1. Introduction
The book “Affinitas linguae Hungaricae cum linguis fennicae originis grammatice demonstrata”, that appeared 1799 in Göttingen, written by the Hungarian physician Sámuel Gyarmathi, is nowadays officially regarded as the foundation of Finno-Ugristics. But a closer look at the 800 etymologies of Gyarmathi shows that only 34 or 4% are still considered to be correct (Hanzeli 1983, p. xxvi).
Therefore, it is astonishing, that for his contemporaries Gyarmathi’s work “would provide a convincing proof of the existence of the Finno-Ugric family of languages and of the membership of his native language, Hungarian, in that family, so convincing that his work was accepted with broad approval by European scholars and that the filiation of Hungarian has never since been seriously questioned”
(Hanzeli 1983, p. xvi). Besides the fact, that there very many attemps to question the Finno-Ugric hypothesis (cf. e.g. Érdy 1974), such an “approval” may be pardonable for pre-scientist at the beginning of the 19th century, but it is not understandable at all, why the mistaken concept of a Finno-Ugric familiy is still widely accepted today. Gyarmathi’s predecessor, whom he followed in the etymological part of his work, the Jesuit János Sajnovics, compared already in 1770 150 pairs of Hungarian and Lapponic words. Sebeok, in his foreword to the reprint of Sajnovics’s work, says that the author was
“providing far-reaching and firm evidence for this hypothesis” (1968, p. 3) – in reality, there is none at all, since almost all of Sajnovics etymologies are today considered to be mistaken.
Nevertheless, both Sajnovics and Gyarmathi successfully banned the “Orientlistic” theory about the origin of Hungarian as inaugurated by Ferenc Otrokócsi Foris (1693) to the background. The reasons are clear for everybody who is acquainted with European history: After the end of the Turkish rule over Hungary (1526-1606), the Habsburgs influenced Hungary stronger and stronger, and from 1867 to 1918, Hungary was even as a kingdom a part of the Habsburgian empire. From this political fact, it follows, that it was not by chance, that the Indo-European comparative historical grammar was applied to Hungarian and his alleged relatives – since German, the official language of Austria, was already proven to be a member of the IE family. And neither is it by chance, that Hungarian was first compared with Lapponic, i.e. with the most distant of all alleged relatives of Hungarian, since in the 19th century, the Lapps still lived like people in the Stone Age. In other words: It was “proven” by Sajnovics, Gyarmathi and their successors, that the siblings of the Hungarians have no share with such ancient cultures like the Sumerians, the Akkadians and other Oriental people, to whom their origin was traced back since the 17th century.
The following map shows the geographical distirbution of the Finno-Ugric languages incl. Hungarian:
In the following, I compare the 1042 word articles from Gostony (1975), a work, that was published under the auspices of the French National Science Foundation under the directionship of the world-famous Orientalist and professor at Sorbonne University, Raymond Jestin, with the 10’714 word articles in the “Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Ungarischen” (EWU). I abolished all FU words of the 1042 etyma of Gostony (1975) that do not have at least one other testimony in one other FU language according to the EWU. There are many reasons, why the EWU has no other testimonies than the Hungarian word under discussion: 1. The etymology of an etymon is unknown. 2. The EWU claims for
“onomatopoetical” origin (and thus it doesn’t supply us with an etymology). 3. The EWU claims that a certain word is “an inner-Hungarian development” (and hence without correspondences in other FU languages). 4. The stem of a word is considered to be “fictitious” (as a matter of fact, Hungarian is the only language all over the world that has such alleged “fictitious” stems). 5. The first or the second part of composed words has no correspondence in other FU languages. Moreover, in many cases, the EWU declares an etymology as “doubtful” or “uncertain”, but sometimes anyway gives alleged correspondences in other FU languages.
There are two other problems concerning the FU “family”: 1. In many cases (that I did not count), Hungarian words are compared with words of distant languages, most of all Permic ones. 2. Estonian seems hardly to be considered anymore a member of the FU “language family” – from our 1042 etyma only 6 words have a correspondence with an Estonian word – the same is true with most of the 10’714 word articles of the EWU. 3. Very often there is only 1 correspondence in 1 other FU language, and mostly this etymology is accompanied by phrases like “probable, uncertain, problematic”, etc. 4. As
Angela Marcantonio (2004) established: “The key Ugric node, on which the family was historically based, has never been reconstructed, and it is widely recognized that Hungarian is radically different in morphology, lexicon and phonology from its supposed siblings in the Ugric node”. It is also well known, that many nodes in the FU family tree have more sound-laws than examples to illustrate this sound-laws.
2. Hungarian-Sumerian-FU etymologies
1 a, az “that”
ŠL 480; Gost. 835; EWU, p. 62 Sum. aš
Syry. asi “ecce!”
Voty. oti “to there”
Cher. umpal “the other side”
Mordw. ombo, omba, oma “other, second”
2 adni “to give”
ŠL 183; MSL III 202, 291; Gost. 305; EWU, pp. 5s.
Sum. ag, ang
Syry. ud- “to water”
Voty. ud- “id.”
Cher. ando- “to nourish”
Finn. anta- “to give, to donate”
Lapp. vuow’de “to sell”
3 ág “branch”
ŠL 334; Gost. 124; EWU, pp. 8s.
Sum. á
Vog. taw “branch”
Osty. jaγi “hole in a branch”
4 agy “brain”
ŠL 412/2, 3; MSL III 120, 374; Gost. 211; EWU, p. 12 Sum. ugu
Syry. uź “front space”
Voty. až “id.”
Cher. anzel “front-“
Finn. otsa “forehead”
5 ágy “bed”
ŠL 97/8, 12; Gost. 796; EWU, p. 12 Sum. aka
Vog. al’ā·t “bed”
Syry. vol’ “skin of a rendeer”, vol’-paś “bed”
Voty. val’ “to stretch out (a blanket), val’es “bed”
6 alkotni “to form, to build”
ŠL 358/3, 4; Gost. 604; EWU, p. 26 Sum. alam, alan
Osty. alt- “to add”
7 állni “to stand”
ŠL 80; MSL III 176; Gost. 332, 874; EWU, p. 27 Sum. gal, al
Syry. sulal “to stand”
Voty. sil- “id.”
Cher. šalγ- “id.”
8 álom “sleep; dream”
ŠL 358/3, 4; Gost. 472, 604; EWU, p. 30 Sum. a-a-lum, alam, alan
Vog. ōle·m “sleep; dream”
Osty. otem “id.”
Syry. on “sleep”
Voty. um “id.”
Cher. omo “sleep; dream”
Mordw. udomo “sleep”
9 alom “strew”
Gost. 729; EWU, p. 30 Sum. u8-alum
Osty. ilem, item “insole from hay”
10 aludni, alszik, aluv- “to sleep”
ŠL 358/3, 4; Gost. 604; EWU, p. 31 Sum. alam, alan
Vog. alalaχ “to sleep”
Osty. ala- “id.”
Mordw. udo- “id.”
Lapp. oadde- “id.”
11 anya “mother”
Gost. 436; EWU, p. 39 Sum. ama
Vog. āńī “wife of the brother of the father”
Osty. ańeki “wife of the older brother; stepmother”
Syry. ań “woman”
Mordw. nizańa “mother-in-law”
Lapp. viońńe “wife of the older brother”
12 apa “father”
Gost. 434; EWU, p. 40 Sum. ab, ab-ba
Vog. up, op “father-in-law; brother-in-law”
Osty. up, op “father-in-law; son or brother of the father-in-law”
Cher. owe “father-in-law”
Finn. appi “id.”
Lapp. vuop’pâ “id.”
13 ár “flood”
ŠL 579; Gost. 37, 141; EWU, p. 43 Sum. a, a-ma-ru
Vog. tūr “lake”
Osty. lar “high tide lake”
14 ár “price”
ŠL 401; 152b, c; Gost. 606; EWU, p. 51 Sum. har(-ra)
Syry. artal- “to calculate, to guess”
Mordw. aŕće “to think”
Finn. arvo “value; guess”
15 arany “gold”
ŠL 451; 381; Gost. 284, 285; EWU, p. 44 Sum. ar, ará
Vog. tareń “copper”
Osty. lorńe “id.”
16 aratni “to harvest”
ŠL 594/2; 56, 5; MSL III 269, 270; Gost. 397, 802, 803; EWU, p. 45 Sum. ur4, uru
Osty. lort- “to mow”
Syry. šir- “to trim, to cut”
Voty. šir- “id.”
17 atya “father”
Gost. 435; EWU, p. 59 Sum. ad, ad-da
Mordw. at’a “grandfather; very old man”
Finn. ati “father-in-law”
18 bal “left”, balog “left-handed””
ŠL 9; 352a; MSL III 79/1; Gost. ad 288, 588; EWU, p. 73 Sum. bal, ba
Voty. pal’l’an “left”
19 bog “knot”
ŠL 3; Gost. 616; EWU, pp. 115s.
Sum. mug
Vog. pōχlip “button”
Osty. poŋχel “bulb (on a tree)”
Syry. bugil’ “eye”
Mordw. pokol’ “lump”
Finn. punka “big person”
Lapp. bug’ge “hump”
20 bőr “skin”, bőrönd “suitcase”
ŠL 74/58, 105; Gost. 205a, 206; EWU, pp. 135s.
Sum. bar, bár
Osty. per “redish skin of the birchtree bark”
21 csapni “to catch”
ŠL 68/13; Gost. 273; EWU, pp. 189s.
Sum. šub
Syry. ćapki- “to throw”
Voty. čapki- “to hit, to clap”
Mordw. ćapa- “to hit”
Lapp. čuop’pâ “to cut off, to mince”
22 csecs “tits; udder”
ŠL 331; Gost. 458; EWU, p. 196 Sum. šeš
Vog. ćüćü· “milk (child language)”
Cher. ce·ze “teat, breast”
Lapp. čiž’že “id.”
23 csepp “drop”, csepegni “to drop”
Gost. 659; EWU, p. 202 Sum. še x
Voty. ćop “drop”
Cher. čeve- “to drop”
Lapp. cahpa- “to trickle”
24 csikarni “to pinch”
ŠL 112/148; Gost. 577; EWU, p. 212
Sum. si-gar
Osty. t’iker- “to creak”
Voty. žukirt “to grunt (pigs)”
Mordw. čikur “creaking”
25 csillag “star”, csillogni “to shine”
ŠL 381, 393; 231; 126/58; Gost. 91, 359, 360, 370; EWU, p. 214 Sum. zalag, zal, zil(-la)
Vog. śülγ- “to sparkle”
Osty. śulpi- “to shine (in the darkness)”
Syry. źuljal- “to gleam”
Voty. čil’al- “to shine”
Cher. celγeža “to shimmer (snow)”
Mordw. ćil’d’or mol’e- “to shine, to gleam”
26 csípni “to pinch”
ŠL 68; Gost. 274; EWU, p. 217 Sum. šib
Syry. ćepel’ “pinch”, ćepel’t “to pinch”
Voty. ćepil’i “pinching”, čepil’t- “to pinch”
Cher. cewešte “to pinch” (?)
27 csíra “germ”
ŠL 71/2; Gost. 242; EWU, p. 219 Sum. šir
Vog. śerk “germ”
28 csomó “knot”
ŠL 126; 555/8; 319; Gost. 356, 609; EWU, p. 225 Sum. šum, zum
Mordw. śulmo “knot, bundle”
Finn. solmu, solmi “knot”
Lapp. čuol’bmâ “knot”
29 csordulni “to flow over”
ŠL 491; Gost. 368; EWU, p. 227 Sum. zar
Vog. ćork- “to run, to drip”
Osty. śari-“to flow, to stream”
Finn. soro “falling drop”
30 csúcs “peak”
ŠL 354; Gost. 186, 516; EWU, p. 232 Sum. šuš, šu-si
Mordw. ćoćańa “peak; pointed, sharp”
31 csupor “little pot”
ŠL 309; Gost. 537; EWU, pp. 235s.
Sum. zurzub
Syry. ćibl’eg “little pot (from birch bark)”
32 csurogni “to run, to flow”, csurranni “to flow slowly”
ŠL 101, 7; 491; Gost. 308, 368; EWU, p. 227 Sum. šur, zar
Vog. ćork- “to run, to drip”
Osty. śari-“to flow, to stream”
Finn. soro “falling drop”
33 dagadni “to swell”, daganat “tumor”
Gost. 173; EWU, pp. 240s.
Sum. dugud
Syry. dundi “to swell”
34 dob “drum”
ŠL 138; Gost. 190; EWU, p. 269 Sum. dub
Cher. tümber “drum”
35 dobni “to throw”
ŠL 138; Gost. 340; EWU, p. 269 Sum. dub
Vog. tåmp- “to throw oneself to the ground”
36 domb “hill”, domború “vaulted”
ŠL 459; 400/2, 3; Gost. 61a, 228, 262; EWU, p. 272 Sum. du6, dubur, du6, dul
Vog. tōmp “hill; island”
37 e, ez “this”
Gost. 846; EWU, p. 345 Sum. e
Vog. iń “now”
Osty. in, it “id.”
Syry. etaje “this”
Voty. iče “such a”
Mordw. et’e “this”, eśe “that”
Finn. että “that”
38 ég “heaven, sky”
ŠL 324; 381; 257; 251i; Gost. 8, 330; EWU, p. 295 Sum. é, e8
Syry. sined “perspiration during hot weather, warm vapor”
Finn. sää “weather”
39 egér “mouse”
MSL IV 59/99; Gost. 197; EWU, pp. 295s.
Sum. egir
Vog. täŋke·r “mouse”
Osty. löŋker “id.”
Syry. šir “id.”
Voty. šir “id.”
Mordw. čeveŕ Finn. hiiri
40 égni “to burn”
MSL III 202, 291; 381; 257; 251i; Gost. 305, 330; EWU, p. 295 Sum. ag, ang, e8
Osty. jäŋglel- “to roast over fire”
Syry. iń “flame”, ińal- “to burn”
41 egy, old ig “one”, egyenes “straight”, egyed “individual”, egyetem “university”
ŠL 85; Gost. 181, 823; EWU, p. 298 Sum. gi-na, dil
Osty. it “one; this, that”
Finn. ensi “first”
42 éj “night”
ŠL 427; Gost. 49; EWU, p. 304 Sum. gig, ge6
Vog. jī “night”
Osty. ej “id.”
Syry. voj “id.”
Voty. uj “id.”
Mordw. ve “id.”
Finn. yö “id.”
Eston. iggjâ “id.”
43 ék “wedge”, ékjel, ékszer “jewels”
ŠL 183; MSL III 202, 291; ŠL 80; 347; Gost. 305, 561, 562, 600; EWU, p. 305 Sum. ag, ang, ig, ek, igi-gal, aga
Vog. tüŋke·l “stopper”
Osty. jöŋk “wooden nail, wedge”
44 elleni “to give birth (animals)”
ŠL 381; Gost. 328; EWU, p. 314 Sum. ud-du
Syry. sod- “to reproduce”
Finn. synty- “to be born”
45 élni “to live”
ŠL 320; 80; MSL III 176; ŠL 320; Gost. 151, 332, 405, 874; EWU, p. 307 Sum. il, gal, al
Vog. ilt- “to recover”
Osty. jilpet- “to revive”
Syry. ol- “to live, to be”
Voty. ul- “id.”
Cher. ele- “to live, to dwell”
Finn. elä- “id.”
Lapp. älle- “to live, to be”
46 eme “female”
Gost. 208; EWU, p. 319 Sum. en-bar
Finn. emä “female (animal)”
Lapp. ärmest- “from birth on”
47 emelni “to lift”
ŠL 433; Gost. 164, 401; EWU, p. 319 Sum. nim
Vog. älm- “to lift, to carry”
Osty. äl- “to carry”, älem- “to lift”
48 emlő “breast, teat”
ŠL 134; Gost. 437; EWU, p. 321 Sum. um(-u)
Osty. em- “to suck”
Finn. ime- “to suck”
49 emse “sow”
ŠL 208; Gost. 752; EWU, p. 319 Sum. anše
Finn. emä “female (animal)”
Lapp. ämest “from birth on”
50 én “I”
ŠL 233; Gost. 811; EWU, pp. 321s.
Sum. ĝa-e
Osty. mä “I”
Syry. me “id.”
Cher. meń “id.”
Mordw. mon “id.”
Finn. minä, mä “id.”
Lapp. mōn, mon “id.”
51 ének “song”, énekelni “to sing”
ŠL 546/2; Gost. 16; EWU, p. 322 Sum. en-ag
Finn. ääni
Lapp. jiednâ “voice, sound”
52 enyv “glue”
ŠL 399/7, 15; Gost. 56; EWU, p. 324 Sum. im, em
Vog. il’e·m “glue”
Osty. ejem “id.”
53 epe “gall”
ŠL 207, 535/9; Gost. 238; EWU, pp. 324s.
Sum. ib
Vog. täp “gall”
Syry. sep “id.”
Voty. sep “id.”
Mordw. sepe “id.”
Finn. sappi “id.”
Lapp. sap’pe “id.”
54 esni “to fall”, esemény “event”, eső “rain”
ŠL 461; 308; Gost. 5, 188, 429; EWU, p. 334 Sum. ešemen, e
Vog. is- “to settle”
Osty. esel- “to let go”
Syry. uś- “to fall”
Voty. uś- “to fall off”
55 fa “tree; wood”
ŠL 295, 1; 295/4, a-p; 565; Gost. 792; EWU, p. 347 Sum. pa
Vog. säl’t’pā “lindentree” (säl’t’ “linden”) Syry. pu “tree; wood”
Voty. pu “id.”
Cher. pu “id.”
Finn. puu “id.”
56 falu “village”
ŠL 38/2; Gost. 682; EWU, p. 354 Sum. alum (Akk.)
Vog. pawel “village”
Osty. puγel “id.”
Finn. palva- “id. (in place names)”
57 far “ass”
ŠL 74/58, 86, 105; Gost. 205a; EWU, p. 356 Sum. bar
Osty. “behind s.th.”
58 faragni “to carve”, faragó “carver”
ŠL 349/65; Gost. 575; EWU, p. 357 Sum. bur-gul
Vog. pār- “scharren, aushöhlen (boat)”
59 fehér, fejér “white”
ŠL 181; 468; Gost. 155, 572; EWU, p. 366 Sum. babbar, ku-babbar
Lapp. bäggjo- “to shine white”
60 fejsze “axe”
Gost. 637; EWU, p. 368 Sum. pašu
Vog. päćt “axe”
61 fekete “black”
ŠL 482; Gost. 394; EWU, p. 370 Sum. uku
Osty. peγte “black”
62 feküdni, feksz-, fekv- “to lie down”
ŠL 482; Gost. 394; EWU, pp. 370s.
Sum. uku
Syry. puk- “to sit”
Voty. puk- “to sit”
63 feleség “wife”
ŠL 2/4, 12, 13; Gost. 384; EWU, p. 372 Sum. hal
Vog. päl “half, side”
Osty. pelek “half”
Syry. pel “half of a pair”
Voty. pal “id.”
Cher. pel, wel “side”, pe·le “half”
Mordw. pel’ “side”
Finn. suupieli “corner of one’s mouth” (?), pielos, pielus “edge, rim”
Lapp. bälle “side, half”
64 félni “to be afraid”, félelem “fear”
ŠL 78; Gost. 892; EWU, p. 372 Sum. hu-luh-ha
Vog. pil’- “to be afraid”
Osty. pel- “id.”
Syry. pol- “id.”
Voty. puwi- “id.”
Cher. pel’e- “id.”
Finn. pelkää- “id.”
Lapp. bâllâ- “id.”
65 féreg “worm; wolf”
ŠL 444/19; MSL 114/205; Gost. 736; EWU, p. 381 Sum. pirig
Vog. pērk “worm in the intestines”
Syry. perk “crab louse”
66 férni “to fit (in a space)”
ŠL 132; Gost. 379; EWU, p. 380 Sum. par
Syry. pir- “to enter”
Voty. pir- “to enter, to stop off, to come up”
Cher. pêre- “to enter”
67 fiú “son; boy”
ŠL 144/37; MSL V 305; Gost. 456; EWU, pp. 396s.
Sum. ibila
Vog. püw “boy; son”
Osty. paγ “id.”
Syry. pi “id.”
Voty. pi “child, young animal”
Cher. püerγe “man, boy” (?) Mordw. bujo, pijo “grandchild”
Finn. poika “boy, son”
68 fogni “to seize”, fogadni “to receive”, foganni “to be expecting a baby”
ŠL 450; 78/3; 412; Gost. 364, 365, 381; EWU, pp. 400s.
Sum. pad, pag, ugu, ugun Vog. pow- “to seize”
69 fogyni “to diminish”
ŠL 69; 152/8; Gost. 363, 403; EWU, p. 404
Sum. bad bis, ug9
Cher. peča-, puče- “to diminishm to sink (water level)”
70 folyni “to flow”, folyó “river”
ŠL 2; 60; Gost. 68, 385, 555; EWU, pp. 406s.
Sum. hal, hal bis, pa6
Vog. pol’ćīt- “to riplle, to murmur”
Osty. pali- “to well, to gush”
71 forogni “to turn around”, forgó “maelstrom”
ŠL 74/58, 105; Gost. 205a; EWU, p. 410 Sum. bar
Vog. powrit- “to toss about”
72 fő, fej “head”
ŠL 69; 295; 565; Gost. 514, 792; EWU, p. 367 Sum. be, pa
Vog. päŋ “head”
Syry. pon “end, begin, point”
Voty. puŋ “end, border, point”
Mordw. pe “end”
Finn. pää “head”
73 főni, főlni “to cook (v/i)”, főzni “to cook (v/t)”
ŠL 172; Gost. 350; EWU, p. 415 Sum. bil
Vog. pöj- “to cook, to boil (v/i), pājt- “to cook (v/t) Syry. pu-, puv- “to cook, to boil (v/t)”
Mordw. pije- “to cook until done”, pid’e- “to cook (v/t)”
74 fújni “to blow”; fúvatni “to blow, to blow out”
ŠL 371; LM 515; Gost. 339; EWU, p. 426 Sum. bu, bu5
Vog. pow- “to blow”
Osty. poγ- “id.”
Cher. pue- “id.”
Mordw. puva- “to blow away”
75 fúrni “to drill”
ŠL 511/11; 411/39, 40, 98; Gost. 665, 703, 710; EWU, p. 428 Sum. bur, pu, bur(u)
Vog. pore· “awl”
Osty. por “drill”
Syry. pir-ńol “id.”
Voty. pir “through”
Finn. pura “mortise chisel; drill Lapp. pårrē “drill”
76 fű (fűvet) “grass”
ŠL 318; MSL III 69/13; Gost. 698; EWU, pp. 432s.
Sum. u
Vog. pom “grass, hay”
Osty. pam “id.”
77 fül “ear”
Gost. 226; EWU, pp. 433s.
Sum. pi
Vog. pil’ “ear”
Osty. pel “id.”
Syry. pel’ “id.”
Voty. pel’ “id.”
Cher. peleš “id.”
Mordw. pil’e “id.”
Lapp. bäl’je “id.”
78 fűlni “to be heated”, fűteni “to heat”
ŠL 172; Gost. 350; EWU, pp. 436s.
Sum. bil
Vog. pält- “to ignite”
79 fűzni “to fix”, füzet “exercise book”
ŠL 318/28; Gost. 502; EWU, p. 437 Sum. u-zug
Cher. piδä- “to bind, to knit”
80 gyakni, old “to sting with the corns”
ŠL 230; Gost. 582; EWU, p. 489 Sum. gag
Vog. jēk- “to stab through”
Osty. joγi- “to hit, to knock”
81 gyakori “often”, gyakorolni “to exercise”
ŠL 169; Gost. 408; EWU, p. 489 Sum. dah
Syry. juk “pile, big amount”
Voty. juk, l’uk “pile, flock, heard”
Finn. joukko “pile, crowd, meeting”
82 gyalog “on foot”, gyalogolni “to walk”
ŠL 332; LM 66; Gost. 315, 316, 423 Sum. alaku (Akk.), gug4; EWU, p. 490 Cher. jal “foot”
Mordw. jalgo, jalga “on foot”
Finn. jalka “foot, leg”
Lapp. juol’ge “foot”
83 gyökér “root”
201/2; Gost. 589; EWU, p. 498 Sum. suh6
Vog. jükär “the roots of a fallen tree”
84 hab “foam”
ŠL 579; Gost. 38; EWU, p. 504 Sum. a-ab-(ba)
Vog. kop “wave”
Osty. komp “id.”
Syry. gib- “to strike, to hit”
Voty. gibed “acre-earth, peat”
Mordw. komba “little hill on the meadow”
Finn. kumpu “hill”
Lapp. kåbbå “id.”
85 hágó “path in the high mountains”
ŠL 230; Gost. 582; EWU, p. 508 Sum. gag
Vog. χānχ- “to climb (up) Osty. χonχ- “id.”
Syry. kaj- “id.” (?)
86 hagyni “to let”
Gost. 404; EWU, p. 509 Sum. u-gu
Vog. kōl’- “to leave”
Osty. kaj- “to leave behind”
Syry. kol’- “id.”
Voty. kil’- “to let away, to leave behind”
Cher. koδe- “to leave’
Mordw. kado- “id.”
Finn. katoa- “to disappear, to get lost”
Lapp. guodde- “to omit, to leave behind”
87 haj “hair”
ŠL 167; MSL 150/342; Gost. 220; EWU, p. 511 Sum. ka + u
Vog. χåj “curl”
88 hal “fish”
ŠL 589; Gost. 730, 731; EWU, p. 516 Sum. ku6, ha
Vog. kōl “fish”
Osty. kul “id.”
Cher. kol “id.”
Mordw. kal “id.”
Finn. kala “id.”
Lapp. guolle “id.”
89 haladni “to proceed”
ŠL 550; Gost. 99, 385; EWU, p. 517 Sum. húl, hal bis
Osty. koγel- “to step”
Syry. kilal- “to float downstream”
Mordw. kol’ge “to drp, to run, to seep”
Finn. kulke- “to go, to wander, to move”
Lapp. gol’gâ- “to run, to flow”
90 halál “death”
ŠL 317-2, 6; 316; 456; Gost. 31, 98; EWU, p. 516 Sum. lú-alal, hul
Vog. kāl- “to die”
Osty. kala- “id.”
Syry. kul- “id.”
Voty. kul- “id.”
Cher. kole- “id.”
Mordw. kulo- “id.”
Finn. kuole- “id.”
91 hallani “to hear”, hallgatni “to listen; to be quiet”
MSL III 128/367; Gost. 101; EWU, p. 518 Sum. hal
Vog. kāl- “to hear”
Osty. kol- “id.”
Syry. kil- “id.”
Voty. kil- “id.”
Cher. kola- “id.”
Mordw. kul’e- “id.”
Finn. kuule- “id.”
Lapp. gullâ- “id.”
92 hálni “to sleep”
ŠL 2/4, 12, 13; Gost. 384; EWU, p. 516 Sum. hal
Vog. kōl- “to sleep”
Osty. kal- “id.”
Syry. voj-kolav (voj “Nacht”) “id.” (?) Voty. kel- “id.”
93 halni “to die”
ŠL 456; Gost. 98; EWU, p. 516 Sum. hul
Vog. kāl- “to die”
Osty. kala- “id.”
Syry. kul- “id.”
Voty. kul- “id.”
Cher. kole- “id.”
Mordw. kulo- “id.”
Finn. kuole- “id.”
94 hamu “ashes”
ŠL 212; Gost. 198, 199; EWU, p. 521 Sum. ukum, kum-ma
Vog. kōl’em “ashes”
Osty. χojem “id.”
Mordw. kulov, kuloŋ, kulu (?) “id.”
95 hangya “ant”
Gost. 750; EWU, p. 524 Sum. gan-ga
Vog. künš-kaškēj (kaškēj “ant”) “ant”
Syry. koźul “id.”
Voty. kužil’i “id.”
Finn. kusiainen, kusilainen “id.”
96 harag “anger”
ŠL 22; Gost. 194; EWU, p. 527 Sum. urgu
Vog. χor- “to fight”
Osty. karam- “to get angry”
Mordw. kor “annoyance, grief, anger”
97 háramolni “to fall to s.o.”, hárulni “to fall to s.o.”, hárítani “to divert, to deflect”
ŠL 401; 152 b, c; MSL V 9-1; Gost. 606; EWU, p. 530 Sum. har(-ra)
Osty. χor “stretch of a river, curve of a river”
Syry. kirišen “suspicious”
Voty. kiriž “crooked, slanting”
98 hars “linde”, harsfa “lindentree”
ŠL 146/1, 3; Gost. 790; EWU, p. 533 Sum. giš-hašhur
Osty. kińt’ “part of the bark (birch)”
Syry. kać “bark (of a tree)”
Finn. kosku, koskus “thick bark”
99 hasítani “to split”
ŠL 12; Gost. 270; EWU, p. 534 Sum. haš
Vog. künkaśmāt-, künkaśl- “to burst, to split”
100 haszon “use, advantage”, hasznos “useful”
Gost. 144; EWU, pp. 535s.
Sum. á-áš
Cher. kuška- “to grow”
Mordw. kaso- “id.”
Finn. kasva- “id.”
101 hat “6”
ŠL 190; 598b; Gost. 248, 841; EWU, pp. 536s.
Sum. haš, aš, a-aš
Vog. kat “6”
Osty. kut “id.”
Syry. kvat’ “id.”
Voty. kwat’ “id.”
Cher. kut “id.”
Mordw. koto “id.”
Finn. kuusi (kuute-) “id.”
Lapp. gut’tâ “id.”
102 hát “back”
ŠL 190; Gost. 248; EWU, p. 537 Sum. haš
Vog. χūtäi’ “behind”
Osty. juw kutelne (juw “tree”) “under cover of the tree”
103 hatni “to have effect”
Gost. 272; EWU, p. 536 Sum. kud
Osty. χat- “to move, to proceed”
Syry. kut- “to hold, to hold back, to catch” (?) Voty. kut- “to catch, to hold” (?)
104 ház “house”, háznép “one’s family”
ŠL 339; 233; Gost. 446, 452; EWU, p. 539 Sum. ni(ri-a), ga
Osty. kat “house”
Syry. ker-ka (ker “beam”) “house, living room”
Voty. kor-ka (kor “beam”) “house”
Cher. kuδe “Cheremis summer hut”
Mordw. kudo, kud “house, living room”
Finn. kota “tent”
Lapp. goatte “id.”