Approximately 15 million gypsies live scattered in Europe, but today they can be found in every part of the world. The gypsies (Romani) are not a homogeneous folk group but the complex of different groups as for ethnography, sociology and linguistics.
Religion:
The gypsies are basically religious. In most cases they be-long to the religion which is the dominant one in the given country [23].
Social roles, customs regarding their lifestyle:
Each gypsy considers the other persons in his own ethnic group to be his brother. The basic unit of the gypsy/Romany
260 Textbook of Nursing Science Chapter 10 Transcultural Health Care 261 society is the whole big family, so when a gypsy gets ill, he
is accompanied to the hospital by this whole big family, not only by his close family members. The man’s opinion is of pri-mary importance in the family [24]. To mention the functions of the body is considered impolite, furthermore the functions of the body must be hidden, not to be seen by the other gen-der. The upper and lower parts of the body are differentiated as clean and unclean parts. Thus when drying the body, dif-ferent towels are used, pieces of clothes are separated when they wash and dry them. [21, 23]
Healthcare practice:
Gypsies rarely take advantage of heath care services, as they prefer the use of self-healing techniques (e.g. or a simple locust tree leaf can help rheumatism, cold or furuncle). Pre-ventive treatments and techniques are generally not or only sometimes used, and they go rarely to screening examina-tions. However, they respect health care workers, they are of-ten noisy and impatient.
When delivering care, the heterogeneity within the Ro-mani community must be taken into consideration. As for the clients, there might be differences regarding age-, gen-der- and health condition, physical and spiritual, religious or emotional conditions at the same time. There might be also significant differences regarding their social circumstances–
which determine nutrition, clothes, living circumstances/
housing etc., consequently and indirectly the health condi-tion, as well. Their civilization bears lots of differences (includ-ing the level of education, qualification, communication, their culture concerning health and eating habits etc.). When de-livering health care for gypsies, the patients are visited by the whole big family, – 10-15 people or even more in many cases – which is typical and thus marks the strong support of the patient. Therefore the strength and the traditions of the group often adjust the rules of the health care system with difficulty and can mean the source of conflicts.
Case history: The sources of case histories: the study deal-ing with the health care of Romani revealed the experience of heath care workers and gypsies by the help of interviews, furthermore another source is the research related to gypsy women and carried out by Mária Neményi.
A gypsy man talks about prejudice: ‘Yes, they made me feel, there was a case when I went to a specialist to make him prescribe me some medication and it was my turn regarding the number.
There came two ladies. One was an acquaintance of the doctor, the doctor came out or rather the assistant came out to collect the documents and asked who and why came. And at that time she mentioned that she was the doctor’s acquaintance and she was called first not me. She looked at me and I was on my way to in because I thought I was called and I could enter. She told me to wait a little a bit and be patient and told the acquaintance to go in. I think this happened because of the colour of the skin, you can stay and let the acquaintance go in. This is one thing but there was a visit in the hospital and I stayed in a room where I was
the only one with brown skin and it was me who was always the last one during the visit. Everybody was asked how he was feel-ing, if he had some complaints. And I was asked nothing. When they came in, they read the hospital register and told me ‘It is OK, you can go home! ’They asked me nothing! They did not even ask me how I was feeling. This is due to this, as well. I do not want to pass judgement. Generally speaking, the doctors I have met so far, 50%-50%. 50% was prejudiced, 50% regarded me a man. It hap-pened at several doctors that they did not bother with me owing to the colour of my skin and inferior appearance.’
Mária Neményi made some interviews with the gypsy mothers and health care workers about the problems of care they experienced.
The reactions of health care workers to their fertility cus-toms and their child –rearing were considered as an expres-sion of prejudice by several people ‘it is so rude when you deliver a baby but even when you go to give birth to a child.
“…They can’t stand when somebody from here goes. I mean if somebody is a gypsy. They speak so aggressively. They are racist. If somebody has two children, they ask why you need a third one. Are you expecting the social benefit or the child benefit? According to another report ‘here they do not talk to the mothers as they should have talked. In Pest, for example, this kind of speech is not allowed like here. They talk to us quite rudely. I am a gypsy if we go in and have already delivered several children, then we are asked why we want another baby, just for the child benefit? So this is why I was frightened with having the third child, I talk to told myself, it will be the same. When I went to the doctor, they asked me immediately why I wanted this child. Why weren’t you more careful?”
b
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Knowledge of nursing can be based on traditions, experience and theories. The aim of the application of nursing theories is to show directions for practical situations during nursing prac-tice, during nursing guidance and nursing instruction by set-ting up directives, as well as in the research of nursing. Nursing models are derived from nursing theories.