Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
The Architecture of 3D Administration
István Tózsa1
1 Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary
Correspondence: István Tózsa, Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies, Corvinus University of Budapest, BCE, 9 Fővám tér, Budapest, Hungary. Tel: 36-919-5677. E-mail: istvan.tozsa@uni-corvinus.hu Received: January 20, 2014 Accepted: March 25, 2014 Online Published: April 29, 2014
doi:10.5539/par.v3n1p68 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/par.v3n1p68 Abstract
The objective of this article is to introduce the main blocks in building virtual front and back offices of public administration. Virtual administration is probably kind of an ultimate or top stage of ICT platforms of e-government. First a justification is given why 3D government fits in the recent EU directives of e-government development. The relevant scholarship contains a brief description of the visualized e-government, and then a fully illustrated, step by step survey reveals the itinerary to construct virtual government which is the main result of the study. The article concludes with a discussion on the practical benefit of such a research if there is one.
Keywords: t-government, virtual reality in public administration, virtualization 1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to the e-Government Environment of Virtual Reality
The Coordinating for Cohesion in the Public Sector of the Future (COCOPS) is a major European Union project in public administration research (Note 1). Its Working Program 8 aims to explore the futures of public administration reforms in the special highlight of the measures so far taken in the name of new public administration and the ongoing global economic crisis hitting Europe’s economy severely. There are symptoms of the changes that are emerging in the new modes of governance towards demand-driven and responsive character.
The COCOPS team say that structural changes have led to a growth of network governance-style arrangements and a virtualization of the public sector through the growth of e-government (Walle, 2013). The topic of this study aims at introducing the theory of the convergence of the digital interactive television and the virtual reality programs applied in the content development of e-government.
The issue of virtualization and e-government is important, because the budget-cutting strategies introduced in public administration in many countries seem to work against the priorities of responsive, inclusive and customer friendly government like it has been observed in Germany, France, Spain and Hungary where the international comparative research revealed a considerable deteriorated state of public administration services over the last five years (Walle 2013) as reflected in the public managers’ perceived impact of new public management measures.
The study relates to few previous works (e.g. Jenei, 2010; Tózsa, 2012, 2013) in the area as the topic concerns future development of public sector service content.
The objectives of the study include
outlining the scope of content development for digital interactive television and virtual reality applications in a customer friendly front office service and a cost effective back office operation;
the tasks that have to be observed when doing research and pilot applications in these ICT platforms;
the convergence of the communication tools in mobile, television and virtual reality Internet devices, similar to the one we have witnessed in the case of smart phones (i.e. the convergence of cell phones and the Internet).
Therefore it is rather a hypothetical study of considerations of the futures of public services, where the practical content development issues are perceived in pilot working models and not in any actual front or back office operations. Evaluation and surveying the practical applications are tomorrow’s issues.
1.2 Importance of Virtual Reality in Administration
To underline the importance of the topic two quotations can be mentioned from Friedrich August von Hayek professor. The first one goes ‘governance is the art of causing the least possible damage to society’ and it has been the major philosophical initiative of the introduction of e-government and all public administration reforms that have tried so far to improve government services. According to the other ‘the more the state plans, the more difficult planning becomes for the individual.’ In electronic-government the workflows have to be digitized what requires planning and automation. The lack of personal contact between the customer and the customer representative is often mentioned as one of the main reasons blocking the widespread application of e-government.
When virtual reality is going to be introduced in e-government, this problem, however, seems to be solved as it will be seen in this article. Also, at present, if the avatars of real bio-physical form are not taken into consideration, there is no further stage of ICT development available in theory for government administration purposes than the Internet-based convergence of interactive digital television and smart phones.
1.3 Relevant Scholarship on e-Government Modernization
Interactive Digital Television (iDTV) has emerged as one possible platform, since it brings an interactive capacity to a medium that is both familiar and easy to use. While we now have a significant evidence base of provider and user experiences, the relative immaturity of the technology and the nature of the iDTV initiatives themselves have prevented a full investigation of electronic public services via iDTV (Smith & Webster, 2006). This may also be due to the interest and market policy of the large multinational broadcasting companies who have to protect their IpTV services on the one hand and have to prevent the market distribution of the decoders with Internet modems needed for interactive DTV on the other. The selling of more advanced DTV decoders ensuring interoperability will have to be due, when there is a stronger market demand for that in the information societies all over Europe I suppose, based on the informal information received from one of those companies. Until then the international EuroITV Conferences are to strengthen the future social demand, with introducing research project reports on the application of iDTV mainly in local community building processes.
The best way to contribute to electronic and mobile government is by creating a public administration network in virtual communities. This could be a proper definition of Virtual Public Administration (VPA) as pointed out by Kapogiannis et al (2008). They came to the conclusion that where the sense of time is presented in terms of project management implementation in virtual and real terms, procedures in virtual reality could be more effective in terms of time, management of risk and service levels. Their perception may serve as the basic platform of iDTV and virtual reality convergence as it was among the first ones to summarize the benefits of virtual reality – in the public sector and in virtual communities. That is what the iDTV projects aim at, too: virtual communities, simplicity to use, interoperability, less time needed and risk in management or administration.
However, the public administration application of iDTV was a rather unique idea in the middle 2000s (Tózsa 2006) and was still in 2010, when it was first introduced on the program of EuroITV in Tampere Finland as an independent panel discussion (Jenei, 2010).
1.4 Application Design
In late 2011 the American Utherverse’s Hungarian distributor (Virtual Planet’s) offered the Faculty of Pubic Administration a co-operation in e-government development, as they were planning to build a virtual city with entertainment facilities, banks, shops and a municipality. Using the so far collected experiences in constructing administration workflow for mobile handsets and television, the Budaörs Municipality was chosen as a pilot environment for virtual 3D administration. Budaörs is a small Hungarian town west of Budapest, which is the capital city. It is situated in a gateway position of the capital and its local government office was used for testing mobile and television government experiences by the University earlier. After creating the office environment a successful press conference took place in the summer of 2012 where the operation of the pilot was introduced displaying a real time conversation between the avatars of a customer and a customer representative in front of the professional press and an audience of local government employees, professionals and academic representatives from the University. The results and the output of the pilot are published in a Video (accessible in Hungarian language at Tózsa, Illés, & Gelencsér, 2012) and in a study in English (Tózsa, 2013). In the following a somewhat more elaborated approach is published regarding the building of a system to be applied in municipal front and back office processes.
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can be joined 12-2013 a pilo n a working mo major state proj o external data d at all in the p into real time d . On the basis
or no experie e-government mpanies in tax nic identificatio
can be questio e video camera e Budaörs proje tem, which thu nformation, acc the office in pe roblem as the C an be joined nt of different f
d for the centra stomer represe an accelerate a orms and fill th he customer is s thout the custo n the transform
n 3D workflow ion and targeti ual Planet prog and forms prov to the proper b ot program cre odel of virtual a ect and any fin a bases (private pilot. However dialogues with s of this pilot
ence in receiv is reached on x return or othe on can be part oned. In future as or digital bio ect (Tózsa, Illé us allows the u cess to forms erson to identif Customer ident to Virtual P fees.
al and most att entative. The re
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w accelerate ad ization levels ( gram can be lin
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to accelerate a fy themselves tification panel Planet’s office
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ly, then sendin she has already al visit to the r See Figure 12.
ministration, b (Source of pict nked to the ‘tra customer and th
orkflows as usu fice environme n including mos t, customer ide ffice servers, n vironment exis ars having simu lity or local g
ment custome es of the EU’
have been ma vernment, but i challenge of e to solve identif 2012) Custome igation in the 3 administration and obtain the l. Of course, on
environment on of 3D gover alogue can not avatar of the ng them back to y obtained regi real office, just
but has the pot tures: Tózsa, Il aditional’ admi he required da ual.
ent for Budaörs st of the functi entification, pa national registr sts in which the ultaneously ent government ins
rs. Therefore s Common Li ade compulsory
if it is getting p e-government fication easier er identificatio 3D office envir n, but in the en required certif nce the custom and banking rnment. It is th t only provide
clerk can help o the office to istered code) th t like in the ca
ential to create Illés, & Gelenc
inistration of th ata downloaded
s municipality ons shown in F ayment transfer ries and citizen e chosen avatar tered the system stitution can e
the transform ist of Basic P y by law. How popular and w or 3D govern and quicker th n and Paymen ronment, dialog nd of the work
ficate or autho mers have e-ban
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e e-governmen csér, 2012)
he back office d from the nat
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ween useful of the lows.
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nt on
via a tional
which to the nd the were round hat of e 3D
Figure 13 into the 3D equipped beginning sending SM can have p can manife TV on the net-less so
4. Discuss The result e-governm program. T environme What rema and it is ex not suppor of some en does not se As the auth developme objectives developme training fo motivation the side of citizens al situation, b business a t-governm have enou accept dev
shows the pro D reality platfo
avatars are no of the 21st ce MS thus accele public service a est itself in the
other hand has ocial layers in t
Figur sion
s of the 3D pi ment developm The theoretical ent for public a ains unsolved xplained by the rted financially nthusiastic adm ee t-governme hor sees, all E ent of e-gover
of public ad ents, like renew or clerks, impro
n to apply and d f the central go ll over in Eas but no governm
dministration.
ment and 3D ad ugh problems r velopment and
ocess how the rm of which a ot going to ap entury cell pho erating workfl and administra e form of cell p s an important the first place.
re 13. Evolutio
ilot application ment designed l and practical administration is the piloting e lack of any fin y and the only
ministrators at ent and 3D adm
astern-Central rnment as it i dministration wing and chan oving the legal develop e-gove overnments, on stern-Central E ment is taking
The majority dministration, c
regarding unem new ICT platf
basic ICT too higher degree ppear in the p ones were gett ows. The Inter ation content, b phone calls inte
potential in ge Smart-phones
on of 3D admin
n in public adm in the e-Euro consequence o purposes.
g in customers’
nancial means resources put t the municipa ministration use
l European EU is a strong re development nging the comp
l rulings, etc. T ernment conten n the side of th Europe. A leg
the risk of init of local gover could be the la mployment, so forms of admin
ols (telephone, of developmen physical enviro ting involved rnet protocol T but their intera
egrated into th enerating intero
s are used as m
nistration as re
ministrative en ope plans havi
of the results i
’ identification in working it o into the pilot w ality of a Hung
eful tools in de U governments
ecommendatio projects are puters in the of The truth which
nts. Motivation he local govern gal act to mak
tiating such an rnments and lo argest benefit, ocial care, and nistration. Thi
television and nt is not known onment, but th in the admini TV and the dig
ctivity just like he programs on operability aim mobile Internet
eflected in its I
nvironment fit ing been recen s a kind of itin n, banking and out. That is the were that of the garian town. T eveloping e-go have to declar n and expecta observed in ffices, creating h is not encour n, apart from th nments and las ke e-governme n act for citizen ocal citizens fo cannot afford d hardly enoug is, however, w
d Internet) con n so far. As lon hat is another stration proces gital video broa e in the case of n the one hand.
ming at the digi access tools.
ICT platforms
in the future ntly manifeste nerary of how t d accessing to e reason why th
e Virtual Plane The question is overnment?
re, officially th ation of the E most cases th g databases, sta
raged to displa he EU expecta st, but not leas ent compulsory ns, only for com or whom e-gov
to invest in es gh energy is le ould lead us fa
nverge and dev ng as the bio-se story. In the sses in the for adcast for the c f the radio chan . Digital intera ital illiterate an
expectations o ed in the COC to build a 3D o external data b he 3D proposa et Hungary Ltd s why Govern hat they suppor EU. Though i
here are tech arting post grad ay is that there ations, is missin
st on the side o y can improv mpany taxation vernment, inclu stablishing it.
eft to establish ar.
velop ensor very rm of cable nnels active nd the
of the COPS office bases l was d and ment rt the f the hnical
duate is no ng on of the e the n and uding They h and
5. Future Challenges
‘The futures of an agency’s work now rests in new and evolving technologies that support real-time, dynamic interactions.’ This is exactly where the building of the 3D virtual administration fits in. The new ‘applications demand dynamic technologies involving data access, database management, authentication, and security of a very different nature from the old Web. The dynamic Web makes closer connections between an agency's internal systems and the outside world, presenting new risks and demanding new tools and techniques for managing them.’
(Dawes 2002) This quotation though more than 10 years old, still can be seen on the web page of the Centre for Technology in Government (University of Albany) serving like a justification of the shift from the static Web to a dynamic and interactive Web.
One thing is sure, navigare necesse est, as Pompeius Magnus had said, scientific survey, academic research and university education of the new horizons must not stop either because of financial difficulties or the temporary lack of social demand. In a step by step approach to the perfect and virtual, visualized e-government it is wise to hold with the Japanese proverb that goes like ‘vision without action is daydream, but action without vision is nightmare.’
Acknowledgements
Virtual Planet Hungary Ltd prepared the software application to an actual Hungarian municipality (Budaörs) where the head of the document office, István Benkő and his colleagues provided help and co-operated in ensuring the office environment in 3D. Proof reading of this article was performed by Virtual Planet Co.
References
COCOPS. Retrieved December 22, 2013, from http://www.cocops.eu
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Note
Note 1. COCOPS – Coordinating for Cohesion in the Public Sector of the Future is a public management research consortium consisting of 11 universities in 10 countries. With a budget of nearly 2.7 million € from the European Commission’s FP7, this is to become one of the largest comparative public management research projects in Europe. The project started on 1 Jan 2011 and is running for 3.5 years. It is coordinated by Erasmus University Rotterdam (http://www.cocops.eu).
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