volume 7, issue 1, article 8, 2006.
Received 26 May, 2004;
accepted 10 November, 2005.
Communicated by:C.E.M. Pearce
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Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics
SHARP ERROR BOUNDS FOR SOME
QUADRATURE FORMULAE AND APPLICATIONS
NENAD UJEVI ´C
Department of Mathematics University of Split
Teslina 12/III, 21000 Split CROATIA.
EMail:ujevic@pmfst.hr
c
2000Victoria University ISSN (electronic): 1443-5756 103-04
Sharp Error Bounds for Some Quadrature Formulae and
Applications Nenad Ujevi´c
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Abstract
In the article ”N. Ujevi´c, A generalization of the pre-Grüss inequality and ap- plications to some quadrature formulae,J. Inequal. Pure Appl. Math.,3(2), Art.
13, 2002” error bounds for some quadrature formulae are established. Here we prove that all inequalities (error bounds) obtained in this article are sharp.
We also establish a new sharp averaged midpoint-trapezoid inequality and give applications in numerical integration.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification:Primary 26D10, Secondary 41A55.
Key words: Sharp error bounds, Quadrature formulae, Numerical integration.
Contents
1 Introduction. . . 3
2 Midpoint Inequality . . . 4
3 Trapezoid Inequality. . . 6
4 Averaged Midpoint-Trapezoid Inequality. . . 8
5 A Sharp Error Inequality . . . 10
6 Applications in Numerical Integration . . . 17 References
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1. Introduction
In recent years a number of authors have considered error inequalities for some known and some new quadrature rules. For example, this topic is considered in [1] – [6] and [11] – [14].
In this paper we consider the midpoint, trapezoid and averaged midpoint- trapezoid quadrature rules. These rules are also considered in [12], where some new improved versions of the error inequalities for the mentioned rules are de- rived.
Here we first prove that all inequalities obtained in [12] are sharp. Second, we specially consider the averaged midpoint-trapezoid quadrature rule. In [6]
it is shown that the last mentioned rule has a better estimation of error than the well-known Simpson’s rule and in [13] it is shown that this rule is an optimal quadrature rule. We give a new sharp error bound for this rule. Finally, we give applications in numerical integration.
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2. Midpoint Inequality
Let I ⊂ R be a closed interval anda, b ∈ IntI, a < b.Let f : I → Rbe an absolutely continuous function whose derivative f0 ∈ L2(a, b). We define the mapping
Φ(t) =
( t−2a+b3 , t∈ a,a+b2 t−a+2b3 , t∈ a+b2 , b such thatΦ0(t) = Φ(t)/kΦk2, where
kΦk22 = Z b
a
(Φ(t))2dt= (b−a)3 36 . We have
Q(f;a, b) = Z b
a
Φ0(t)f0(t)dt
= 2
√b−a
f(a) +f
a+b 2
+f(b)− 3 b−a
Z b a
f(t)dt
.
In [12] we can find the following midpoint inequality (2.1)
f
a+b 2
(b−a)− Z b
a
f(t)dt
≤ (b−a)3/2 2√
3 C1, where
(2.2) C1 =
(
kf0k22− [f(b)−f(a)]2
b−a −[Q(f;a, b)]2 )12
.
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Proposition 2.1. The inequality (2.1) is sharp in the sense that the constant 1
2√
cannot be replaced by a smaller one. 3
Proof. We first define the mapping
(2.3) f(t) =
( 1
2t2, t∈
0,12
1
2t2−t+ 12, t∈ 12,1 and note thatf is a Lipschitzian function.
On the other hand, each Lipschitzian function is an absolutely continuous function [10, p. 227].
Let us now assume that the inequality (2.1) holds with a constantC > 0, i.e.
(2.4)
f
a+b 2
(b−a)− Z b
a
f(t)dt
≤C(b−a)3/2C1,
whereC1is defined by (2.2). Choosinga= 0,b = 1andf defined by (2.3), we get
Z 1 0
f(t)dt = 1 24, f
1 2
= 1 8 such that the left-hand side of (2.4) becomes
(2.5) L.H.S.(2.4) = 1
12.
We also find thatC1 = 2√13 such that the right-hand side of (2.4) becomes
(2.6) R.H.S.(2.4) = C
2√ 3. From (2.4) – (2.6) we getC ≥ 1
2√
3, proving thatC = 1
2√
3 is the best possible in (2.1).
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3. Trapezoid Inequality
Let I ⊂ R be a closed interval anda, b ∈ IntI, a < b.Let f : I → Rbe an absolutely continuous function whose derivative f0 ∈ L2(a, b). We define the mapping
χ(t) =
( t− 5a+b6 , t∈ a,a+b2 t− a+5b6 , t∈ a+b2 , b such thatχ0(t) = χ(t)/kχk2, where
kχk22 = Z b
a
(χ(t))2dt = (b−a)3 36 . We have
P(f;a, b) = Z b
a
χ0(t)f0(t)dt
= 1
√b−a
f(a) + 4f
a+b 2
+f(b)− 6 b−a
Z b a
f(t)dt
.
In [12] we can find the following trapezoid inequality:
(3.1)
f(a) +f(b)
2 (b−a)− Z b
a
f(t)dt
≤ (b−a)3/2 2√
3 C2, where
(3.2) C2 =
(
kf0k22− [f(b)−f(a)]2
b−a −[P(f;a, b)]2 )12
.
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Proposition 3.1. The inequality (3.1) is sharp in the sense that the constant 1
2√
cannot be replaced by a smaller one. 3
Proof. We define the mapping
(3.3) f(t) = 1
2t2− 1 2t.
It is obvious that f is an absolutely continuous function. Let us now assume that the inequality (3.1) holds with a constantC >0, i.e.
(3.4)
f(a) +f(b)
2 (b−a)− Z b
a
f(t)dt
≤C(b−a)3/2C2, whereC2 is defined by (3.2).
Choosinga= 0,b= 1andf defined by (3.3), we get Z 1
0
f(t)dt= 1
12 and f(0) =f(1) = 0.
Thus, the left-hand side of (3.4) becomes
(3.5) L.H.S.(3.4) = 1
12. The right-hand side of (3.4) becomes
(3.6) R.H.S.(3.4) = C
2√ 3.
From (3.4) – (3.6) we get C ≥ 2√13, proving that 2√13 is the best possible in (3.1).
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4. Averaged Midpoint-Trapezoid Inequality
Let I ⊂ R be a closed interval and a, b ∈ IntI, a < b.Let f : I → R be an absolutely continuous function whose derivative f0 ∈ L2(a, b). We now consider a simple quadrature rule of the form
(4.1) f(a) + 2f a+b2
+f(b)
4 (b−a)−
Z b a
f(t)dt
= 1 2
f
a+b 2
+ f(a) +f(b) 2
(b−a)− Z b
a
f(t)dt=R(f).
It is not difficult to see that (4.1) is a convex combination of the midpoint quadrature rule and the trapezoid quadrature rule. In [6] it is shown that (4.1) has a better estimation of error than the well-known Simpson’s quadrature rule (when we estimate the error in terms of the first derivativef0of integrandf). In [12] the following inequality is proved
(4.2)
f(a) + 2f a+b2
+f(b)
4 (b−a)−
Z b a
f(t)dt
≤ (b−a)3/2 4√
3 C3,
where (4.3) C3 =
"
kf0k22− [f(b)−f(a)]2 b−a
− 1 b−a
f(a)−2f
a+b 2
+f(b) 2#12
.
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Proposition 4.1. The inequality (4.2) is sharp in the sense that the constant 1
4√
cannot be replaced by a smaller one. 3
Proof. We first define the mapping
(4.4) f(t) =
( 1
2t2− 14t, t∈ 0,12
1
2t2− 34t+ 14, t∈ 12,1 and note thatf is a Lipschitzian function.
Let us now assume that the inequality (4.2) holds with a constantC > 0, i.e.
(4.5)
f(a) + 2f a+b2
+f(b)
4 (b−a)−
Z b a
f(t)dt
≤C(b−a)3/2C3, whereC3is defined by (4.3). Choosinga= 0,b = 1andf defined by (4.4), we get
Z 1 0
f(t)dt =− 1
48, f(0) =f(1) =f 1
2
= 0
such that the left-hand side of (4.5) becomes
(4.6) L.H.S.(4.5) = 1
48. We also find thatC3 = 1
4√
3 such that the right-hand side of (4.5) becomes
(4.7) R.H.S.(4.5) = C
4√ 3. From (4.5) – (4.7) we getC ≥ 1
4√
3, proving thatC = 1
4√
3 is the best possible in (4.2).
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5. A Sharp Error Inequality
In [12] we can find the following inequality
(5.1) S(f, g)2 ≤S(f, f)S(g, g), where
(5.2) S(f, g) = Z b
a
f(t)g(t)dt− 1 b−a
Z b a
f(t)dt Z b
a
g(t)dt
− 1 kΨk2
Z b a
f(t)Ψ(t)dt Z b
a
g(t)Ψ(t)dt
andΨsatisfies (5.3)
Z b a
Ψ(t)dt= 0,
while
kΨk2 = Z b
a
Ψ2(t)dt.
In [14] we can find a variant of the following lemma.
Lemma 5.1. Letf ∈C1[a, c],g ∈C1[c, b]be such thatf(c) = g(c). Then
h(t) =
( f(t), t∈[a, c]
g(t), t∈[c, b]
is an absolutely continuous function.
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Theorem 5.2. Let f : [0,1] → Rbe an absolutely continuous function whose derivativef0 ∈L2(0,1). Then
(5.4)
Z 1 0
f(t)dt−1 4
f(0) + 2f 1
2
+f(1)
≤ 1 4√
3 s
kf0k2−2
f 1
2
−f(0) 2
−2
f(1)−f 1
2 2
.
The inequality (5.4) is sharp in the sense that the constant 1
4√
3 cannot be re- placed by a smaller one.
Proof. We define the functions
(5.5) p(t) =
( t− 14, t ∈ 0,12 t− 34, t ∈1
2,1 and
(5.6) Ψ(t) =
( t, t∈ 0,12 t−1, t∈1
2,1 . It is not difficult to verify that
(5.7)
Z 1 0
p(t)dt= Z 1
0
Ψ(t)dt = 0.
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We also have
(5.8) kpk2 =
Z 1 0
p2(t)dt= 1 48,
(5.9) kΨk2 =
Z 1 0
Ψ2(t)dt= 1 12,
(5.10)
Z 1 0
p(t)Ψ(t)dt= 1 48. From (5.1), (5.2) and (5.3) we get
(5.11)
Z 1 0
p(t)f0(t)dt− 1 kΨk2
Z 1 0
p(t)Ψ(t)dt Z 1
0
f0(t)Ψ(t)dt 2
≤
"
kpk2− 1 kΨk2
Z 1 0
p(t)Ψ(t)dt 2#
×
"
kf0k2− Z 1
0
f0(t)dt 2
− 1 kΨk2
Z 1 0
f0(t)Ψ(t)dt 2#
. Integrating by parts, we obtain
Z 1 0
p(t)f0(t)dt = Z 12
0
t−1
4
f0(t)dt+ Z 1
1 2
t−3
4
f0(t)dt (5.12)
= 1 4
f(0) + 2f 1
2
+f(1)
− Z 1
0
f(t)dt
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and
Z 1 0
f0(t)Ψ(t)dt = Z 12
0
tf0(t)dt+ Z 1
1 2
(t−1)f0(t)dt (5.13)
=f 1
2
− Z 1
0
f(t)dt.
We introduce the notations
(5.14) i=
Z 1 0
f(t)dt,
(5.15) q= 1
4
f(0) + 2f 1
2
+f(1)
.
From (5.11) – (5.15) and (5.8) – (5.10) it follows that (5.16)
(q−i)− 1 4
f
1 2
−i 2
≤ 1 64
"
kf0k2−[f(1)−f(0)]2−12
f 1
2
−i 2#
or
(5.17) i2−2qi+4
3q2+ 1
48[f(1)−f(0)]2
− kf0k2+ 16
f 1
2 2
−32f 1
2
q ≤0.
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If we now introduce the notations
(5.18) β =−2q,
(5.19) γ = 4
3q2+ 1
48[f(1)−f(0)]2− kf0k2+ 16
f 1
2 2
−32f 1
2
q then we have
(5.20) i2 +βi+γ ≤0.
Thus,i∈[i1, i2], where i1 = −β−p
β2−4γ
2 , i2 = −β+p
β2−4γ
2 .
In other words,
−β 2 −
pβ2 −4γ
2 ≤i≤ −β 2 +
pβ2−4γ 2 or
(5.21)
i+ β 2
≤
pβ2−4γ
2 .
We have
(5.22) β2−4γ = 1 12
"
kf0k2−2
f 1
2
−f(0) 2
−2
f(1)−f 1
2 2#
.
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From (5.21) and (5.22) we easily find that (5.4) holds.
We have to prove that (5.4) is sharp. For that purpose, we define the function
(5.23) f(t) =
( 1
2t2− 14t+321, t∈ 0,12
1
2t2− 34t+329, t∈1
2,1 .
From Lemma5.1we see that the above function is absolutely continuous. If we substitute the above function in the left-hand side of (5.4) then we get
(5.24) L.H.S.(5.4) = 1
48.
If we substitute the above function in the right-hand side of (5.4) then we get
(5.25) R.H.S.(5.4) = 1
48. From (5.24) and (5.25) we conclude that (5.4) is sharp.
Theorem 5.3. Let f : [a, b] → Rbe an absolutely continuous function whose derivativef0 ∈L2(a, b). Then
(5.26)
Z b a
f(t)dt−b−a 4
f(a) + 2f
a+b 2
+f(b)
≤ (b−a)3/2 4√
3 kf0k2− 2 b−a
f
a+b 2
−f(a) 2
− 2 b−a
f(b)−f
a+b 2
2!12 .
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The above inequality is sharp in the sense that the constant1/(4√
3)cannot be replaced by a smaller one.
Remark 1. We have better estimates than (5.26). For example, we have the inequality
(5.27)
b−a 4
f(a) + 2f
a+b 2
+f(b)
− Z b
a
f(t)dt
≤ 1
8kf0k∞(b−a)2. However, note that the estimate (5.27) can be applied only iff0is bounded. On the other hand, the estimate (5.26) can be applied for absolutely continuous functions iff0 ∈L2(a, b).
There are many examples where we cannot apply the estimate (5.27) but we can apply (5.26).
Example 5.1. Let us consider the integralR1 0
√3
sint2dt.We have
f(t) = √3
sint2 and f0(t) = 2tcost2 33
√ sin2t2
such that f0(t)→ ∞, t →0and we cannot apply the estimate (5.27). On the other hand, we have
Z 1 0
[f0(t)]2dt ≤ 4 9max
t∈[0,1]
t2cost2 sint2
Z 1 0
dt
√3
sint2 ≤ 16 9 , i.e. kf0k2 ≤ 43 and we can apply the estimate (5.26).
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6. Applications in Numerical Integration
Let π = {x0 =a < x1 <· · ·< xn =b}be a given subdivision of the interval [a, b]such thathi =xi+1−xi =h= (b−a)/n. We define
(6.1) σn(f) =
n−1
X
i=0
b−a
n kf0k22−(f(xi+1)−f(xi))2
−
f(xi)−2f
xi+xi+1 2
+f(xi+1) 2#12
,
(6.2) ηn(f) =
n−1
X
i=0
"
b−a
n kf0k22−2
f
xi+xi+1 2
−f(xi) 2
− 2
f(xi+1)−f
xi+xi+1 2
2#12
and
(6.3) ωn(f) =
(b−a)kf0k22− 1
n(f(b)−f(a))2 12
.
Theorem 6.1. Let π be a given subdivision of the interval [a, b] and let the
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assumptions of Theorem5.2hold. Then
(6.4)
Z b a
f(t)dt− h 4
n−1
X
i=0
f(xi) + 2f
xi+xi+1 2
+f(xi+1)
≤ b−a 4√
3nσn(f)≤ b−a 4√
3nωn(f),
whereσn(f)andωn(f)are defined by (6.1) and (6.3), respectively.
Proof. We have
(6.5) h 4
f(xi) + 2f
xi+xi+1 2
+f(xi+1)
− Z xi+1
xi
f(t)dt
= Z xi+1
xi
Ki(t)f0(t)dt,
where
Ki(t) =
t− 3xi+x4i+1, t∈
xi,xi+x2i+1
t− xi+3x4i+1, t∈ xi+x2i+1, xi+1 . From Proposition4.1we obtain
h 4
f(xi) + 2f
xi+xi+1
2
+f(xi+1)
− Z xi+1
xi
f(t)dt
≤ h3/2 4√
3
hkf0k22− 1
h(f(xi+1)−f(xi))2
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− 1 h
f(xi)−2f
xi+xi+1 2
+f(xi+1) 2#12
. If we sum (6.5) overifrom0to n−1and apply the above inequality then we get
Z b a
f(t)dt− h 4
n−1
X
i=0
f(xi) + 2f
xi+xi+1 2
+f(xi+1)
≤ h3/2 4√
3
"n−1 X
i=0
kf0k22− 1
h(f(xi+1)−f(xi))2
− 1 h
f(xi)−2f
xi+xi+1 2
+f(xi+1) 2#12
. From the above relation and the facth= (b−a)/nwe see that the first inequality in (6.4) holds.
Using the Cauchy inequality we have
n−1
X
i=0
kf0k22− 1
h(f(xi+1)−f(xi))2 12 (6.6)
≤n
"
kf0k22− 1 b−a
n−1
X
i=0
(f(xi+1)−f(xi))2
#12
≤n
kf0k22− 1 b−a
1
n(f(b)−f(a))2 12
.
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Since
kf0k22− 1
h(f(xi+1)−f(xi))2− 1 h
f(xi)−2f
xi +xi+1 2
+f(xi+1) 2
≤ kf0k22 − 1
h(f(xi+1)−f(xi))2, we easily conclude that the second inequality in (6.4) holds, too.
Remark 2. The second inequality in (6.4) is coarser than the first inequality. It may be used to predict the number of steps needed in the compound rule for a given accuracy of the approximation. Of course, we shall use the first inequality in (6.4) to obtain the error bound. Note also that in this last case we use the same values f(xi)to calculate the approximation of the integralRb
a f(t)dt and to obtain the error bound and recall that function evaluations are generally considered the computationally most expensive part of quadrature algorithms.
Theorem 6.2. Under the assumptions of Theorem6.1we have
Z b a
f(t)dt− h 4
n−1
X
i=0
f(xi) + 2f
xi+xi+1 2
+f(xi+1)
≤ b−a 4√
3nηn(f)≤ b−a 4√
3nωn(f), whereηn(f)is defined by (6.2).
Proof. The proof of this theorem is similar to the proof of Theorem 6.1. Here we use Theorem5.3.
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