Az analitikus vizsgálatok és a kísérleti eredmények összehasonlítása alapján tervezési szabályokat határoztam meg, melyek kedvező fáradási és statikus viselkedésű, valamint ellenállású kialakításokat tesznek lehetővé.
a.) - Kimutattam, hogy a statikusan terhelt csavarozott darupályakonzolok teherbírása és merev-sége kiegészítő merevítőkkel, bizonyos határok között, növelhető. Amennyiben azonban a ter-helés fárasztó jellegű, a teherbírás növelésének célszerű útja a befoglaló méretek növelése, semmint kiegészítő merevítők alkalmazása.
- Rámutattam fárasztó terhelésnek kitett kapcsolatoknál a kapcsolat duktilitásának jelentős sze-repére, a merevítések elhagyásának kedvező hatására. A kísérleti eredmények igazolták, hogy a nagyobb merevségű kapcsolatok alacsonyabb ismétlésszámnál mennek tönkre.
Fárasztó igénybevételeknek kitett kapcsolatoknál a hirtelen, idő előtt bekövetkező tönkremene-teleket, mint a csavartörés, kerülni kell.
- A darupályakonzolokon végzett kísérletek eredményei alapján megmutattam, hogy az övhizla-ló lemezes kialakítás fárasztó terhelés esetén előnyösebben viselkedik, mint a behegesztett ge-rincmerevítéseket tartalmazó megoldás.
b.) - Kalapácsfej kialakítású kapcsolatoknál kimutattam, hogy a csavarokat, a lehetőségek szerint, a „merev” kapcsolati elemek közelében, azaz a húzott öv közelében kell elhelyezni.
- Az elvégzett kísérletek eredményei alapján megmutattam, hogy az egy sorban négy csavart tartalmazó kapcsolatok megfelelően megválasztott csavarkiosztás mellett a kapcsolati teherbí-rás szempontjából versenyképes megoldást nyújtanak például a kapcsolat újratervezésével vagy a gerenda befoglaló méreteinek növelésével szemben. A kísérleti eredményekre támasz-kodva a húzott övre szimmetrikus csavarképet javasoltam, mellyel a csavarok előnyős kihasz-náltsága érhető el.
- Kísérleti eredményekkel igazolva kimutattam a háromszög alakú merevítők hatékonyságát, melyek alkalmazásával meggátolható a csavarok csoportos tönkremenetele, és növelhető a ge-rinc húzási ellenállása.
4.2 Publications on the subject of the thesis Books
[Pasternak et al 1997] Pasternak, H., Katula, L., Kocker, R.: “Verhalten nachgiebiger Rahmenecken und -knoten unter zyklischer Beanspruchung”, (Taschenbuch), DASt-Forschungsbericht. 01/1997, Ver-lag: Stahlbau (1997), ISBN-10: 3923726619, ISBN-13: 978-3923726615, p. 130.
Papers in book
[Katula, Dunai 2006] Katula L., Dunai L.: “Húzott csavaros, homloklemezes kapcsolatok kísérleti vizs-gálata”, BME Hidak és Szerkezetek Tanszéke Tudományos Közleményei, szerk.: Tassi G., Hegedűs I.
és Kovács T., Műegyetemi Kiadó, Budapest, 2006 (in publication), p. 6.
[Katula 2006] Katula L.: “Húzott lehorgonyzó csavar hegesztési varratának kísérleti, kiszakító vizs-gálata”, BME Hidak és Szerkezetek Tanszéke Tudományos Közleményei, szerk.: Tassi G., Hegedűs I.
és Kovács T., Műegyetemi Kiadó, Budapest, 2006 (in publication), p. 4.
International journal papers
[Pasternak, Katula 1999] Pasternak, H., Katula, L.: “Crane bracket-to-column joints for light overhead travelling cranes” (in German: “Kranbahnkonsole-Stütze-Verbindungen für den leichten Kranbetrieb”), Bauingenieur, Bd. 74 (1999), 10/99, pp. 432-437.
International conference papers
[Horváth, Katula 1993] Horváth, L., Katula, L.: “Design of semi-rigid knee joints according to EURO-CODE 3”; Steel design and EUROEURO-CODES, TEMPUS JEP 2184, TEMPUS conference in Budapest, August 1993, Eds.: Muzeau, J. P., Iványi, M., ISBN 963-421-520-3, pp. 199-206.
[Pasternak et al 1994] Pasternak, H., Horváth, L., Katula, L.: “Approximation of the moment-rotation characteristic of knee joints with thin webs in single-storey buildings”; 17th Czech-Slovak International Conference “Steel Structures and Bridges -94”, Bratislava, Proc. September 1994, Vol. 1. pp. 95-100.
[Katula 1995] Katula, L.: “Modelling of frame behaviour according to EC3”, Stability of Steel Structures Int. Colloquium, Budapest, September 21-23 1995, Vol. I. Eds.: Iványi, M., Verőci, B., ISBN 963-421-537-8, pp. 357-362.
[Pasternak et al 1996] Pasternak, H., Katula, L., Kocker, R.: “Zur Berechnung geschraubter Ver-bindungen nach Eurocode 3, Annex J”, 3. Brandenburgischer Bauingenieurtag 1996, BBIT-Tagungsunterlagen, Cottbus, March 1996, p. 20.
[Pasternak et al 1997] Pasternak, H., Katula, L., Kocker, R.: “Behaviour of semi-rigid joints under re-peated loading ongoing research”. 18th Czech-Slovak International Conf. on Steel Structures and Bridges ’97, Brno, Proc. May 28-30, 1997, ISBN 80-02-01166-X, pp.1: 99-103.
[Pasternak et al 1997] Pasternak, H., Katula, L., Komann, S.: “Grundlegende Untersuchungen des Tragverhaltens von Kranbahnkonsole-Stütze-Verbindungen für den leichten Kranbetrieb”, Workshop
“Nachgiebige Verbindungen im Stahlbau”, Bialystok Polen 1997, Tagungsband, pp. 61-65.
[Pasternak et al 1998] Pasternak, H., Katula, L., Kocker, R.: “Dürfen nachgiebige Verbindungen zyk-lisch beansprucht werden?”, 17. Steinfurter Stahlbau-Seminar 27. May 1998, Neues aus Forschung, Entwicklung und Normung, 1998, pp. 76-82.
[Katula, Pasternak 2005] Katula, L., Pasternak, H.: “Static and fatigue tests on crane bracket joints”, Advances in Experimental Structural Engineering (AESE 2005) Nagoya, Japan, Eds.: Itoh, Y., Aoki, T., ISBN 4-901887-19-X July 2005, pp. 611-618.
Technical/University Reports
[Pasternak et al 1996] Pasternak, H., Kocker, R. , Katula, L.: “Verhalten nachgiebiger Rahmenecken und -knoten unter zyklischer Beanspruchung”. AIF-Abschlußbericht, Projekt Nr. 10088 B, BTU Cottbus 1996, p. 130.
[Pasternak, Katula 1998] Pasternak, H., Katula, L.: “Grundlegende Untersuchungen des Tragverhal-tens von Kranbahnkonsole-Stütze-Verbindungen für den leichten Kranbetrieb”. DFG-Abschlußbericht, Projekt Pa-347/12, BTU Cottbus 1998, p. 52.
[Dunai et al 2003] Dunai, L., Katula, L., Ádány, S.: “Development of Eurocode 3 based design method for LBS joints”, BME Department of Structural Engineering, Budapest, July 2003, p. 16.
[Dunai, Katula 2004] Dunai, L., Katula, L.: “Development of Eurocode 3 based design method for LBS column bases”, BME Department of Structural Engineering, Budapest, June 2004, p. 13.
[Katula 2005] Katula, L.: “Background, EC3 Part 1.8, Design of joints”, BME Department of Structural Engineering, Budapest, September 2005, p. 17.
[Dunai et al 2006a] Dunai, L., Katula, L., Kaltenbach, L., Kálló, M., Tóth, A.: “Full scale tests on bolted beam-to-beam end-plate connections under bending”, BME Department of Structural Engineering, Bu-dapest, March 2006, p. 73.
[Dunai et al 2006b] Dunai, L., Katula, L., Kaltenbach, L., Kálló, M., Tóth, A.: “Full scale tests on typical ASTRON end-plate connections under bending”, BME Department of Structural Engineering, Budapest, May 2006, p. 43.
[Katula 2006] Katula, L.: “Tests on welded connections under tension”, BME Department of Structural Engineering, Budapest, September 2006, p. 17.
4.3 Proposed directions for further research
The results of the research presented above can be summarized as follows:
Experimental tests as well as numerical studies were performed on innovatively designed bolted end-plate joints. The test results were evaluated and the developed design methods were verified and their accuracy checked against the results of the tests completed.
Crane bracket joints
A design method for light crane brackets has been developed to calculate the failure mode, the load bearing capacity and the stiffness of the joint. With the help of the proposed parabolic approximation and its parameters the fatigue behaviour of the tested brackets can be predicted.
Further tests could be performed, with different geometrical dimensions and joint arrangements, so as to check the accuracy of, and generalize, the design method and the validity of the parable approxi-mation.
Beam-to-beam joints
The developed design methods can be used to calculate the failure mode and the load bearing ca-pacity of joints with additional stiffeners, HammerHead type structural joints and four bolts in one row type end-plate joints.
It is planned to continue the experimental programme for other bolt and joint arrangements so as to further verify the developed design methods. There are also further tests and parametric studies planned on HammerHead type structural joints with a view of clarifying the main parameters that influ-ence of the HammerHead effects and developing the modifying factor. For four bolts in one row type end-plate joints, the research aim is to study further yield line patterns, in particular those that belong to Mode 2, and, on this basis, to refine the design method.
In parallel with the experiments, advanced numerical models will be developed to simulate the joint behaviour and calculate the load bearing capacity and the failure mode.
References Standards
[Background Documentation] Design of Steel Structures, Background Documentation, Chapter 6, Document 6.09, Beam to column connections, March 1983.
[Deutsches Institut für Normung 1989] Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (Hrsg.): DIN ISO 898 Teil 1: Mechanische Eigenschaften von Verbindungselementen, Schrauben, 1/89.
[DIN 4 132] DIN 4.132 Kranbahnen; Stahltragwerke - Grundsätze für die Berechnung, bauliche Durch-bildung und Ausführung, 2/81.
[DIN 15 018] DIN 15.018 Teil 1:Krane; Grundsätze für Stahlbauwerke, Berechnung, 11/84; Teil 2: Kra-ne; Stahlbautragwerke, Grundsätze für die bauliche Durchbildung und Ausführung, 11/84.
[DIN 18 800] DIN 18.800 Stahlbauten Teil 1 Bemessung und Konstruktion, Deutsches Institut für Nor-mung e. V., 11/90; Teil 2 Stabilitätsfälle, 12/90.
[DStV/DASt] DStV/DASt Typisierte Verbindungen im Stahlhochbau, Stahlbau Verlags GmbH, 2. Au-flage 1978.
[Eurocode 3 1997] Eurocode 3, Part 1-1 Revised Annex J, Joints in Building Frames, Edited approved draft, January 1997.
[EN 1993-1-8: 2005] EN 1993-1-8: 2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures, Part 1-8: Design of joints, May 2005.
[ENV 1090-1, 1996] ENV 1090-1: Execution of steel structures - Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings, CEN, Brussels, 1996.
[prEN 1993-1-1: 2003] prEN 1993-1-1: 2003, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures, Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, 19 May 2003.
[prEN1993-1-9, 2003] prEN 1993-1-9: 2003: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures, Part 1.9: Fatigue strength of steel structures, European Standard, CEN, Brussels, 2003.
[prENV 1991-5: 1996] prENV 1991-5, Eurocode 1, Basis of the design and actions on structures - Part 5: Actions induced by cranes an machinery, Brussels, 1996-09-21.
[prENV 1993-6: 1997] prENV 1993-6, Eurocode 3, Design of Steel Structures, Part 6 - Crane support-ing structures,1997-12-27.
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