,

host and distribution of, 205 203

mode of development in, 212-213, 214 resting spores, development of, 200, 201 mode of infection in, 209

Entomophthora muscarina,

225

resting spores, germination of, 201-202

Entomophthora muscivora,

203, 225 zygospore formation, 200

Entomophthora nebriae,

225

Entomophthora exitialis,

224

Entomophthora obscura,

(18)

Entomophthora pooreana, 225

Entomophthora pseudococci,207, 210, 225 Entomophthora punctata, 225

Entomophthora pyralidarum, 225 Entomophthora radicans, 225 Entomophthora reticulata,203, 225 Entomophthora rhizospora, 225 Entomophthora richteri, 225 Entomophthora rimosa, 225 Entomophthora saccharina,207, 225 Entomophthora scatophagae, 225 Entomophthora sciarae, 197, 225 Entomophthora sepulchralis, 225 Entomophthora sphaerosperma, 225

adult castration by, 454 conidia, germination of, 210, 211 cultivation of, 203

growth, temperature effects on, 204 hosts and distribution of, 205, 207, 209 infection, symptoms of, 214

mode of development in, 212, 213 morphology, of resting spore surface,

203

resting spores, development of, 200 germination of, 201, 202

use of infected insects as inoculum for control, 218

Entomophthora sphaerosperma cicadelli- phaga, 225

Entomophthora sphaerosperma elateridi- phaga, 225

Entomophthora staritzii, 225 Entomophthora syrphi, 225 Entomophthora telaria, 225 Entomophthora tenthredinis, 225 Entomophthora thaxteriana, 225 Entomophthora tipulae, 225 Entomophthora uvella, 225 Entomophthora variabilis, 225 Entomophthora virescens,207, 225 Entomophthora virulenta, 225

resting spores, germination in, 201 temperature, optima for growth of, 205 Entomophthora zabrii, 225

Entomophthoraceae, key to genera of, 190 Entomophthorales infections, 189-225 Enzootics, 425

Ephemera, 317 Ephemera danica, 322

Ephestia elutella, microbial control of, 29 schizogregarine infection of, 302 Epibionts, bacterial, 143

Epidemic strains, 426 Epistylis spp., 357

Epizootics, bacterial diseases in, 437-443 biotic factors in, 435-436

causes of, 424 curve, portions of, 425 of foulbrood in bees, 443 fungus diseases in, 451-456 nematode diseases in, 460-462 physical factors in, 434-435 protozoan diseases in, 456-460 spatial distribution in, 434 strains in, 426

virus diseases in, 443-450 (see also Epizootiology)

Epizootiology, dispersal capacity of path

ogen, 428-430

environmental factors in, 434-436 host population, 431-434 of infectious diseases, 423-475 infectivity of pathogen in, 426-427 in microsporidian infections, 327, 328 noninfectious diseases, 424

pathogen population in, 425-430 in schizogregarine infections, 302-303 survival capacity of pathogen in, 427

428

transmission in, 430-431 virulence of pathogen in, 426-427 (see also Epizootics)

Eponyms, 558

Eremotes porcatus, 128, 140 Erithacus rubecula, 446 Ernestia, 408

Escherichia coü,9, 139

Escherichia klebsiellaeformis, 16, 140, 440 Esperia, 404

Estigmene acrea, 132 as test insect, 494 Eucosma griseana, 448, 450

Eugregarinia, coelomic, morphology and development in, 296-298

families of, 294

morphology and development of, 294

298

Euproctis chrysorrhoea, fungus infection of, 456, 457