Fungal Planet 1255 – 13 July 2021
Ilyonectria zarorii Sand.-Den. & Giraldo López, sp. nov.
Etymology. In honour of Prof. Luis Zaror, prominent Chilean mycologist and writer; active promoter of medical technology and mycology in South America, and long-time inhabitant of Teja island, where this species was first collected.
Classification — Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomy-cetes.
Conidiophores of two types: a) solitary, erect or prostrate, arising laterally from aerial and substrate mycelium, commonly formed on dense and twisted hyphal ropes, septate, 33.5–482 μm long, unbranched or sparsely, irregularly branched, bearing terminal and solitary conidiogenous cells; or b) densely packed in sporodochia, formed on the substrate surface, simple, rarely branched, bearing terminal single conidiogenous cells or whorls of up to three conidiogenous cells; conidiogenous cells mono-phialidic, subcylindrical to cylindrical, gently tapering towards apex, with inconspicuous periclinal thickening and short, flared apical collarettes, those formed on aerial conidio phores 24–58.5 μm long, 2.5–4 μm at the widest point; phialides on sporodochial conidiophores 20–27 μm long, 2.5–3.5 μm at the widest point. Microconidia rarely observed, formed on aerial conidiophores, 0(–1)-septate, subglobose, ellipsoid to long clavate, (8–)10–15(–16) × (3–)4–5.5 μm (av. = 12.2 × 4.6 μm). Macroconidia produced abundantly on aerial and sporodochial conidiophores, 1–2(–3)-septate, cylindrical with both ends more or less obtusely rounded, straight or slightly curved; 1-septate conidia: (16.5–)20.5–28.5(–32) × (4.5–)5.5–6.5(–7) μm (av. 24.5 × 6 μm); 2-septate conidia:
(26–)29–35(–41.5) × 5–7(–8) μm (av. 32.4 × 6.3 μm); 3-septate conidia: (28–)30–39(–40.5) × 6–7.5 μm (av. 34.6 × 6.8 μm);
overall: (16.5–)23.5–34(–41.5) × (4.5–)5.5–7(–8) μm (av. 28.9 × 6.2 μm). Chlamydospores rarely produced, doliiform, subglo-bose to glosubglo-bose, 7–14 μm diam, thick- and smooth-walled, terminal or intercalary; solitary, in short chains or forming sparse clusters, hyaline at first, quickly becoming golden yel-low to brown.
Culture characteristics — Colony on malt extract agar (MEA) reaching 48–58 mm diam in 7 at 24 °C. Surface initially flat and velvety, peach, scarlet to red (colour notation from Rayner 1970), later becoming cupulate and cottony with abundant white to pale peach aerial mycelium, margin filiform. Reverse red, rust or brown with radial patches of amber to brown diffusi ble pigments.
Typus. chile, Los Ríos Region, Valdivia, Teja Island, proximities of the Universidad Austral de Chile, from soil under Maytenus boaria, 26 Dec.
2018, A. Giraldo & N. Sandoval-Giraldo (holotype CBS H-24561, culture ex-type CBS 147179 = CPC 37835, ITS, LSU, his3, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank MW114893, MW114944, MW119259, MW119261 and MW119263, MycoBank MB 837768).
Additional material studied. chile, Los Ríos Region, Valdivia, Teja Island, proximities of the Universidad Austral de Chile, from soil under Maytenus boaria, 26 Dec. 2018, A. Giraldo & N. Sandoval, CBS 147180 = CPC 37837, ITS, LSU, his3, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank MW114894, MW114945, MW119260, MW119262 and MW119264.
Notes — Ilyonectria zarorii is phylogenetically and morpho-logically related to I. crassa and I. pseudodestructans, all spe-cies characterised by similar conidiophores and conidia, with marked predominance of macroconidia in both types of conidi-ophores (Cabral et al. 2012). Ilyonectria crassa, however, pro-duces flask-shaped sporodochial phialides and its macroconidia are smaller, cylindrical, straight and present a prominent basal hilum. Ilyonectria pseudodestructans differs from I. zarorii by forming more clavate macroconidia and slender microconidia.
Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the his3 sequence had highest similarity to I. pseudodestructans (strain CBS 117824, Gen-Bank JF735562.1; Identities = 443/447 (99 %), no gaps) and I. crassa (strain CBS 139.30, GenBank JF735534.1; Identities = 442/447 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the ITS sequence are I. panacis (strain CBS 129079, GenBank MH865176.1;
Identities = 420/420 (100 %), no gaps) and I. crassa (strain ICMP 14372, GenBank MH497565.1; Identities = 420/420 (100 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the LSU sequence had highest similarity to I. coprosmae (strain CBS 126772, GenBank MH875672.1; Identities = 813/829 (98 %), three gaps (0 %)), I. panacis (strain CBS 129079, GenBank MH876614.1; Iden-tities = 811/829 (98 %), three gaps (0 %)) and I. cyclamini-cola (strain CBS 302.93, GenBank NG_069249.1; Identities
= 810/829 (98 %), three gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to I. pseudodestructans (strain CPC 13534, GenBank JF735749.1; Identities = 473/474 (99 %), one gap (0 %)), I. pseudodestructans (strain CBS 117812, GenBank JF735750.1; Identities = 473/477 (99 %), four gaps (0 %)) and Ilyonectria sp. (strain CBS 120370, Gen-Bank JF735728.1; Identities = 471/475 (99 %), two gaps (0 %)).
Closest hits using the tub2 sequence had highest similarity to I. panacis (strain CDC-N-9a, GenBank JF735424.1; Identities = 492/498 (99 %), no gaps), I. pseudodestructans (CBS 117812, GenBank JF735418.1; Identities = 490/498 (98 %), no gaps) and I. crassa (strain CBS 158. 31, GenBank JF735394.1;
Identities = 489/498 (98 %), no gaps).
Colour illustrations. Chile, young Maytenus boaria (‘maitén’; photo by M. Sandoval-Sáez). Aerial and sporodochial (inset) conidiophores; chlamy-dospores and conidia of various sizes and septation. Scale bars = 20 µm (black), 10 µm (white).
Marcelo Sandoval-Denis, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail: m.sandoval@wi.knaw.nl Alejandra Giraldo, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
e-mail: Alejandra.GiraldoLopez@radboudumc.nl
Inocybe norvegica
Fungal Planet 1256 – 13 July 2021
Inocybe norvegica Vauras & E. Larss., sp. nov.
Etymology. Refers to Norway where the first collection was found.
Classification — Inocybaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.
Pileus 8–17 mm diam, hemispherical, later plano-convex, some- times indistinctly umbonate, whitish, pale brown to brown around centre, towards margin greyish brown to brown, sub-tomentose-smooth around centre, towards margin coarsely fibrillose, subsquamulose to recurvately squamulose, margin not rimulose, often with indistinct velipellis. Lamellae moderately crowded, to 4 mm broad, broadly adnate, some emarginate with decurrent tooth, at first pale greyish brown, then grey-brown, ochraceous to ochraceous brown; edge fimbriate, pale to brownish. Stipe 20–38 × 1–3 mm, equal to slightly bulbous but without bulb, grey-brown, brown, black-brown especially in middle part, not pruinose, longitudinally woolly-fibrillose, often coarsely so, part of fibrils silvery pale. Cortina greyish, rather abundant in young basidiomes. Context pale brown, often with reddish tint, shiny in stipe, cortex rather dark reddish brown.
Smell faint, indistinct to slightly acidulous. Basidiospores (9.9–) 10.5–11.7–12.9(–13.5) × (6.0–)6.3–6.8–7.4(–7.7) µm, Q = (1.5–)1.55–1.71–1.9(–2.0) (n = 140), smooth, subamygdali- form, subellipsoid to subphaseoliform, some minimally angu-lar, with obtuse apex, often with indistinct germ-pore, rather dark, yellow-brown, rather thick-walled. Basidia (24–)28–30–
35(–40) × (9–)10–11–13(–14) µm (n = 80), subclavate to clavate, 4-spored. Pleurocystidia (48–)54–61–74(–78) × (12–) 13–17–20(–22) µm (n = 80), fusiform to subclavate, some- times indistinctly capitate, with up to 2 µm thick, colourless to slightly yellow wall, crystalliferous at apex. Cheilocystidia (33–)35–49–67(–70) × (10–)11–16–24(–28) µm (n = 62), more variable than pleurocystidia, often brown. Paracystidia (16–)19–23–27(–30) × (9–)10–13–17(–18) µm (n = 21), rather scarce, often pyriform, colourless to brown. Caulocys-tidia at stipe apex only, (29–)33–46–58 × 10–15–22(–25) µm (n = 43), cauloparacystidia few. Clamp connections present.
Ecology & Distribution — Associated with Salix spp. and Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii in open areas on some- what calcareous sandy soils. Basidiomata so far only known from the subalpine zone of Norway and alpine zone of Swe-den, where it grew amongst Salix herbacea. In addition, ITS sequence data generated from soil samples in a locality in the alpine zone shows that it also occurs in Austria.
Typus. Norway, Hedmark, Folldal, Liamælan near Gravbekkli bru, in subalpine moor-like area on gravelly soil with Betula pubescens subsp.
czerepanovii, B. nana and Salix spp., amongst mosses and lichens, 820 m a.s.l., 21 Aug. 2012, J. Vauras 29084F, S. Jacobsson & E. Larsson EL109-12 (holotype TUR-A 198408, ITS-LSU sequence GenBank MW617340; isotypes GB-0207604, AH, O, MycoBank MB 838947).
Additional materials examined. Norway, troms, Storfjord, NW of Hellig-skogen along E8, subalpine area on gravelly ground with Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii and Salix spp., 310 m a.s.l., 20 Aug. 2017, E. Larsson EL172-17 and J. Vauras, GB-0207603, TUR-A 208752, ITS-LSU sequence GenBank MW617339; ibid., 21 Aug. 2017, E. Larsson & J. Vauras, EL193-17, GB-0207602. – SwedeN, Lule lappmark, Jokkmokk, Padjelanta NP, Sorjo-sjaure, alpine area on calcareous ground, among Salix herbacea, 830 m a.s.l., 17 Aug. 2016, J. Vauras, TUR-A 204346, ITS-LSU sequence GenBank MW617341.
Notes — Inocybe norvegica belongs in the I. lacera group. It is a rather small species characterised by hemispherical pileus which is subsquamulose to recurvately squamulose and often with indistinct velipellis. Microscopically it shows rather dark and ellipsoid spores, often with indistinct germ-pore. Inocybe helobia (Kuyper 1986, Bandini et al. 2020) grows like I. nor-vegica with Salix and has similarly dark spores, but they are more amygdaliform and angular, and with larger average Q (1.9–2.3 vs 1.7 in I. norvegica). Further, it has pleurocystidia with often acute apex and thicker and mostly more yellow walls, and grows mainly in moist habitats. Inocybe impexa (Kuyper 1986) is another species with rather darker spores. It is stouter and has larger spores, with larger average Q (2.0–2.3). It grows on sandy seashores, but also in inland sand-pits, and even in alpine localities with Salix herbacea. Other smooth-spored taxa of the Inocybe lacera group (I. lacera, I. lacera var. hetero-sperma and I. pluppiana) have paler spores.
Colour illustrations. Inocybe norvegica habitat in the subalpine zone with Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii and Salix spp. shrubs, Folldal, Hedmark, Norway. In situ basidiomata and cross-sections of the holotype (TUR-A 198408); cheilocystidia and basidiospores of isotype (GB-0207604).
Scale bars = 20 µm (cheilocystidia), 10 µm (spores).
Ellen Larsson, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, and Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE40530 Göteborg, Sweden; e-mail: ellen.larsson@bioenv.gu.se Jukka Vauras, Biological Collections of Åbo Akademi University, Herbarium, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland; e-mail: jukvau@utu.fi Inocybe norvegica. Drawing of micro-morphological characters from the holo-type (TUR-A 198408). a. Pleurocystidia; b. cheilocystidia; c. caulocystidia;
d. basidium; e. spores. Scale bars = 10 µm.