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material efficiency through case studies and research at companies implies Industry 4.0 is a possible tool for a complex environmental/
economic evaluation of the situation (BeieR, g. et al. 2017).
Other studies intend to analyse the effects of cooperation networks between companies and institutions of the public sector – and pay special attention to how smarter technologies and new business models appear in the sustainability strategies of corporations and environment policies of different regions or countries (lin, K. et al.
2017).
II�3�5� Industrial parks, ecosystems and I4�0
The methodology of evaluating the environmental
‘effectiveness’ of I4.0 is very complex and depends on what researchers would like to focus on (networking, energy issues, business models, value chain, waste management etc.), but one thing is certain: despite all the methodological and conceptual barriers, case study analyses are crucial. The connections between the concept of circular economy and the practice of sustainable industrial production can be examined through the operation of industrial parks in different parts
of the world. There are already existing best practices of Industry 4.0 in these industrial parks which might contribute to a much better understanding of the issue and shed light on further important correlations between CE and I4.0.
Since the 1990s, the number of the so-called eco-industrial parks37 has been increasing worldwide.
“An EIP is an industrial park where businesses cooperate with each other and, at times, with the local community to reduce waste and pollution, efficiently share resources (such as information, materials, water, energy, infrastructure and natural resources), and minimise environmental impact while simultaneously increasing business success” (pan, m. et al.
2015). These entities are based on new, innovative solutions, and contribute to the renewal of traditional industrial sectors. The eco-parks are appropriate tools for creating high added value in environmental, economic and social terms, as well as for paying special attention to the protection of natural resources and ecosystems.
That is why it can be stated that eco-industrial parks include the key elements and aims of the model of circular economy. When examining eco-industrial parks, the concept of industrial symbiosis
37 also referred to as EIP
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(IS) must necessarily be taken into consideration. The essence of IS is a sustainable, resource- and cost-efficient industrial production through creating synergies between economic, governmental and civil actors, in order to support sustainability. Applying Industry 4.0 to EIPs might be the best way to create the highest value added in terms of environment protection, economic and social benefits.
One of the most important conditions of creating and maintaining a well-functioning symbiosis is the access to information and providing enough data to the members of the network.
High quality ICT infrastructure is an essential element of any industrial ecosystem. The innovations of Industry 4.0 can help overcome the potential barriers of communication between the actors of the cooperation network within an EIP; they may also optimise the symbiotic relations and resource flows and as a consequence, decrease the costs of sharing information and any goods.
As has been discussed above, the number of eco-industrial parks is growing worldwide, and nowadays the question arises in many cases:
How can the model of Industry 4.0 be ‘translated’, that is to say, applied to a symbiotic unit? There are some very interesting case studies which
examine the possibilities for how physical entities like industrial companies can become part of a virtual space which supports maximising all benefits from their collaboration. One of the most dynamically developing EIPs of the world is located in Singapore, called Jurong Island. The artificial island has an extremely modern infrastructure and more than 100 multinational companies located there, e.g. Shell, ExxonMobil or British Petrol. The aim of mathematicians and IT experts is to use data and cyberspace to optimise the symbiotic connections and circularity in this given example (pan, m. et al. 2015).
Why is it necessary to facilitate the spread and development of Industry 4.0 worldwide? The answer is strongly connected to one of the biggest challenges of our times: the rapidly growing population and consumption which lead to an extremely high level of environmental risks and unsustainable use of resources. In the new terminology of Industry 4.0, experts, policy makers and practitioners often substitute the expression ‘supply chain’ with
‘supply network’. The supply network requires a very tight partnership between manufacturers, customers and a lot of other actors in order to establish an ecosystem
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of production and logistics (WoRld
economic FoRum 2019). From a circular economic point of view, the key issue is the optimisation of waste management and utilisation of resource surpluses – the latter includes, in addition to waste, other resources as well, such as by-products or even surpluses of human resources that can be shared within an industrial symbiosis.
II�3�6� Conclusion
The implementation of CE and Industry 4.0 are determining factors in the rise of developing economies as well as for the future of the richest countries. It seems to be even more obvious that making the secondary sector circular and adopting symbiotic models will play a decisive role in determining which regions or countries will be able to rise and catch up the most
developed ones in years to come.
However, smart manufacturing has numerous barriers which must be taken into consideration. Some barriers can be interpreted as high risks or challenges, primarily arising from cyber security and data protection issues. The potential risks of making even more and more data online available are, of course, real and might concern all of those actors who would play a central role in spreading I4.0. The crucial point is to have favourable regulation, financial resources, technology and institutionalised cooperation which can support the spread of smart industrial production and circular economy – under secure conditions.
This will definitely influence the global competition between the three ‘great players’ (the EU, China and the USA), and the sustainability and competitiveness of many developing economies as well.
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III. Security and Defence
Policy Issues
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