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1 2 3 4 5

Which are the future propulsion options?

MGO LNG Biodiesel Biogas/LBG ?

Environmental feasibility of biogas and Environmental feasibility of biogas and Environmental feasibility of biogas and Environmental feasibility of biogas and

biodiesel as fuel for passenger ferries biodiesel as fuel for passenger ferries biodiesel as fuel for passenger ferries biodiesel as fuel for passenger ferries

– – –

– a case study a case study a case study a case study

SETAC LCA Case Study Symposium, 28 of February – 1 of March, Budapest

Selma Bengtsson, PhD student, selma.bengtsson@chalmers.se,Chalmers University of

Technology

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Shipping is efficient...

Shipping is efficient...

Shipping is efficient...

Shipping is efficient...

...per transported mass cargo and distance for most types

of vessels, but not always at high speeds and at low fill

rates.

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But, shipping still But, shipping still But, shipping still But, shipping still

contributes significantly contributes significantly contributes significantly contributes significantly to global emissions...

to global emissions...

to global emissions...

to global emissions...

• ~90% of the global freight volume in terms of tonne km

• ~14% of the CO 2 emissions

• more than 3% annual growth rate in sea-borne trade

(Eyring et al. , 2010)

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Environmental regulations Environmental regulations Environmental regulations Environmental regulations for shipping

for shipping for shipping for shipping

• Global stepwise reduction of sulphur dioxide emissions and nitrogen oxide emissions, more stringent regulation in special emission control areas

• The North Sea and Baltic Sea are emission control areas for sulphur dioxide

• Discussion about different regulations for decreased

emissions of carbon dioxide, e.g.

EEDI

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Alternative fuels in shipping?

Alternative fuels in shipping?

Alternative fuels in shipping?

Alternative fuels in shipping?

Drivers

”Peak-oil”

• Global warming

• Air pollution

Solutions

• Reduce fuel consumption

New fuels

Slide adopted from Fridell (2010)

Which alternative fuels could be used in shipping?

How could a transition toward alternative fuels take place?

Environmental end economical performance?

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Which alternative fuels could Which alternative fuels could Which alternative fuels could Which alternative fuels could

be used in shipping?

be used in shipping? be used in shipping?

be used in shipping?

• Diesel /distilled fuels?

• Liquefied natural gas?

Methanol?

• Di-methyl ether?

• Liquefied biogas?

Biodiesel?

Uranium?

Hydrogen?

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Swedish biomass could replace a large share of the Swedish use of fossil fuels (about 300TWh).

Sweden

Biomass: 138-234 TWh LBG: 58-122 TWh Biodiesel:

Gotland Biomass:

LBG: 0.28-0.20 TWh Biodiesel:

Europe

Biomass: 1600-6000 TWh LBG:

Biodiesel:

Availability of biogas Availability of biogas Availability of biogas Availability of biogas and biodiesel

and biodiesel and biodiesel

and biodiesel

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Why Gotlandstrafiken? Why Gotlandstrafiken?

Ferry service

• Vision to bunker liquid natural gas/biogas in 2020 and

hydrogen in 2030

• Procured by the Swedish authority Rikstrafiken - stresses long term

economical, social and

environmental sustainability

• Passenger transportation is a segment with higher demand on environmental

performance

Gotland Swedish island

3184 km 2

~60 000 inhabitants

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Situation today

• 4 ferries transporting passengers and cargo between the Swedish main land and the island Gotland

• Passenger ferries are equipped with medium speed diesel

engine with selective catalytic reduction to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxide

• Consumes about 650 GWh of heavy fuel oil with about 0,5%

sulphur content each year

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A transition toward renewable fuels...

Gas scenario:

100% Liquefied natural gas

Gas scenario:

100% Liquefied biogas Gas scenario:

70% Liquefied natural gas 30% Liquefied biogas

Diesel scenario:

100% Marine gas oil

Diesel scenario:

100% Biodiesel (BTL) Diesel scenario:

70% Marine gas oil 30% Biodiesel (RME) 2010

2015

2020

2025

In c re a s e d s h a re o f re n e w a b le f u e ls

Situation today:

Heavy fuel oil (0.5% S) + SCR

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System setup System setup System setup System setup

The functional unit is the amount of marine fuel that correspond a total heat content of 650 GWh, which correspond to the yearly fuel

consumption by the ferry traffic to and from the island Gotland

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Primary energy use

Primary energy use Primary energy use

Primary energy use

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Global warming potential

Global warming potential

Global warming potential

Global warming potential

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Land use

Land use

Land use

Land use

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Acidification potential

Acidification potential Acidification potential

Acidification potential

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Eutrophication potential

Eutrophication potential Eutrophication potential

Eutrophication potential

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Conclusions Conclusions Conclusions Conclusions

• The potential availability of liquid biogas and biodiesels is limited, but it could still be used in niche applications such as passenger ferries to increase the life cycle performance of marine transportation.

• Liquefied biogas show the best result overall of the fuels investigated here.

Thank you for listening! Questions?

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References References References References

• BUHAUG, Ø., CORBETT, J. J., ENDRESEN, Ø., EYRING, V., FABER, J., HANAYAMA, S., LEE, D. S., LEE, D., LINDSTAD, H., MARKOWSKA, A. Z., MJELDE, A., NELISSEN, D., NILSEN, J., PÅLSSON, C., WINEBRAKE, J. J. &

WU, W., YOSHIDA, K. 2009. Second IMO GHG Study 2009. London, UK:

International Maritime Organization.

• EYRING, V., CORBETT, J. J., LEE, D. S. & WINEBRAKE, J. J. 2007. Brief summary of the impact of ship emissions on atmospheric composition, climate, and human health. Document submitted to the Health and Environment sub- group of the International Maritime Organization on 6 November 2007.

• EYRING, V., ISAKSEN, I. S. A., BERNTSEN, T., COLLINS, W. J., CORBETT, J.

J., ENDRESEN, O., GRAINGER, R. G., MOLDANOVA, J., SCHLAGER, H. &

STEVENSON, D. S. 2010. Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate:

Shipping. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 4735-4771.

• FRIDELL, E. 2010. Fuel consumption in the marine transport sector, emissions, consequences, trends. Workshop on alternative marine fuels. Långedrag:

EffShip.

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