Locative case suffixes
4.2 Literature review
4.4.1 Categorisation of nominals with a locative case suffix
Table 4.6 shows the 28 main – and together with the subcategories, a total of 50 – cate-gories into which the lemmas were manually sorted (based on the output of the clustering).
The main categories correspond to some semantic category; within this, subcategories usually indicate some suffix-preference within the given category. The categories are as follows:
1. body: names of different body parts; a group of them (bAn-On, for example fej
’head’) marks a body part adverbial with bAn and On, and the other members of the paradigms of those, others (any, for example derék ’waist’) may bear any of the suffixes (while being an adverbial of this type).
2. build=inst: common nouns denoting a physical building and an institution at the same time (for example bank ’bank’). The equation mark (=) in the labels marks the duality of the given words: while they are a build, they are also an inst.
3. cause: causatives, with the proper case suffix they answer to the question Why?, e.g. ok ’cause’
4. circumst: adverbials of circumstances; combined with the proper suffix they answer the question In what circumstances?, for example hátrány ’drawback’
5. curr: currencies, e.g. forint ’HUF’
6. date: adverbials of time; some of them prefers the case suffixbAn(and its paradigm), for example perc-ben ’in [that] minute’, others prefer On (hét-en ’this week’) 7. dem: demonstratives, and words with -é possessive suffix, answering the questions
In which?, To which? etc., for example előbbi ’the previous one’
8. direct: adverbials of direction; among these a complementary distribution of the internal locative case suffixes (oldalirány-ban ’laterally’) and the external, surface-oriented case suffixes (délnyugat-on ’southwest’) can be observed as well
9. event: adverbials of event; with a proper case suffix they express both time and place:
Találkoztam a barátommal az esküvő-n. ’I met my friend at the wedding.’: When
did you meet him? orWhere did you meet him?. This group can be subcategorised based on the suffix preference of the lemmas: háború-ban ’in war’ but tüntetés-en
’on a demonstration’.
10. form: adverbials of form; the answer to questionIn what form?. For example:szó-ban
’orally’, papír-on ’on paper’.
11. group: adverbials of a group of people: család ’family’. With some suffixes they are locative adverbials answering the question Where?; but with other suffixes they are not: család-on ’on a family’.
12. loc: a multi-element group; words of various semantic categories appearing as loca-tive adverbials with specific case suffixes. There is a strong suffix preference among them. The subcategories are presented in Table 4.7 in more detail.
13. loc=who: names of a predominantly geographic nature which, with certain case suffixes, are similar to the members of the category org=who by answering the questions From who?, To whom? etc. For example EU-tagállam ’member state of the EU’: Felkérés érkezett négy EU-tagállam-tól. ’Requests were received from four Member States.’, where the Who did you recieve the requests from? is the relevant question.
14. material: adverbials of material; primarily bearing the case ending bÓl, answering the question Of what material?
15. meas: measuring units; they answer to the questionsFrom how much? etc. generally together with their modifiers: öt liter-ből ’from five litres’.
16. mode: adverbials of manner
17. num and num_size: numerals; the slight difference between the groups becomes clear when adding rA or rÓl suffix to the lemmas: members of the category num, like négy-re ’to four’,3500-ra ’to 3500’ answer to the questionTo how much?, while members of the categorynum_size, likenegyedé-re, ’to a quarter’, tizenötszörösé-re
’fifteenfold’ rather answer the question How much?
18. org: organizations, different types of companies, firms. Strong suffix preference:
Where – a Gazprom-nál ’at Gazprom’, but *a Gazprom-ban ’in Gazprom’; while a cég-ben ’in the company’ and a cég-nél ’at the company’
19. org=who: organisations and offices answering the question Who? when bearing cer-tain suffixes. In these cases, the role of the verb is also significant: if Jött egy levél a bank-tól ’A letter came from the bank’, then Who did the letter come from?; however, if Most indultam a bank-tól. ’I have just started from the bank’, Where have you just started from?. A suffix preference is also a characteristic of the group.
20. part: adverbials of part; although Where? and From where? etc. are relevant ques-tions of these words, they also answer to the quesques-tions In which part?, At which part? etc. with any of the suffixes.
21. period: adverbials of time periods
22. place: names of object, places. When bearing the suffixes nÁl, hOz or tÓl their locative adverbial role prevails (in other words, they answer the questions Where?, To where?,From where?), but the suffixes of the paradigm of the internal locatives (bAnetc.) and the suffixes of the paradigm of the external, surface-oriented locatives (On) complement each other. Árok-ban ’in a ditch’, autópályá-n ’on the highway’.
23. posi: names of offices, positions; with suffix preference. The case suffixesnÁl,Onand rA do not trigger a locative adverbial role with any of the lemmas in this category.
24. pov: adverbials of a point of view – these words bearing the right suffix answer the question From what point of view?.
25. state: adverbials of state; only when bearing bAn,bA or bÓl.
26. thing: the category of words that do not have a specific adverbial role in the sentence but only answer the questions In what?, At what? etc., generally as the argument of a verb.
27. way: words referring to ways or routes. They have this role with every locative suffix except for the ones of the internal locative paradigm.
28. who: words answering the questions In whom?,At whom? etc.
Table 4.6. Main and subcategories of lemmas appearing in the corpus with locative case suffixes. The meaning of the lemmas of the given category bearing the given case suffix is represented by a wh-question the given combination may answer. The table should be read as follows: if the given lemma is the member of a given category (build=inst, for example), and it bears a bA suffix, then it has an adverbial role in the sentence answering the question Hova? ’Where to?’. An empty cell indicates that the given lemma with the given suffix exclusively appears as an argument of a verb thus answering the questions In what?, On what? etc. (a bank-on múlik; ’depends on the bank’).
Category
Example
Suffix
main sub bAn nÁl On bA hOz rA bÓl tÓl rÓl
1 body any derék
’waist’
2 body bAn-On fej ’head’ Hol?
’Where?’
Category
8 date bAn hónap
’month’
Category
11 direct bAn oldalirány
’side
12 direct On délnyugat
Category
Example Suffix
main sub bAn nÁl On bA hOz rA bÓl tÓl rÓl
13 event bAn háború Mikor?
/ Hol?
14 event nÁl-On tüntetés
15 event On olimpia
’olympics’
16 form bAn szó ’word’ Milyen
Category
19 loc any szekrény
’cabinet’
20 loc bAn szféra
’sphere’
21 loc bAn-On doku-mentum
Category
Example Suffix
main sub bAn nÁl On bA hOz rA bÓl tÓl rÓl
23 loc On címoldal
’front
24 loc city-bAN Párizs
’Paris’
25 loc city-On Somogy-szob
26 loc country Svájc
Category
30 mode bAn libasor
’Indian
31 mode On hőfok
Category
34 org bAn közhivatal
’public
35 org nÁl
leányvál-lalat
36 org=who any kormány
Category
Example Suffix
main sub bAn nÁl On bA hOz rA bÓl tÓl rÓl
37 org=who bAn párt
’party’
38 org=who nÁl adóhatóság
’tax
39 org=who On alkot-
Category
Example Suffix
main sub bAn nÁl On bA hOz rA bÓl tÓl rÓl
40 part széle’edge
of’
42 place bAn intézmény
44 posi bAn munkakör
’position’
Category
Example Suffix
main sub bAn nÁl On bA hOz rA bÓl tÓl rÓl
45 posi On hatalom
’power’
Category
Example Suffix
main sub bAn nÁl On bA hOz rA bÓl tÓl rÓl
50 who ellenfél
’oppo-nent’
Kiben?
’Who.Ine’
Kinél?
’Who.Ade’ Kin?
’Who.Sup’
Kibe?
’Who.Ill’
Kihez?
’Who.All’ Kire?
’Who.Sub’
Kiből?
’Who.Ela’
Kitől?
’Who.Abl’
Kiről?
’Who.Del’
100