The Annotated Bibliography of the Yearbooks of the Research Group on International Migration
REFUGEES, MIGRANTS, FORTUNE HUNTERS (1992) Original title: Menekülők, vándorlók, szerencsét próbálók
(Editor: Sik, Endre)
Hárs, Agnes
Migration and Labour Market
The article analyses the effects of the presence and the economic activities of foreign labourers on the Hungarian labour market. The auth or attempts to project the future im-pact of international migration on the national labour market.
Hunyadi, Zsuzsa
Guest Workers from Transylvania
The author, interested in the flow of information about job opportunities, conducted interviews with farmers and entrepreneurs employing guest workers and with foreign labourers. The article contributes to a better understanding of guest workers.
Hárs, Ágnes Guest Workers in Hungary
The article contains two case studies based on interviews from field work among the new illegal or semi-Iegal actors on the labour market. The first documents the experiences of an informal working group from Transylvania employed in the construction sector. The second describes the story of a native Romanian goose shepherd hired by a farm family in the south of Hungary.
Závecz, Tibor Reduced Sympathy
The study is based on surveys carried out in 1989 and 1990 that examined attitudes to ward refugees. The changes are analysed aceording to different socio-demographic variables. The toleration or rejection of ethnic Hungarian refugees is emphasised. Ascale of prejudice was also developed on the basis of selective toleration.
Sik, Endre
The Inevitable Growth of Prejudice toward Refugees in Contemporary Hungary
The hypothesis expressed in the title is based on trends described in Závecz's work.
The author examines the stereotype that refugees are a burden on the economy, which leads to barriers to their quick social andeconomic integration.
Tóth, O/ga
Female Refugees from Transylvania in Hungary in 1989
The study describes the sociological characteristics, the motivation, and the success of integration of female refugees asopposed to males. Certain significant differences, includ-ing some advantages (e.g., easier ch ange of course of lifeafter the migration, more stable partnerships) aredescribed.
Rédei, Mária
Demographic Characteristics and Impacts of Aliens Having Obtained Residence Permits During Recent Decades
The author examines the period prior to 1980, as weil as the period from 1980-1990.
The auth or contrasts their demographic characteristics and assesses their possible demo-graphic impact. The regional differences in the patterns of resettlement are also described.
Dovényi. Zoltán
Locality: The Territorial Aspects of Refugee Affairs in Hungary
The research, carried out from 1988 unti11990, focused on the capability of ditferent medium and small regions of Hungary to absorb refugees. Based on analyses of infra-structure, ethnic composition, labour and real estate market, sixteen advanced regions are selected assuitable for refugee resettlement.
Tóth, Judit
Policy and Refugee Affairs: Refugee Policy
The auth or examines two possible ways for Hungary to handie refugee affairs. One scenario involves the restrictive admission of refugees, which, however, requires an ad-vanced infrastructure and the development of certain priorities in refugee affairs. The other scenario involves the admission of a large-scale influx. Consequences for refugee policy are drawn with respect to documents that Hungary has signed concerning refugee issues.
ON THE ROAD (1993) Original title: Útkeresők
(Editor: Sik, Endre)
Brym, Robert
The Migration Potentials ofCzechoslovakia, Hungary, Lithuania and Russia The Canadian auth or analyses the magnitude of the migration potentials, the direction and the demographic basis. Four main conclusions are drawn concerning the tendencies, scale of migration, and effect of greater politicai freedom on migration.
Sik, Endre
The Migration Potential of Romania
Based on survey data and consultation with Romanian experts, the auth or constructs a scale and typology of possible and probable migrants by examining the dimensions of social mobility, level of education and ethnicity. The highest scoring ten per cent are considered potential migrants.
Sik, Endre and Tóth, Judit Ethnic Romanian Refugees in Hungary
The authors combine the results of two prior research projects. One, carried out be-tween 1989 and 1991, described socio-demographically the ethnic Romanian refugee group, which was distinct from the ethnic German and Hungarian refugees who also came from Romania. The other concerned the integration of the same group. The analysis is followed by seven interviews with Romanian refugees.
Drexler, Sabina-Pohoryles, Ronald-Schmid, Gabriele EUROLINK (A Possible Social Policy Model of Integration
for Romanian Refugees in Austria and Hungary)
The joint Austro-Hungarian project attempted to outline the characteristics of migra-tory movements from Romania and the administrative reactions in the two countries. The magnitude, the composition and the institutional framework of admission were analysed.
Finally, the authors summarised their proposals for bilateral co-operation to control mass migration (e.g., information programmes, assisted repatriation, etc.).
Kovács, Róberl
Foreigners in Hungary: Settlements and Refugees
During a 1992 survey the differences of prejudice in local communities were exam-ined. Six economic and five border regions were distinguished, and regional imbalances were illustrated by maps. The distribution of positive, tolerant and negative attitudes to-ward refugees were analysed and put into social and historic perspective.
Kovács, Róberl Foreigners and Local Mayors
In 1992 approximately 1,000 mayors were surveyed, and the data suggested substantial differences in their levels ofprejudice depending on demographic factors (age, belief, and level of education of mayors), on poiiticai affiliation (of mayors with parti es), and on the ethnic and social ori gin of the aliens (Gypsies, Africans, Chinese, Arabs, etc.). The analysis showed certain pos itive prejudice toward ethnic Hungarians.
Bőhm, Antal
Prejudice and Xenophobia in the Value System of Local Leaders (On the Basis of an International Comparative Study)
As part of an international co-operation research project (New Democracy and Local Governance) a survey was taken in 30 towns in Hungary. The questions aimed at examin-ing manifest and latent prejudice. The answers are contrasted with those from the Swedish study.
Czakó, Agnes
Romanian Refugees and Evolving NGOs
The article examines how local community organisations have developed since the first intlux of refugees in 1988. Internal as weil as external (social, political) factors are examined. The institutionalisation of refugees and the disappearance of refugees from the statistics are explained. Citations from interviews illustrate the author's conclusions.
Tóth, Judit
Hungary as Breakwater? (Elements of Recent Refugee Policy and History) The role of Hungary in international migratory process es is put in perspective in the article. The consequences of a lack of legislation are analysed. The author asks whether the driving principle of new legislation will be "integrated rigidity" or serving as the
"protective shield of Europe" or something else.
COMING? LEAVING? STAYING? (1994) Original title: Jönnek? Mennek? Maradnak?
(Editors: Sik, Endre and Tóth, Judit)
Oláh, Sándor
The Migrant Worker Potential of Transylvania (1990-1993)
Temporarily labour migration from a rural region of Romania to Hungary was exam-ined. Empirical data, survey analysis, and local observations accompanied and augmented the historical, demographic, and social description of the sending area. The hidden objec-tives and motivations of the micro-society were also analysed.
Biró A., Zoltán
Aspects of the Migrants' Iconography
From the perspective of communication anthropology the author analyses migrants and those who do not to migrate. He develops a typology of norms and verbal processes that relate to migration and examines its role in decision-making.
Sik, Endre
Intentions to Migrate from Hungary in 1993
A survey in 1993 measured intentions to work abroad or emigrate. The small percent-age ofpeople who answered positively were analysed aceording to their backgrounds, the process of decision-making and the effects of personal networks on migration intentions.
Nyíri, Pál
The Chinese Community and its Life in Hungary
The socio-cultural approach provides a colourful picture of the Chinese community in Hungary, which began in 1989 and was disrupted in 1992 by the police and aliens
ad-ministration. Both the community (structure, hierarchy, contlicts, culture) and the condi-tions ofreception (society, labour market, police) are described from 1989 to the present.
Much of the community has disintegrated, but a fraction has started on the difficult road toward integration.
Tóth, P. Péter
New Citizens of Hungary (Naturalisation in 1988-1992)
The socio-historical analysis is focused on historicai events that inspired certain pecu-liarities of the Hungarian citizenship law. The author describes the continuing practice of ethni c preference and examines the social background ofrecently naturalised persons.
Tóth, Judit Desirable Immigrants?
The article is an analysis of the Aliens Law and the Citizenship Law of Hungary.
Passed in 1993, both are characterised by ambivalence, inconsistent preferences, and pre-judice to ward aliens. The effects of amoral commitment to ethnic Hungarians crossing the border can also be detected in the laws. The work is based on codified texts, legal practice, and published cases.
Katona, Y.Magda
Migration Potential As Related to Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in the MiddIe East, India, and the Former Soviet Union
The study concentrates on root causes of outtlows from the countries concerned to-ward Central Eastern Europe, and toto-ward Hungary in particular. PoIiticaI and social fac-tors (e.g., Islamic fundamentalism, disintegration, minority contlicts) are taken into ac-count.
Nagy, Boldizsár Asylum and Hope
Forced migratory movements intluencing Hungary since 1988 are examined in light of European and world-wide migrations. A distinction between major groups is drawn and adequate legislation is urged. The auth or supports his discussion with pertinent data.
Huseby-Darvas, Éva V.
There is No Other Shelter
The article examines the situation of female refugees from ex- Yugoslavia (Croatia and Bosnia) from an anthropological perspective. The work is based on interviews and obser-vations in refugee camps. The conflicts in camp, the intentions to retum home, and ethnic identities are described.
Einwachter, János Refugees in Camps
The author, a social worker, examined two government-run refugee centres. The es-tablishment, the institutionalisation, the daily lives, and the living conditions are de-scribed. The psychological burdens ofrefugees are also depicted.
REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS: HUNGARY AT A CROSSROADS (1995) (Editors: Fullerton, Maryellen-Sik, Endre-Tóth, Judit)
Dovényi, Zoltán
Spatial Aspects of the Refugee Issue in Hungary
The author provides detailed information on the origins, numbers, and location of refugees and asylum seekers who entered Hungary during the last half of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s. Using a geographer's approach he analyses the different waves ofrefugees and the impact of their residence in Hungary.
Nagy, Boldizsár
Changing Trends, Enduring Questions Regarding Refugee Law in Central Europe
Taking a cornparative law perspective, the author examines legal issues concerning refugees in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. He places the refugee and migration policy of Hungary in the context of refugee flows in Central Europe.
Tóth, Judit
Who Are the Desirable Immigrants in Hungary Under the Newly Adopted Laws?
This analysis of the recent ly enacted legislation concerning foreigners and citizenship in Hungary emphasises that both laws grant government authorities broad diseretion and at the same time fail to define the legal status and rights ofthose to whom the laws apply.
The author caIls for public discussion and debate to improve the legislation.
Tóth, Pál Péter
Refugees, Immigrants and New Citizens in Hungary, 1988-1992
A historicaI description of four legislative acts regarding Hungarian citizenship in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries provides a background for examining the data concerning applications for Hungarian citizenship between 1983 and 1992. Citizens of more than 75 countries applied for Hungarian citizenship, but only a minuscule number of ethnic Hungarians from former Yugoslavia sought Hungarian citizenship.
Hárs, Agnes
Migration and the Labour Market
Approaching migration from the perspective of the labour market, the author questions the widespread notion that migrant labour displaces local employees and creates unem-ployment among the native-born population. Detailed interviews of Hungarian employers and migrant workers, as weil as close attention to labour patterns in construction and agriculture in Hungary, suggest that displacement of local workers is not a significant problem.
Rédei, Mária Internal Brain Drain
The report describes the recent employment practices of multinational companies in Hungary and emphasises the role that head hunter firms have played in identifying local talent. The data indicate that many Hungarian employees have great difficulty with making decisions, but that many Hungarians are now replacing foreigners in highly specialised jobs.
Csepeli. Cyörgy and Sik, Endre
Changing Content ofPolitical Xenophobia in Hungary: Is the Growth of Xenophobia Inevitable?
The sociologists examine the growth of xenophobia and hostile attitudes toward refugees and migrants in recent years. They note the lessening of notions of ethni c solidarity with Hungarians from across the borders and the surprising development of xenophobia toward ethnic Hungarian immigrants who have not obtained Hungarian citizenship.