■❣❡✐ $%❜❜'③❛✈❛' ❦✐❢❡❥❡③.'❡❦ ❢❡❧✐'♠❡1.'❡
♥②❡❧✈❢4❣❣❡$❧❡♥ ♠5❞'③❡1❡❦❦❡❧
❙✐♠❦$ ❑❛'❛❧✐♥ ■❧♦♥❛1,2✱ ❑♦✈.❝0 ❱✐❦'$2✐❛2✱ ❱✐♥❝③❡ ❱❡2♦♥✐❦❛2,3
1❙③❡❣❡❞✐ ❚✉❞♦♠*♥②❡❣②❡-❡♠✱ ■♥❢♦1♠❛-✐❦❛✐ ■♥-4③❡-✱
❙③❡❣❡❞✱ ➪1♣*❞ -41 ✷✳
9✐♠❦♦❅❤✉♥❣✳✉✲9③❡❣❡❞✳❤✉
2❙③❡❣❡❞✐ ❚✉❞♦♠*♥②❡❣②❡-❡♠✱ ➪❧-❛❧*♥♦9 ◆②❡❧✈49③❡-✐ ❚❛♥9③4❦✱
❙③❡❣❡❞✱ ❊❣②❡-❡♠ ✉✳ ✷✳
✈✐❦✐✾✷✶✵✶✺❅❤♦-♠❛✐❧✳❝♦♠
3▼❚❆✲❙❩❚❊ ▼❡9-❡194❣❡9 ■♥-❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❑✉-❛-J❝9♦♣♦1-✱
❙③❡❣❡❞✱ ❚✐9③❛ ▲❛❥♦9 ❦M1N- ✶✵✸✳
✈✐♥❝③❡✈❅✐♥❢✳✉✲9③❡❣❡❞✳❤✉
❑✐✈♦♥❛& ❈✐❦❦Q♥❦ ❛ R❆❘❙❊▼❊ ❙❤❛1❡❞ ❚❛9❦✲1❛ ❜❡❛❞♦-- ✐❣❡✐ -M❜❜9③❛✈❛9
❦✐❢❡❥❡③49❡❦❡- ❢❡❧✐9♠❡1➤ 1❡♥❞9③❡1Q♥❦ ❦✐❡❣49③V-❡-- ✈*❧-♦③❛-*- ♠✉-❛-❥❛ ❜❡✳
❘❡❞9③❡1Q♥❦ 9③J❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②41-❡❧♠➯9V-49❡♥ 49 9③✐♥-❛❦-✐❦❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③49❡♥ ❦❡1❡9③-Q❧
✐9♠❡1 ❢❡❧ ❡❣②✲ 49 -M❜❜-♦❦❡♥❡9 ✐❣❡✐ -M❜❜9③❛✈❛9 ❦✐❢❡❥❡③49❡❦❡- ❛ 9③M✈❡❣❡❦❜❡♥✳
❆ 1❡♥❞9③❡1 ♥②❡❧✈❢Q❣❣❡-❧❡♥Q❧ ♠➯❦M❞✐❦✱ ❛ ❙❤❛1❡❞ ❚❛9❦♦♥ ✶✽✲❜J❧ ✾ ♥②❡❧✈❡♥
✈❡19❡♥②③❡--✳ ❆③ N❥ ✈*❧-♦③❛- ♠✐♥❞ ❛ ✶✽ ♥②❡❧✈1❡ ♥②N❥- ❡❧❡♠③49-✳ ❈✐❦❦Q♥❦❜❡♥
❜❡♠✉-❛-❥✉❦ ❛ 1❡♥❞9③❡1- 49 ❤✐❜❛❡❧❡♠③49- ✐9 ❛❞✉♥❦✳
❑✉❧❝**③❛✈❛❦✿ -M❜❜9③❛✈❛9 ❦✐❢❡❥❡③49✱ ▼❲❊✱ ♥②❡❧✈❢Q❣❣❡-❧❡♥
✶✳ ❇❡✈❡③❡&'(
❆ '6❜❜0③❛✈❛0 ❦✐❢❡❥❡③:0❡❦ ✭♠✉❧'✐✇♦2❞ ❡①♣2❡00✐♦♥✱ ▼❲❊✮ ❣②❛❦♦2✐ ❡❧❡♠❡✐ ❛ '❡2✲
♠:0③❡'❡0 ♥②❡❧✈❡❦♥❡❦✳ ❖❧②❛♥ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③:0❡❦✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ '6❜❜ ❧❡①:♠.❜$❧ .❧❧♥❛❦✱ ❞❡ ❛
❥❡❧❡♥':0J❦ ♥❡♠ 0③.♠K'❤❛'$ ❦✐ ❛③ 600③❡'❡✈➤✐❦ ❥❡❧❡♥':0:❜➤❧✳ ■❞❡ '❛2'♦③♥❛❦ ♣:❧❞.✲
✉❧ ❛ ❣②❛❦♦2✐ ❤❛0♦♥❧❛'♦❦ ✭ ✐"❦❛✱ ♠✐♥" ❛ ❢❡❤+ ❤♦❧❧.✮✱ ❛ ❦♦❧❧♦❦.❝✐$❦ ✭❦❡ ❡❦ /③1♠✮✱
✈❛❣② ❛③ ✐❞✐$♠.❦ ✭❢❡❧❞♦❜"❛ ❛ "❛❧♣1" ✮✳ ❈✐❦❦J♥❦❜❡♥ ✐❣❡✐ '6❜❜0③❛✈❛0 ❦✐❢❡❥❡③:0❡❦❦❡❧
❢♦❣❧❛❧❦♦③✉♥❦✱ ♦❧②❛♥ '6❜❜0③❛✈❛0 ❦✐❢❡❥❡③:0❡❦❦❡❧✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦♥❡❦ ❡❣②✐❦ '❛❣❥❛ ✐❣❡✱ ✐❧❧❡'✈❡
❛ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③:0 600③❡00:❣❡ ✐❣❡✐ :2'❡❧♠❡' ❤♦2❞♦③✳ ■❧②❡♥❡❦ ♣:❧❞.✉❧ ❛③ ✐❣❡❦6'➤✲✐❣❡ ❦♦♥0'✲
2✉❦❝✐$❦ ✭❜❡/③1❧❧✮ ✈❛❣② ❛ ❦6♥♥②➯✐❣:0 0③❡2❦❡③❡'❡❦ ✭❞5♥"+/" ❤♦③ ✮✳
❈✐❦❦J♥❦❜❡♥ ❛③ ✐❣❡✐ '6❜❜0③❛✈❛0 ❦✐❢❡❥❡③:0❡❦ ❛✉'♦♠❛'✐❦✉0 ❢❡❧✐0♠❡2:0:2❡ ❧:'2❡✲
❤♦③♦'' 2❡♥❞0③❡2J♥❦❡' ♠✉'❛'❥✉❦ ❜❡✱ ❛♠❡❧②♥❡❦ ❡❧0➤ ✈❡2③✐$❥.' ❛ P❆❘❙❊▼❊ ❲♦2❦✲
0❤♦♣2❛ ❬✶❪ ❦:0③K'❡''J❦✳ ❏❡❧❡♥ ❝✐❦❦J♥❦❜❡♥ ❡③' ❛ 2❡♥❞0③❡2' :0 ❡♥♥❡❦ V❥✱ ❦✐❜➤✈K'❡''
✈.❧'♦③❛'.' ✐0 ❜❡♠✉'❛'❥✉❦✳ ❘❡♥❞0③❡2J♥❦ 0③$❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②:2'❡❧♠➯0K':0❡♥ :0 ❢J❣❣➤0:❣✐
❡❧❡♠③:0❡♥ ❛❧❛♣✉❧ :0 ❦:♣❡0 ❡❣②✲ :0 '6❜❜'♦❦❡♥❡0 ✐❣❡✐ '6❜❜0③❛✈❛0 ❦✐❢❡❥❡③:0❡❦ ❢❡❧✲
✐0♠❡2:0:2❡✳ ❆ 2❡♥❞0③❡2 ♥②❡❧✈❢J❣❣❡'❧❡♥✿ ❛③ ❡❧0➤ ✈❡2③✐$' ❛ ❙❤❛2❡❞ ❚❛0❦ ✾ ♥②❡❧✈:2❡
❛❞'✉❦ ❜❡✱ ❛③ V❥✱ ❦✐❜➤✈K'❡'' 2❡♥❞0③❡22❡❧ ♠.2 ❛ ❙❤❛2❡❞ ❚❛0❦♥❛❦ ♠✐♥❞ ❛ ✶✽ ♥②❡❧✈:2❡
❛❞✉♥❦ ❡2❡❞♠:♥②❡❦❡'✳
❆ ❝✐❦❦❜❡♥ ❡❧➤)③+, ❛③ ❡,❡❞❡/✐ ,❡♥❞)③❡, ♠➯❦+❞2)2/ 3,❥✉❦ ❧❡ ❛ ❙❤❛,❡❞ ❚❛)❦♦♥ ❡❧2,/
❡,❡❞♠2♥②❡✐♥❦❦❡❧ 2) ❛③♦❦ ❤✐❜❛❡❧❡♠③2)2✈❡❧✳ ❊③✉/>♥ ❛ ❜➤✈3/2),➤❧ )③?❧✉♥❦✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥/
❛③ A❥ ,❡♥❞)③❡,,❡❧ ♠✐♥❞ ❛ ✶✽ ♥②❡❧✈,❡ ❛❞✉♥❦ ❡,❡❞♠2♥②❡❦❡/✳ ❱2❣F❧ +))③❡❤❛)♦♥❧3/❥✉❦
❛③ ❡,❡❞❡/✐ 2) ❛③ A❥ ♠❡❣❦+③❡❧3/2)F♥❦ >❧/❛❧ ❛❞♦// ❡,❡❞♠2♥②❡❦❡/ ♠❛❣②❛, ❛❞❛/♦❦♦♥✳
✷✳ ❆③ ❡%❡❞❡'✐ %❡♥❞*③❡%
❆③ ❡,❡❞❡/✐ ,❡♥❞)③❡,F♥❦❡/ ❛ ✷✵✶✼✲❡) ▼❲❊ ✇♦,❦)❤♦♣ ❬✶❪ ✐❣❡✐ /+❜❜)③❛✈❛) ❦✐❢❡❥❡③2)❡❦
❢❡❧✐)♠❡,2)2,❡ ❦✐3,/ ❙❤❛,❡❞ ❚❛)❦❥>,❛ ❤♦③/✉❦ ❧2/,❡✳
❆ )❤❛,❡❞ /❛)❦ ❝2❧❥❛ ✐❣❡✐ /+❜❜)③❛✈❛) ❦✐❢❡❥❡③2)❡❦ ❢❡❧✐)♠❡,2)❡ )♦❦ ♥②❡❧✈❡♥✳ R))③❡✲
)❡♥ ✶✽ ♥②❡❧✈,❡ ❦2)③F❧/ ❛♥♥♦/>❝✐?✱ ❛③ ❛♥♥♦/>❝✐?) ✉/❛)3/>)♦❦ ✉♥✐✈❡,③>❧✐) 2) ♥②❡❧✈✲
)♣❡❝✐✜❦✉) ❥❡❣②❡❦ ✜❣②❡❧❡♠❜❡✈2/❡❧2✈❡❧ ❦2)③F❧/❡❦✳
❆③ ✉/❛)3/>)♦❦ +/ ❦F❧+♥❜+③➤ ✐❣❡✐ ▼❲❊ ❦❛/❡❣?,✐>/ ❦F❧+♥3/❡♥❡❦ ❡❧✿ ✐❞✐?♠>❦❛/
✭■❉✮✱ ❦+♥♥②➯✐❣2) )③❡,❦❡③❡/❡❦❡/ ✭▲❱❈✮✱ ✐❣❡✲♣❛,/✐❦✉❧❛ ❦♦♥)/,✉❦❝✐?❦❛/ ✭❱[❈✮✱ ✐♥✲
❤❡,❡♥)❡♥ ,❡✢❡①3✈ ✐❣2❦❡/ ✭■❘❡❢■❱✮✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥/ ❡❣② ✒❡❣②2❜✑ ❦❛/❡❣?,✐>/ ✭❖❚❍✮✳ ❆ )③>♠3/?❣2♣❡) ♥②❡❧✈2)③❡/❜❡♥ ❡③❡❦ ❢❡❧✐)♠❡,2)❡ ♥❡❤2③ ❢❡❧❛❞❛/✱ ♠✐✈❡❧ ❣②❛❦,❛♥ ♥❡♠
♣,♦❥❡❦/3✈ )③❡,❦❡③❡/❡❦❜❡♥ >❧❧♥❛❦✱ ❥❡❧❡♥/2)F❦ ♣❡❞✐❣ ♥❡♠ ❦♦♠♣♦③✐❝✐♦♥>❧✐)✱ ❛ ❦❛/❡✲
❣?,✐>❦ ❤❡/❡,♦❣2♥❡❦ 2) ❛ )/,✉❦/A,>❦ )③✐♥/❛❦/✐❦❛✐ ✈❛,✐❛❜✐❧✐/>)❛ ♥❛❣②✳
❈)❛♣❛/✉♥❦ ❛ ♠❛❣②❛, ❛❞❛/❜>③✐) ❡❧❦2)③3/2)2❜❡♥✱ ❛♥♥♦/>❧>)>❜❛♥ ✐) ,2)③/ ✈❡//✱
3❣② ,❡♥❞)③❡,F♥❦ ♥❛❣②,2)③/ ❛③ ♦// )③❡,③❡// /❛♣❛)③/❛❧❛/♦❦,❛ 2♣F❧✳
✷✳✶✳ ❆ $❡♥❞(③❡$ ❧❡+$,(❛
❘❡♥❞)③❡,F♥❦ ❛③ ▼❲❊✲❦ 2) ❛ )③✐♥/❛❦/✐❦❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③2) ❦❛♣❝)♦❧❛/>,❛ 2♣F❧✱ ❛♠✐/ /+❜❜
❢♦,,>) ✐) ✐❣❛③♦❧ ❬✷✱✸✱✹✱✺✱✻✱✼✱✽❪✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥/ ❛ [❆❘❙❊▼❊ ❝)♦♣♦,/✶♠✉♥❦>❥>♥❛❦ ✐) ❛③
❡❣②✐❦ ✈❡③2,❡❧✈❡✳
❆ ,❡♥❞)③❡,F♥❦ ❛❧❛♣❥>/✱ ❛ ❢F❣❣➤)2❣✐ ❡❧❡♠③2) ▼❲❊✲❢❡❧✐)♠❡,2),❡ ✈❛❧? ❤❛)③♥>✲
❧❛/>/✱ ❦♦,>❜❜❛♥ ♠>, ❬✾❪ ✐) ❜❡♠✉/❛//❛✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥/ ❬✶✵❪ ❝✐❦❦F♥❦❜❡♥ ✐) ❢♦❣❧❛❧❦♦③/✉♥❦
❛ ❢F❣❣➤)2❣✐ ❝3♠❦❡❦2)③❧❡/ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧>❧>)>♥❛❦ ❤❛/>)>✈❛❧ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③2) /♦✈>❜❜✐ ❢❡❧❤❛)③✲
♥>❧>)>,❛✳ ▼✐✈❡❧ ❛ )❤❛,❡❞ /❛)❦ /+❜❜ ♥②❡❧✈❡ ✐) ❛ ♠♦,❢♦❧?❣✐❛✐❧❛❣ ❣❛③❞❛❣✱ )③❛❜❛❞
)③?,❡♥❞➯ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❦+③2 /❛,/♦③✐❦✱ 3❣② ❛③ ▼❲❊ /❛❣❥❛✐ ✐) ♥❛❣②♦❜❜ )③✐♥/❛❦/✐❦❛✐ ✢❡①✐✲
❜✐❧✐/>)/ 2❧✈❡③♥❡❦✿ ♥❡♠ ❢❡❧/2/❧❡♥F❧ ❡❣②♠>) ♠❡❧❧❡// ❢♦,❞✉❧♥❛❦ ❡❧➤✱ />✈♦❧❛❜❜ ❦❡,F❧✲
❤❡/♥❡❦ ❡❣②♠>)/?❧ ❛ ♠♦♥❞❛/❜❛♥✱ 3❣② ❡③ ❛ ♠❡❣❦+③❡❧3/2) ❥♦❜❜ )/,❛/2❣✐>♥❛❦ /➯♥✐❦✱
♠✐♥/ ❛ )③❡❦✈❡♥❝✐❛❥❡❧+❧2) 2) ♠>)✱ ❤❛)♦♥❧? ♠❡❣❦+③❡❧3/2)❡❦✳
❆ ❢❡♥/ ❡♠❧3/❡// ❝✐❦❦❜❡♥ ❬✾❪ ❜❡♠✉/❛/♦// ,❡♥❞)③❡, ❛③ ▼❲❊ /3♣✉)>♥❛❦ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤
❢F❣❣➤)2❣✐ 2❧❡❦❦❡❧ ❞♦❧❣♦③✐❦✱ 3❣② ♣2❧❞>✉❧ ❛③ ✐❣❡✲/>,❣② ❦+♥♥②➯✐❣2) )③❡,❦❡③❡/❡❦❜❡♥ ❛ />,❣② ❖❇❏✲▲❱❈ )③✐♥/❛❦/✐❦❛✐✲)③❡♠❛♥/✐❦❛✐ ❛♥♥♦/>❝✐?/ ❦❛♣✳
❊③③❡❧ ❡❧❧❡♥/2/❜❡♥ ❥❡❧❡♥❧❡❣✐ ,❡♥❞)③❡,F♥❦ ❝)❛❦ ❛③ ▼❲❊ /3♣✉)>/ /F♥/❡/✐ ❢❡❧ ❛
❢F❣❣➤)2❣✐ 2❧❡♥ 2) ❡❣②/♦❦❡♥❡) ▼❲❊✲❦,❡ ✐) ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③❤❛/?✳ ▼✐✈❡❧ /+❜❜ ♥②❡❧✈❜❡♥ ✐)
❡❧➤❢♦,❞✉❧/❛❦ ❡❣②/♦❦❡♥❡) ▼❲❊✲❦ ✕ ❛ /+❜❜/♦❦❡♥❡)❡❦ ♠❡❧❧❡//✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦❡/ ❛ ❢F❣❣➤✲
)2❣✐ ❡❧❡♠③2) )③✐♥/❥2♥ ❦❡③❡❧F♥❦ ✕✱ 3❣② ❛ )③?❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②2,/❡❧♠➯)3/2),❡ ✐) ❦✐/❡,❥❡)③/❡//F❦
❛ ♠❡❣❦+③❡❧3/2)/✳ ●②❛❦♦,✐ ❡❣②/♦❦❡♥❡) ▼❲❊✲❦ ♣2❧❞>✉❧ ❛ ♥2♠❡/ 2) ♠❛❣②❛, ❱[❈✲❦✿
❛♠✐❦♦, ❛ ♣❛,/✐❦✉❧❛ ❦+③✈❡/❧❡♥F❧ ♠❡❣❡❧➤③✐ ❛③ ✐❣2/✱ ❛ ♥2♠❡/ 2) ❛ ♠❛❣②❛, ❤❡❧②❡)3,>)✐
✶ ❤!!♣✿✴✴!②♣♦✳✉♥✐✲❦♦♥-!❛♥③✳❞❡✴♣❛2-❡♠❡✴
③❛❜$❧②♦❦ ❛❧❛♣❥$♥ ❡❣② ③.❜❛ /0❥✉❦ ➤❦❡3✱ $♠ ❡♥♥❡❦ ❡❧❧❡♥60❡ ❛ ③❡0❦❡③❡3 ❦63 ❧❡①6✲
♠$❜.❧ $❧❧ 6 ❥❡❧❡♥36 ❡ ♥❡♠ ❦♦♠♣♦③✐❝✐♦♥$❧✐ ✭♣6❧❞$✉❧ ♥6♠❡3 ❛✉✛❛❧❧❡♥ ✭0$✰❡ ✐❦✱
✒❦✐3➯♥✐❦✑✮ ✈❛❣② ♠❛❣②❛0 ❢❡❧❛❞ ✒❛❜❜❛❤❛❣②✑ 603❡❧❡♠❜❡♥✮✳ ❊③③❡❧ ❡❧❧❡♥363❜❡♥ ❛③ ✐❞✐.✲
♠$❦ ③✐♥3❡ ♠✐♥❞✐❣ 3F❜❜3♦❦❡♥❡ ▼❲❊✲❦ ✭♣6❧❞$✉❧ ❡❧➤)❡ ✐+③✐❦ ❛ ♠❡❞✈❡ ❜➤)1)❡✮✳
❆③ ▼❲❊✲❦ ♣❡❝✐✜❦✉ ♠♦0❢♦❧.❣✐❛✐✱ ③✐♥3❛❦3✐❦❛✐ 6 ③❡♠❛♥3✐❦❛✐ 3✉❧❛❥❞♦♥ $✲
❣♦❦❦❛❧ 0❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③♥❡❦✳ ▼❡❣❦F③❡❧/36 L♥❦❜❡♥ ❛ 3F❜❜3♦❦❡♥❡ ▼❲❊✲❦❡3 ❛ ③✐♥3❛①✐
③✐♥3❥6♥ ❦❡③❡❧❥L❦ ✲ ❛③ ❯♥✐✈❡0 ❛❧ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡ ♥②❡❧✈3❛♥ ❬✶✶❪ ♠✇❡ 0❡❧$❝✐.❥$❤♦③ ❤❛✲
♦♥❧.❛♥ ✲✱ ❛③ ❡❣②3♦❦❡♥❡ ❡❦❡3 ♣❡❞✐❣ ❛ ♠♦0❢♦❧.❣✐❛ ③✐♥3❥6♥✳
❘❡♥❞ ③❡0L♥❦ ♥6❣② ❧6♣6 ❜❡♥ ❞♦❧❣♦③✐❦✿ ❛ ❢➤ ▼❲❊✲❢❡❧✐ ♠❡0➤ ❧6♣6 ❡❦ ❛ ③F✈❡❣
③.❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②603❡❧♠➯ /36 6♥❡❦ 6 ❢L❣❣➤ 6❣✐ ❡❧❡♠③6 6♥❡❦ ③✐♥3❥6♥ ③❛❥❧❛♥❛❦✳ ❘❡♥❞ ③❡✲
0L♥❦ ❛ ❤❛0❡❞ 3❛ ❦ ③❡0✈❡③➤✐ $❧3❛❧ ❜✐③3♦ /3♦33 ③.❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②603❡❧♠➯ /36 ❡♥ 6 ❢L❣❣➤✲
6❣✐ ③✐♥3❛❦3✐❦❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③6 ❡♥✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥3 ❛③ ▼❲❊ ❛♥♥♦3$❧3 ③F✈❡❣❡❦❡♥ ❛❧❛♣ ③✐❦✳ ❆ 0❡♥❞ ③❡0 ❡③❡♥ ✐♥♣✉3♦❦ ♠❡❣❧63❡ ♠❡❧❧❡33 ♥②❡❧✈❢L❣❣❡3❧❡♥ ❡❧❡♠③6 0❡ ❦6♣❡ ✳
❊❧ ➤ ❧6♣6 ❜❡♥ ❛ ❢❡♥3 ❡♠❧/3❡33 ✐♥♣✉3♦❦❜.❧ ❧630❡❤♦③③✉❦ ❛ 3❛♥/3. ❛❞❛3❤❛❧♠❛③3✳
❆ 3❛♥/3. ❛❞❛3♦❦ ▼❲❊✲❛♥♥♦3$❝✐.❥$3 ❛ ♠♦0❢♦❧.❣✐❛✐ 6 ❛ ❢L❣❣➤ 6❣✐ ❛♥♥♦3$❝✐.❜❛
✐❧❧❡ ③3❥L❦ ❛③ ❡❣②✲ 6 ❛ 3F❜❜3♦❦❡♥❡ ▼❲❊✲0❡ ❦L❧F♥✲❦L❧F♥✳ ❆③ ❡❣②3♦❦❡♥❡ ▼❲❊✲
❦ ③.❢❛❥✐ ❝/♠❦6❥63 ❛③ ▼❲❊ 3/♣✉ ✉❦❦❛❧ ❤❡❧②❡33❡ /3❥L❦✱ ♠/❣ 3F❜❜3♦❦❡♥❡ ▼❲❊✲❦
❡ ❡36♥ ❛ ❢L❣❣➤ 6❣✐ ❢❛ 6❧❡✐♥ ❝ ❡06❧❥L❦ ❧❡ ❛ ❝/♠❦6❦❡3✿ ❛ ❢$❜❛♥ ❧❡❥❥❡❜❜ ❡❧❤❡❧②❡③❦❡❞➤
▼❲❊ 3❛❣♦❦ ❢L❣❣➤ 6❣✐ ❝/♠❦6❥63 ❝ ❡06❧❥L❦ ❛③ ▼❲❊ 3/♣✉ ♦❦0❛✳
❆③ ✶✲✸✳ $❜0$❦ ❛③ ❡❣②3♦❦❡♥❡ ▼❲❊✲❦ ③.❢❛❥✐ ❝/♠❦❡ ❝ ❡06❥63 6 ❛ 3F❜❜3♦❦❡♥❡
▼❲❊✲❦ ❢L❣❣➤ 6❣✐ ❝/♠❦❡ ❝ ❡06❥63 ♠✉3❛3❥$❦ ❜❡ ❱V❈ 6 ▲❱❈ ♠❛❣②❛0 ♣6❧❞$❦0❛✳
❜❡❦❡③❞%& ◆❖❯◆ ❙✉❜,❖❙❂❝⑤◆✉♠❂&⑤❈❛&❂♥⑤◆✉♠,❂♥♦♥❡⑤,❡5,❂♥♦♥❡⑤◆✉♠,❞❂♥♦♥❡
❜❡❦❡③❞%& ❱,❈ ❙✉❜,❖❙❂❝⑤◆✉♠❂&⑤❈❛&❂♥⑤◆✉♠,❂♥♦♥❡⑤,❡5,❂♥♦♥❡⑤◆✉♠,❞❂♥♦♥❡
❤❛895♦③❛8❤♦③❛8❛❧ ◆❖❯◆ ❙✉❜,❖❙❂❝⑤◆✉♠❂&⑤❈❛&❂♥⑤◆✉♠,❂♥♦♥❡⑤,❡5,❂♥♦♥❡⑤◆✉♠,❞❂♥♦♥❡
❤❛895♦③❛8❤♦③❛8❛❧ ▲❱❈ ❙✉❜,❖❙❂❝⑤◆✉♠❂&⑤❈❛&❂♥⑤◆✉♠,❂♥♦♥❡⑤,❡5,❂♥♦♥❡⑤◆✉♠,❞❂♥♦♥❡
✶✳ $❜0❛✿ ❱V❈ 6 ▲❱❈ ♣6❧❞$❦ $3❝/♠❦6③6 ❡ ▼❲❊ ③.❢❛❥✐ ❝/♠❦6❦❦❡❧ ❛ ❜❡❦❡③❞1+ 6
❤❛34)♦③❛3❤♦③❛3❛❧ ♣6❧❞$❦❜❛♥✳
❆ 3F❜❜3♦❦❡♥❡ ▼❲❊✲❦ ❡ ❡36♥ ♠❡❣❦F③❡❧/36 L♥❦ ❛00❛ ❛ ❤✐♣♦36③✐ 0❡ ❛❧❛♣♦③✱
❤♦❣② ❛③ ▼❲❊ ❛❧ .❜❜ 3❛❣❥❛✐ ❦F③✈❡3❧❡♥L❧ ♠$ ▼❲❊ 3❛❣♦❦❤♦③ ❦❛♣❝ ♦❧.❞♥❛❦ ❛
❢L❣❣➤ 6❣✐ ❢$❜❛♥✳ ❆ ❢❛ 30✉❦3Y0$❥$3 ♥❡♠ ✈$❧3♦③3❛3❥✉❦ ♠❡❣✱ ❝ ❛❦ ❛③ ▼❲❊✲❦ ❛❧ .❜❜
3❛❣❥❛✐3 ❦❛♣❝ ♦❧.✱ ♠❡❣❧6✈➤ 6❧❡❦ ❝/♠❦6✐3✳ V6❧❞$✉❧ ❛ ✷ ♣6❧❞$❜❛♥ 3❛❧$❧❤❛3. ❡❧❧43 ❱V❈
3❛❣❥❛✐✿ ❧43 6 ❡❧ ❡ ❡36♥ ❛③ ❛❧ .❜❜ 3❛❣✱ ❡❧ ❘❊❱❊❘❇ ❝/♠❦6✈❡❧ ❛ ❢❡❧ ➤❜❜ ▼❲❊
3❛❣❤♦③✱ ❧43❤♦③ ❦❛♣❝ ♦❧.❞✐❦❀ ❛③ $3❛❧❛❦/3$ ❛❧ ❡③3 ❛ ❘❊❱❊❘❇ ❝/♠❦63 /0❥✉❦ $3
❛③ ▼❲❊✲3 ❥❡❧③➤ ❱ ❈ ❝/♠❦6❥60❡✳
❚F❜❜ ♠✐♥3 ❦633♦❦❡♥❡ ▼❲❊✲❦ ❡ ❡36♥ ❛③ $3❛❧❛❦/3$ ❛③ F ③❡ ❛❧ .❜❜ ▼❲❊
3❛❣ ❝/♠❦6❥63 $3/0❥❛ ❛③ ▼❲❊✲ ♣❡❝✐✜❦✉ ❝/♠❦60❡✳ V6❧❞$✉❧ ✹ ♠♦♥❞❛3 ❡ ❡36♥ ❛③ ❛③
❡❧+➤ ❦6✈❡3 ✈❡3✐ ✐❞✐.♠❛ ❧❡❣❢❡❧ ➤ 3❛❣❥❛ ❛ ❢L❣❣➤ 6❣✐ ❢$❜❛♥ ❛ ✈❡3❡33❡ ✐❣❡✳ ❆③ F ③❡
3F❜❜ ▼❲❊ 3❛❣ ❝/♠❦6❥❡ ■❉ ▼❲❊ ❝/♠❦60❡ ✈$❧3♦③✐❦✳
❘❡♥❞ ③❡0L♥❦ ♠$ ♦❞✐❦ ❧6♣6 ❡ ❛ ③✐♥3❛❦3✐❦❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③➤ 3❛♥/3$ ❛✿ ♠✉♥❦$♥❦❜❛♥ ❛
❇♦❤♥❡3 ❡❧❡♠③➤3 ❤❛ ③♥$❧3✉❦ ❬✶✷❪ ③.❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②603❡❧♠➯ /36 0❡ 6 ❢L❣❣➤ 6❣✐ ❡❧❡♠③6 0❡
✐ ✳ ❆③ ❡❣②3♦❦❡♥❡ ▼❲❊✲❦❤❡③ ❛ ❇♦❤♥❡3 ❡❧❡♠③➤ ③.❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②603❡❧♠➯ /3➤ ♠♦❞✉❧❥$3 3❛♥/3♦33✉❦ ❛③ ▼❲❊ $3❛❧❛❦/3♦33 ❦♦0♣✉ ③♦♥✱ ❛ 3F❜❜3♦❦❡♥❡ ❤❡③ ♣❡❞✐❣ ❛ ❢L❣❣➤ 6❣✐
!"❡$ ❢♦♥"♦( ❢❡❧❛❞❛"♦❦❛" ❧-" ❡❧
❘❖❖❚
❙❯❇❏
❆❚❚ ❖❇❏
❘❊❱❊❘❇
!"❡$ ❢♦♥"♦( ❢❡❧❛❞❛"♦❦❛" ❧-" ❡❧
❘❖❖❚
❙❯❇❏
❆❚❚ ❖❇❏
❱ ❈
✷✳ "❜$❛✿ ❱(❈ *+❜❜*♦❦❡♥❡0 ▼❲❊ ❝5♠❦❡ ❤♦③③"❛❞"0❛ ❛ ❢;❣❣➤0>❣✐ ❢"❤♦③ ❛ !"❡$
❢♦♥"♦( ❢❡❧❛❞❛"♦❦❛" ❧-" ❡❧ ♠♦♥❞❛*❜❛♥✳
!"❡$ ❢♦♥"♦( ❞.♥"!(" ❤♦③
❘❖❖❚
❙❯❇❏
❆❚❚ ❖❇❏
!"❡$ ❢♦♥"♦( ❞.♥"!(" ❤♦③
❘❖❖❚
❙❯❇❏
❆❚❚ ▲❱❈
✸✳ "❜$❛✿ ▲❱❈ *+❜❜*♦❦❡♥❡0 ▼❲❊ ❝5♠❦❡ ❤♦③③"❛❞"0❛ ❛ ❢;❣❣➤0>❣✐ ❢"❤♦③ ❛ !"❡$
❢♦♥"♦( ❞.♥"!(" ❤♦③ ♠♦♥❞❛*❜❛♥✳
!"❡$ ✈❡"❡""❡ $- ❛③ ❡❧(➤ ❦.✈❡"
❘❖❖❚
❙❯❇❏ ❖❇▲
❉❊❚
❆❚❚
❖❇❏
!"❡$ ✈❡"❡""❡ $- ❛③ ❡❧(➤ ❦.✈❡"
❘❖❖❚
❙❯❇❏ ❖❇▲
■❉
■❉
■❉
✹✳ "❜$❛✿ ■❉ *+❜❜*♦❦❡♥❡0 ▼❲❊ ❝5♠❦❡ ❤♦③③"❛❞"0❛ ❛ ❢;❣❣➤0>❣✐ ❢"❤♦③ ❛ !"❡$ ✈❡"❡""❡
$- ❛③ ❡❧(➤ ❦.✈❡" ♠♦♥❞❛*❜❛♥✳
❡❧❡♠③➤%✳ ❆③ ❡❧❡♠③➤ ❛③ ▼❲❊ ,③-❢❛❥✐ 1, ❢2❣❣➤,1❣✐ ❝5♠❦1❦❡% ✉❣②❛♥:❣② ❦❡③❡❧✐✱ ♠✐♥%
❛③ <❧%❛❧<♥♦, ,③-❢❛❥✐ 1, ❢2❣❣➤,1❣✐ ❝5♠❦1❦❡%✳
▼✐♥❞❡♥ ♥②❡❧✈ ❡,❡%1♥ ✉❣②❛♥❡③❡❦❡% ❛ ❧1♣1,❡❦❡% ✈1❣❡③%2❦ ❡❧ 1, ,③-❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②1A%❡❧✲
♠➯,5%➤ 1, ❢2❣❣➤,1❣✐ ❡❧❡♠③➤ ♠♦❞❡❧❧❡❦❡% ❤♦③%✉♥❦ ❧1%A❡✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ▼❲❊ ❢❡❧✐,♠❡A1✲
,1A❡ ✐, ❦1♣❡,❡❦✳ ◆1❤<♥② ♥②❡❧✈ ❡,❡%1♥ ❡❣②❡, ♠♦♥❞❛%♦❦❛% ❡❧ ❦❡❧❧❡%% %<✈♦❧5%❛♥✉♥❦ ❛
%❛♥5%- ❛❞❛%❜-❧✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ✭♥1❤<♥② ❡,❡%❜❡♥ ✺✵✵ %♦❦❡♥ ❢❡❧❡%%✐✮ ❤♦,,③✉❦ ♠✐❛%% ❤✐❜<❦❛%
♦❦♦③%❛❦ ❛ %❛♥5%<, ,♦A<♥✳
❍❛A♠❛❞✐❦ ❧1♣1,❜❡♥ ❧❡❡❧❡♠❡③%❡%%2❦ ❛ ,③-❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②1A%❡❧♠➯,5%➤ 1, ❢2❣❣➤,1❣✐ ❡❧❡♠✲
③➤ ♠♦❞❡❧❧❡❦❡% ❛③ ❡❣②❡, ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ %❡,③% ❦♦A♣✉,③❛✐♥✳ ❆③ 5❣② ❦❛♣♦%% ❡❧❡♠③1, ▼❲❊
,③-❢❛❥✐ ❝5♠❦1❦❡% 1, ❢2❣❣➤,1❣✐ ❝5♠❦1❦❡% ✐, %❛A%❛❧♠❛③♦%% ❛③ ❛❞♦%% ♥②❡❧✈ <❧%❛❧<♥♦,
❝5♠❦1✐ ♠❡❧❧❡%%✳
◆❡❣②❡❞✐❦ 1, ❡❣②❜❡♥ ✉%♦❧,- ❧1♣1,❜❡♥ ❦✐♥②❡A%2❦ ❛③ ▼❲❊ ,③-❢❛❥✐ 1, ❢2❣❣➤,1❣✐
❝5♠❦1❦❡% ❛ ❦✐♠❡♥❡%❜➤❧✳ ❆③ ▼❲❊ ,③-❢❛❥:
,③❛✈❛❦ ❡❣②%♦❦❡♥❡,✱ ❛ ,③-❢❛❥✐ ❝5♠❦1❜❡♥ ❥❡❧③❡%% %5♣✉,: ▼❲❊ ❛♥♥♦%<❝✐-% ❦❛♣%❛❦✳
❆③ ▼❲❊ ❢2❣❣➤,1❣✐ ❝5♠❦1❦ ❡,❡%1♥ ❛③ ▼❲❊ ❝5♠❦1❦❦❡❧ L,,③❡❦L%L%% ,③❛✈❛❦ ❡❣②2%%
❛❧❦♦%♥❛❦ ❛ ❝5♠❦❡ <❧%❛❧ ❥❡❧③❡%% %5♣✉,:✱ %L❜❜%♦❦❡♥❡, ▼❲❊✲%✳
❖❙✴❞❡♣
'( ▼❲❊
❡❣②❡(./'(
/0❛✐♥❜❡♥
❚❛♥./6(
'( ❞❡♣ ❖❙
/0❛✐♥❡♥
'( ❞❡♣ ❖❙
❡❧❡♠③'(
/❡(③/❡♥
❡"③ ❜➤❧
❦✐♥②❡+,"❡ ❛❣❡❦ ,"❝.♠❦,❦▼❲❊
✺✳ <❜A❛✿ ❘❡♥❞,③❡A2♥❦ <❧%❛❧ ✈1❣A❡❤❛❥%♦%% ❧1♣1,❡❦✳
✷✳✷✳ ❊#❡❞♠'♥②❡❦
❆ ,❤❛A❡❞ %❛,❦♦♥ ❛ A❡♥❞,③❡A2♥❦❡% ❝,❛❦ ❛③♦❦A❛ ❛ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦A❡ ♥②:❥%♦%%✉❦ ❜❡✱ ❛♠❡✲
❧②❡❦A❡ ❢2❣❣➤,1❣✐ ❡❧❡♠③1,% 1, ,③-❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②1A%❡❧♠➯,5%1,% ✐, ❜✐③%♦,5%♦%%❛❦✳ ❆ ,③-❢❛❥✐
❡❣②1A%❡❧♠➯,5%1,A❡ ❛③ ❡❣②❡, ♥②❡❧✈❡❦❜❡♥ ❣②❛❦♦A✐✱ ❡❣②%♦❦❡♥❡, ▼❲❊✲❦❤❡③ ✈♦❧% ,③2❦✲
,1❣2♥❦✱ ♠5❣ ❛ ❢2❣❣➤,1❣✐ ❡❧❡♠③1,% ❛ %L❜❜%♦❦❡♥❡, ▼❲❊✲❦❤❡③ ❤❛,③♥<❧%✉❦ ❢❡❧✳ ❆③♦♥
♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❡,❡%1♥✱ ❛❤♦❧ ❝,❛❦ ,③-❢❛❥✐ ❝5♠❦1③1, ✈♦❧% ❡❧1A❤❡%➤✱ ♠❡❣♣A-❜<❧❦♦③%✉♥❦ A1,③✲
❧❡❣❡, ❡A❡❞♠1♥②❡❦❡% ✭❝,❛❦ ❛③ ❡❣②%♦❦❡♥❡, ▼❲❊✲❦ ❡❧❡♠③1,1%✮ ❧1%A❡❤♦③♥✐✱ ❞❡ ❡③❡❦❡♥
❛ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦❡♥ ♥❡♠ ✈❛❣② ❝,❛❦ ♥❛❣②♦♥ ❦❡✈1, ❡❣②%♦❦❡♥❡, ▼❲❊ ✈♦❧% ❥❡❧❡♥✱ 5❣② ❡③ ♥❡♠
✈♦❧% ❡❧❡❣❡♥❞➤ ❛ %❛♥5%<,❤♦③✳
❊A❡❞♠1♥②❡✐♥❦ ❛ ❦✐❧❡♥❝ ♥②❡❧✈A❡ ❛ ✶✳ %<❜❧<③❛%❜❛♥ %❛❧<❧❤❛%-❛❦✳ ❘❡♥❞,③❡A2♥❦❡%
♥1♠❡% ✭❉❊✮✱ ❣LAL❣ ✭❊▲✮✱ ,♣❛♥②♦❧ ✭❊❙✮✱ ❢A❛♥❝✐❛ ✭❋❘✮✱ ♠❛❣②❛A ✭❍❯✮✱ ♦❧❛,③ ✭■❚✮✱
❧❡♥❣②❡❧ ✭W▲✮✱ ♣♦A%✉❣<❧ ✭W❚✮ 1, ,✈1❞ ✭❙❱✮ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦A❡ ♥②:❥%♦%%✉❦ ❜❡✳
❆③ ❋✲1A%1❦❜❡♥ ♠1A% ❡A❡❞♠1♥②❡❦ ♥❛❣② ✈<❧%❛❦♦③<,% ♠✉%❛%♥❛❦ ♥②❡❧✈❡♥❦1♥% 1, A❡♥❞,③❡A❡♥❦1♥% ✐,✳ ◆1♠❡%✱ ♠❛❣②❛A 1, ,✈1❞ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦A❡ ❛ ❧❡❣❥♦❜❜ ✈❛❣② ❦L③❡❧ ❛ ❧❡❣✲
❥♦❜❜ A❡♥❞,③❡A% ❤♦③%✉❦ ❧1%A❡✳ ❆ %L❜❜✐ ♥②❡❧✈ ❡,❡%1♥ ✭❛ ❧❡♥❣②❡❧ 1, ❛ ♣♦A%✉❣<❧ ❦✐✈1✲
✶✳ "#❜❧#③❛"✳ ▲❡❣❥♦❜❜✱ ❧❡❣.♦//③❛❜❜ 0/ ❛③ ❯❙③❡❣❡❞ .❡♥❞/③❡.❡❦ ❡.❡❞♠0♥②❡✐ ❛ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦.❡
"♦❦❡♥/③✐♥"➯ ❋✲0."0❦ ❛❧❛♣❥#♥ .❛♥❣/♦.♦❧✈❛✳
❘❡♥❞/③❡. ?✲▼❲❊ ❘✲▼❲❊ ❋✲▼❲❊ ?✲"♦❦❡♥ ❘✲"♦❦❡♥ ❋✲"♦❦❡♥
❉❊ ❇❊❙❚✱ ❯❙❩❊●❊❉ ✵✱✺✶✺✹ ✵✱✸✸✹✵ ✵✱✹✵✺✸ ✵✱✻✺✾✷ ✵✱✸✹✻✽ ✵✱✹✺✹✺
▲❆❙❚ ✵✱✸✻✺✷ ✵✱✶✸✵✵ ✵✱✶✾✶✼ ✵✱✻✼✶✻ ✵✱✶✼✾✸ ✵✱✷✽✸✵
❊▲ ❇❊❙❚ ✵✱✸✻✶✷ ✵✱✹✺✵✵ ✵✱✹✵✵✼ ✵✱✹✻✸✺ ✵✱✹✼✹✷ ✵✱✹✻✽✽
❯❙❩❊●❊❉ ✵✱✸✵✽✹ ✵✱✸✸✵✵ ✵✱✸✶✽✽ ✵✱✹✹✺✶ ✵✱✸✼✺✼ ✵✱✹✵✼✺
▲❆❙❚ ✵✱✹✷✽✻ ✵✱✷✺✷✵ ✵✱✸✶✼✹ ✵✱✺✻✶✻ ✵✱✷✾✺✸ ✵✱✸✽✼✶
❊❙ ❇❊❙❚ ✵✱✻✶✷✷ ✵✱✺✹✵✵ ✵✱✺✼✸✾ ✵✱✻✺✼✹ ✵✱✺✷✺✷ ✵✱✺✽✸✾
❯❙❩❊●❊❉ ✵✱✷✺✼✺ ✵✱✺✵✵✵ ✵✱✸✸✾✾ ✵✱✸✻✸✺ ✵✱✺✻✷✾ ✵✱✹✹✶✽
▲❆❙❚ ✵✱✻✹✹✼ ✵✱✶✾✻✵ ✵✱✸✵✵✻ ✵✱✼✷✸✸ ✵✱✶✾✻✼ ✵✱✸✵✾✸
❋❘ ❇❊❙❚ ✵✱✻✶✹✼ ✵✱✹✸✹✵ ✵✱✺✵✽✽ ✵✱✽✵✽✽ ✵✱✹✾✻✹ ✵✱✻✶✺✷
❯❙❩❊●❊❉ ✵✱✵✻✸✾ ✵✱✵✺✷✵ ✵✱✵✺✼✸ ✵✱✺✷✶✽ ✵✱✷✹✽✷ ✵✱✸✸✻✹
▲❆❙❚ ✵✱✽✵✺✻ ✵✱✵✺✽✵ ✵✱✶✵✽✷ ✵✱✽✶✾✹ ✵✱✵✺✸✷ ✵✱✶✵✵✵
❍❯ ❇❊❙❚✱ ❯❙❩❊●❊❉ ✵✱✼✾✸✻ ✵✱✻✾✸✹ ✵✱✼✹✵✶ ✵✱✽✵✺✼ ✵✱✻✸✶✼ ✵✱✼✵✽✶
▲❆❙❚ ✵✱✽✵✷✾ ✵✱✺✹✼✶ ✵✱✻✺✵✽ ✵✱✽✷✵✽ ✵✱✺✵✶✺ ✵✱✻✷✷✻
■❚ ❇❊❙❚ ✵✱✺✸✺✹ ✵✱✸✶✽✵ ✵✱✸✾✾✵ ✵✱✻✶✸✹ ✵✱✸✸✼✽ ✵✱✹✸✺✼
❯❙❩❊●❊❉ ✵✱✶✺✵✸ ✵✱✶✺✻✵ ✵✱✶✺✸✶ ✵✱✹✵✺✹ ✵✱✸✵✻✹ ✵✱✸✹✾✵
▲❆❙❚ ✵✱✻✶✷✺ ✵✱✵✾✽✵ ✵✱✶✻✾✵ ✵✱✻✽✸✼ ✵✱✶✵✺✸ ✵✱✶✽✷✹
?▲ ❇❊❙❚ ✵✱✼✼✾✽ ✵✱✻✵✷✵ ✵✱✻✼✾✺ ✵✱✽✼✹✷ ✵✱✻✷✷✽ ✵✱✼✷✼✹
▲❆❙❚✱ ❯❙❩❊●❊❉ ✵✱✵✵✵✵ ✵✱✵✵✵✵ ✵✱✵✵✵✵ ✵✱✵✵✵✵ ✵✱✵✵✵✵ ✵✱✵✵✵✵
?❚ ❇❊❙❚ ✵✱✼✺✹✸ ✵✱✻✵✽✵ ✵✱✻✼✸✸ ✵✱✽✵✵✺ ✵✱✻✸✼✵ ✵✱✼✵✾✹
▲❆❙❚✱ ❯❙❩❊●❊❉ ✵✱✵✶✷✾ ✵✱✵✵✽✵ ✵✱✵✵✾✾ ✵✱✻✽✸✼ ✵✱✶✾✽✼ ✵✱✸✵✼✾
❙❱ ❇❊❙❚ ✵✱✹✽✻✵ ✵✱✷✷✵✸ ✵✱✸✵✸✷ ✵✱✺✷✺✸ ✵✱✷✷✹✾ ✵✱✸✶✹✾
❯❙❩❊●❊❉ ✵✱✷✹✽✷ ✵✱✷✾✻✻ ✵✱✷✼✵✸ ✵✱✷✾✻✶ ✵✱✸✷✾✹ ✵✱✸✶✶✾
▲❆❙❚ ✵✱✺✼✺✽ ✵✱✶✻✶✵ ✵✱✷✺✶✼ ✵✱✻✺✸✽ ✵✱✶✻✼✼ ✵✱✷✻✻✾
❡❧#✈❡❧✮ ❛ ❦(③#♣♠❡③➤♥②❜❡♥ ✈#❣❡③ 1♥❦✳ ❆ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❦(③( ✐ ❡❧ #5#6 ♥❛❣②❜❛♥ ❜❡❢♦✲
❧②:6♦❧❥❛ ❛③ ❛❞♦ ♥②❡❧✈❜❡♥ ❣②❛❦♦5✐ ▼❲❊✲ @♣✉6♦❦ #6 5❡♥❞6③❡51♥❦ ♠➯❦(❞#6#♥❡❦
(66③❡❢1❣❣#6❡✐✳
✷✳✸✳ ❍✐❜❛❡❧❡♠③+,
❆ ❡6③ ❦♦5♣✉6③ ❦#③✐ ❛♥♥♦ :❝✐D❥:♥❛❦ ♥②✐❧✈:♥♦66:❣5❛ ❤♦③:6❛ ✉ :♥ ♠❡❣✈✐③6❣:❧ ✉❦ ❛ 5❡♥❞6③❡51♥❦ :❧ ❛❧ ✈# ❡ ❤✐❜:❦❛ ✳
❍✐❜❛❡❧❡♠③#61♥❦ ♠❡❣♠✉ ❛ ❛✱ ❤♦❣② 5❡♥❞6③❡51♥❦ ♠❛❣❛6❛♥ ❛ ❧❡❣❥♦❜❜❛♥ ❛ ❱I❈
@♣✉6K ✐❣❡✐ ▼❲❊✲❦❡♥ ❡❧❥❡6@ ✿ ❛ ❱I❈✲❦ ❦(③❡❧ ✻✵✪✲: ❤❡❧②❡6❡♥ ❛❧:❧❥❛ ♠❡❣✱ ♠@❣ ❛ (❜❜✐ ❦❛ ❡❣D5✐❛ ❡6❡ #♥ ❡③ ❛③ ❛5:♥② ❦(51❧❜❡❧1❧ ✹✵✪✳ ❆③ ✐❣❡✲♣❛5 ✐❦✉❧❛ ❦♦♥6 5✉❦❝✐D❦
❡6❡ #♥ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❡♥ 6③✐♥ ❛❦ ✐❦❛✐ ❦❛♣❝6♦❧❛ ✐6 ❢❡♥♥:❧❧ ❛③ ▼❲❊ ❛❣♦❦ ❦(③( ✱ ❛♠✐
6❡❣@ ✐ ❛ 5❡♥❞6③❡51♥❦ ♠➯❦(❞#6# ✳
❆ ♥#♠❡ ✱ ♠❛❣②❛5 #6 6✈#❞ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❛5 ❛❧♠❛③ ❛❦ ❧❡❣♥❛❣②♦❜❜ ❛5:♥②❜❛♥ ❱I❈
@♣✉6K ▼❲❊✲❦❡ ❛ 6❤❛5❡❞ ❛6❦❜❛♥✱ ❛♠✐ 6③✐♥ #♥ (66③❡❢1❣❣#6❜❡♥ :❧❧ ❛③③❛❧✱ ❤♦❣②
❛③ ❡❧❡♠③➤♥❦ ♠✐#5 ❡③❡❦❡♥ ❛ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦❡♥ ♠➯❦(❞( ❧❡❣❥♦❜❜❛♥✳ ❊③③❡❧ 6③❡♠❜❡♥ ❛③ K❥❧❛ ✐♥ #6 ❡❣②#❜ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❛❧✐❣ ❛5 ❛❧♠❛③♥❛❦ ❱I❈✲❦❡ ✳ ❊③❡❦ ❛❧❛♣❥:♥ K❣② ➯♥✐❦✱ ❛ 5❡♥❞6③❡51♥❦ :❧ ❛❧ ❡❣② ❛❞♦ ♥②❡❧✈❡♥ ❡❧#5 ❡5❡❞♠#♥② ❧❡❣✐♥❦:❜❜ ❛③ ❜❡❢♦❧②:6♦❧❥❛✱
❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❞♦ ♥②❡❧✈ ♠✐❧②❡♥ ▼❲❊ @♣✉6♦❦❛ ❤❛6③♥:❧ ❣②❛❦5❛♥✳
❋5❛♥❝✐❛ #6 ♦❧❛6③ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦❡♥ ❛③ ■❘❡❢■❱ @♣✉6 ❢❡❧✐6♠❡5#6❡ ♦❦♦③♦ ♥❡❤#③6#❣❡❦❡ ✳
➪❧ ❛❧:♥♦66:❣❜❛♥ ♣❡❞✐❣ ❡❧♠♦♥❞❤❛ D✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❤♦66③❛❜❜ ✐❞✐D♠:❦ #6 ▲❱❈✲❦✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥
♣5❡♣♦③@❝✐D❦❛ ❛5 ❛❧♠❛③D (❜❜6③❛✈❛6 ❦✐❢❡❥❡③#6❡❦ ♣5♦❜❧#♠:6❛❦ ✈♦❧ ❛❦✳ ❆ 5❡♥❞6③❡5
❛❧❛♣❢❡❧#♣@ #6#❜➤❧ ❢❛❦❛❞D ❤✐❜❛✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③♦❦❜❛♥ ❛③ ❡6❡ ❡❦❜❡♥✱ ❛♠✐❦♦5 ❛③ ▼❲❊ ❛❣✲
❥❛✐ ♥❡♠ ❦( ✐ (66③❡ 6③✐♥ ❛❦ ✐❦❛✐ 5❡❧:❝✐D✱ ♥❡♠ 6✐❦❡51❧ ❤❡❧②❡6❡♥ ❢❡❧✐6♠❡5♥1♥❦ ❛③
▼❲❊✲ ❀ ♣#❧❞:✉❧ ♥#♠❡ ❜❡♥ ❛ ❡✐♥ ❦♦♣✉❧❛ ❣②❛❦5❛♥ ♥❡♠ ❦❛♣❝6♦❧D❞✐❦ ❦(③✈❡ ❧❡♥1❧
❛③ ▼❲❊ (❜❜✐ ❛❣❥:❤♦③ ❛ 6③✐♥ ❛❦ ✐❦❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③#6❜❡♥✳
✸✳ ❆ ❦✐❜➤✈()❡)) +❡♥❞.③❡+
❘❡♥❞6③❡51♥❦ ❜➤✈@ #6#♥❡❦ ❡❧6➤❞❧❡❣❡6 ❝#❧❥❛ ❛ 6❤❛5❡❞ ❛6❦❜❛♥ 6③D❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②#5 ❡❧♠➯✲
6@ #6 #6 ❢1❣❣➤6#❣✐ ❛❞❛ ♥#❧❦1❧ ❦✐❛❞♦ ❛♥@ D ❛❞❛ ❜:③✐6K ♥②❡❧✈❡❦5❡ ✐6 ❡❧❡♠③#6
❛❞♥✐✳ ❊③ K❣② #5 1❦ ❡❧✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ 5❡♥❞6③❡5 ❡❣② ❡❧➤❢❡❧❞♦❧❣♦③D ❧#♣#66❡❧ ❜➤✈@ ❡ 1❦✱
❛♠❡❧②❜❡♥ ❡③ ❛③ ❛♥♥♦ :❝✐D ❤♦③③:❛❞ ✉❦ ❛ ❛♥@ D ❛❞❛ ❜:③✐6❤♦③✳
#$ ❞❡♣ ❖❙
♣❛)$❡
*)❛✐♥❡♥
❖❙✴❞❡♣
'( ▼❲❊
❡❣②❡(./'(
/0❛✐♥❜❡♥
❚❛♥./6(
❖❙
'( ❞❡♣
/0❛✐♥❡♥
'( ❞❡♣ ❖❙
❡❧❡♠③'(
/❡(③/❡♥
❡"③ ❜➤❧
❦✐♥②❡+,"❡ ❛❣❡❦ ,"❝.♠❦,❦▼❲❊
✻✳ :❜5❛✿ ❑✐❜➤✈@ ❡ 5❡♥❞6③❡51♥❦ :❧ ❛❧ ✈#❣5❡❤❛❥ ♦ ❧#♣#6❡❦✳
❆ ❦✐❜➤✈&'❡'' )❡♥❞,③❡) ❡❧➤❢❡❧❞♦❧❣♦③2 ❧3♣3,3❤❡③ ❛ ❯♥✐✈❡),❛❧ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡, :)♦✲
❥❡❝' ❬✶✸❪ '❛♥&'2 ❛❞❛'❜A③✐,❛✐' ❤❛,③♥A❧'✉❦ ❢❡❧ ❛③ ❡❣②❡, ♥②❡❧✈❡❦)❡✳ ❆③ ❛❞❛'❜A③✐,♦❦♦♥
,③✐♥'3♥ ❛ ❇♦❤♥❡' ❡❧❡♠③➤ ,③2❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②3)'❡❧♠➯,&'➤ 3, ❢H❣❣➤,3❣✐ ❡❧❡♠③➤ ♠♦❞✉❧❥❛✐' '❛♥&'♦''✉❦✳ ❊③✉'A♥ ❛ ♠A) ❜❡♠✉'❛'♦'' ❧3♣3,❡❦❡' ❦J✈❡''H❦✿ ❛ ❧❡❡❧❡♠③❡'' ▼❲❊ '❛✲
♥&'2❛❞❛'❜A③✐,♦❦ ,③2❢❛❥✐ 3, ❢H❣❣➤,3❣✐ ❝&♠❦3✐' ❛③ ▼❲❊✲,♣❡❝✐✜❦✉,❛❦)❛ ❝,❡)3❧'H❦✱
♠❛❥❞ ❡③❡❦❡♥ ❛ '❛♥&'2 ❛❞❛'❜A③✐,♦❦♦♥ P❥)❛ ❛ ❇♦❤♥❡' ❡❧❡♠③➤' '❛♥&'♦''✉❦✱ ♠❛❥❞ ❛ '❡,③'❡♥ ❧❡❢✉''❛'✈❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❧❡❦❡'✱ ❦✐♥②❡)'H❦ ❛③ ▼❲❊✲,♣❡❝✐✜❦✉, ,③2❢❛❥✐ 3, ❢H❣❣➤,3❣✐
❝&♠❦3❦❡'✳
✸✳✶✳ ❊$❡❞♠(♥②❡❦
❑✐❜➤✈&'❡'' )❡♥❞,③❡)H♥❦ ❡)❡❞♠3♥②❡✐ ❛ ✷✳ 'A❜❧A③❛'❜❛♥ ❧A'❤❛'2❛❦ ❛ ,❤❛)❡❞ '❛,❦
♠✐♥❞❡♥ ♥②❡❧✈3)❡✳ ❆ ♠A) ❛③ ❡)❡❞❡'✐ )❡♥❞,③❡) A❧'❛❧ ✐, ❡❧❡♠③❡'' ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❛ 'A❜❧A③❛'
❢❡❧,➤ ❢❡❧3❜❡♥ '❛❧A❧❤❛'2❛❦✱ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③❡'' '❛♥&'2 ❛❞❛'❜A③✐,P ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ♣❡❞✐❣ ❛ 'A❜❧A③❛'
❛❧,2 ❢❡❧3❜❡♥✳ ❆ ✒❢❡❧,➤✑ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❡)❡❞♠3♥②❡✐ ✈❛❧❛♠❡❧②❡,' ❡❧'3)♥❡❦ ❛③ ✶✳ 'A❜❧A③❛'✲
❜❛♥ ❧A'❤❛'2❛❦'2❧✱ ❡③❡❦ ❛ ✈A❧'♦③A,♦❦ ❡❣②3❜✱ ❦✐,❡❜❜ ❥❛✈&'A,♦❦ ❡)❡❞♠3♥②❡✐✱ ✐❧❧❡'✈❡ ❛ ,'❛'✐,③'✐❦❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③➤ ♠➯❦J❞3,3♥❡❦ ❦J,③J♥❤❡'➤❦✳
✷✳ "#❜❧#③❛"✳ ❆ ❦✐❜➤✈-"❡"" /❡♥❞2③❡/ ❡/❡❞♠4♥②❡✐✿ ❛ ♠#/ ❛③ ❡/❡❞❡"✐ /❡♥❞2③❡/ #❧"❛❧ ✐2 ❡❧❡♠③❡""
♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ✈❛♥♥❛❦ ❡❧➤2③7/ ❢❡❧"9♥"❡"✈❡✳
:✲▼❲❊ ❘✲▼❲❊ ❋✲▼❲❊ :✲"♦❦❡♥ ❘✲"♦❦❡♥ ❋✲"♦❦❡♥
❉❊ ✵✱✺✾✷✼ ✵✱✸✷✻ ✵✱✹✷✵✻ ✵✱✻✽✾ ✵✱✸✵✸✹ ✵✱✹✷✶✸
❊▲ ✵✱✸✼✵✶ ✵✱✸✵✷ ✵✱✸✸✷✻ ✵✱✹✾✶✹ ✵✱✸✷✻✺ ✵✱✸✾✷✸
❊❙ ✵✱✸✵✵✻ ✵✱✵✾✽ ✵✱✶✹✼✽ ✵✱✹✺✽✼ ✵✱✶✷✽✸ ✵✱✷✵✵✺
❋❘ ✵✱✷✼✽✻ ✵✱✷✺✽ ✵✱✷✻✼✾ ✵✱✹✵✵✼ ✵✱✸✸✶✷ ✵✱✸✻✷✻
❍❯ ✵✱✻✷✶✽ ✵✱✺✸✼✶ ✵✱✺✼✻✸ ✵✱✺✽✼✻ ✵✱✺✸✶✶ ✵✱✺✺✼✾
■❚ ✵✱✵✼✹✽ ✵✱✵✸✽ ✵✱✵✺✵✹ ✵✱✸✵✷✽ ✵✱✶✶✼ ✵✱✶✻✽✽
:▲ ✵✱✸✷✻✹ ✵✱✺ ✵✱✸✾✹✾ ✵✱✸✽✶✺ ✵✱✺✹✷✺ ✵✱✹✹✽
:❚ ✵✱✷✻✹ ✵✱✸✷ ✵✱✷✽✾✸ ✵✱✸✸✵✽ ✵✱✸✻✻✽ ✵✱✸✹✼✾
❙❱ ✵✱✷✻✵✷ ✵✱✷✶✻✶ ✵✱✷✸✻✶ ✵✱✸✸✾✹ ✵✱✷✺✻✹ ✵✱✷✾✷✶
❇● ✵✱✺✸✷✻ ✵✱✹✸✶✸ ✵✱✹✼✻✻ ✵✱✼✼✼✾ ✵✱✹✾✷✺ ✵✱✻✵✸✷
❈❙ ✵✱✹✹✾✺ ✵✱✺✼✾✸ ✵✱✺✵✻✷ ✵✱✺✼✻ ✵✱✻✹✹✻ ✵✱✻✵✽✹
❋❆ ✵✱✻✾✺✽ ✵✱✹✻✷ ✵✱✺✺✺✸ ✵✱✽✺✼✽ ✵✱✺✸✶✹ ✵✱✻✺✻✸
❍❊ ✵✱✹✶✶✽ ✵✱✵✽✹ ✵✱✶✸✾✺ ✵✱✺✺✷✷ ✵✱✵✽✻✸ ✵✱✶✹✾✸
▲❚ ✵✱✸✸✸✸ ✵✱✵✼ ✵✱✶✶✺✼ ✵✱✹✵✹✽ ✵✱✵✻✾✼ ✵✱✶✶✽✾
▼❚ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵✱✵✹✻✺ ✵✱✵✵✸✶ ✵✱✵✵✺✾
❘❖ ✵✱✹✻✷✾ ✵✱✻✼✹ ✵✱✺✹✽✾ ✵✱✺✸✵✶ ✵✱✼✶✻✽ ✵✱✻✵✾✺
❙▲ ✵✱✺✾✹✾ ✵✱✶✽✽ ✵✱✷✽✺✼ ✵✱✻✻✹✻ ✵✱✶✽✼✼ ✵✱✷✾✷✼
❚❘ ✵✱✸✾✸✹ ✵✱✸✼✾✷ ✵✱✸✽✻✷ ✵✱✹✷✵✼ ✵✱✸✾✹✾ ✵✱✹✵✼✹
❆③✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❡❧,➤ ❧3♣3,❜❡♥ ❡'❛❧♦♥ ✈❛❣② ❡❧❡♠③❡'' ,③2❢❛❥✐ 3, ❢H❣❣➤,3❣✐ ❛❞❛'♦✲
❦❛' ❤❛,③♥A❧✉♥❦✱ ♥❡♠ ❜❡❢♦❧②A,♦❧❥❛ ,③✐❣♥✐✜❦A♥,❛♥ ❛③ ❡)❡❞♠3♥②❡❦❡' ✭❛❤♦❣② ❛③' ❛
✹ ❜❡❦❡③❞3,❜❡♥ ✐, 'A)❣②❛❧❥✉❦✮✱ ❛ ♠A❧'❛✐ ✭▼❚✮ ❦✐✈3'❡❧3✈❡❧✳ ▼A❧'❛✐ ♥②❡❧✈)❡ ❥❡❧❡♥❧❡❣
♥✐♥❝, ❡❧3)❤❡'➤ ❯♥✐✈❡),❛❧ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡, ')❡❡❜❛♥❦✱ &❣② ❦❡)❡,③''❛♥&'A,' ✈3❣❡③'H♥❦ ❛③
❡❧❡♠③➤ '❛♥&'A,A❤♦③✳ ❆ ♠A❧'❛✐ ♥②❡❧✈ ❧❡❣❦J③❡❧❡❜❜✐ )♦❦♦♥❛ ❛③ ❛③ ❛)❛❜ 3, ❛③ ♦❧❛,③✱
✈✐"③♦♥& ❧❛&✐♥ ❦❛*❛❦&❡*❡❦❡& ❤❛"③♥-❧✱ /❣② ❛③ ♦❧❛"③ ❯♥✐✈❡*"❛❧ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡" &❛♥/&7
❛❞❛&❜-③✐" ❤❛"③♥-❧❛&❛ ♠❡❧❧❡&& ❞:♥&:&&;♥❦ "③7❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②>*&❡❧♠➯"/&➤♥❦ >" ❢;❣❣➤">❣✐
❡❧❡♠③➤♥❦ &❛♥/&-"-❤♦③✳ ❙❛❥♥♦" ❡③ ♥❛❣②♦♥ *♦""③ ❡*❡❞♠>♥②❡❦❤❡③ ✈❡③❡&❡&&✿ ❡❣②❡&✲
❧❡♥ &❡❧❥❡" ▼❲❊✲& "❡♠ "✐❦❡*;❧& ❤❡❧②❡"❡♥ ❢❡❧✐"♠❡*♥;♥❦ ❛ &❡"③&❦♦*♣✉"③❜❛♥✳ ❆ &:❜❜✐
❡❧❡♠③❡&& &❛♥/&7❛❞❛&♦& ❤❛"③♥-❧7 ♥②❡❧✈♥>❧ ✕ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ❡"❡&>♥ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③>" &❛♥/&7 ❛❞❛&❛
✐" ❛③ ❛❞♦&& ♥②❡❧✈*➤❧ "③-*♠❛③♦&& ✕ ❛ ✈>❣"➤ ❡*❡❞♠>♥②❡❦ ♥❛❣②♦♥ ❦:③❡❧✐❡❦ ❛③ ❡&❛❧♦♥
❛❞❛&♦& ❤❛"③♥-❧7❦❤♦③✳
❆ ✸✳ >" ✹✳ &-❜❧-③❛&♦❦ ❛ ❦;❧:♥❜:③➤ ▼❲❊ &/♣✉"♦❦*❛ ♠✉&❛&❥-❦ ❛③ ❋✲>*&>❦❜❡♥
♠>*& ❡*❡❞♠>♥②❡✐♥❦❡&❀ ❛③ -&❤O③-""❛❧ ❥❡❧:❧& ❝❡❧❧-❦ ❛③& ♠✉&❛&❥-❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ &/♣✉" ♥❡♠
"③❡*❡♣❡❧& ❛③ ❛❞♦&& ♥②❡❧✈❜❡♥✳
P""③❡"">❣>❜❡♥ ❛ *❡♥❞"③❡* ❧❡❣❥♦❜❜❛♥ ❛③ ✐♥❤❡*❡♥"❡♥ *❡✢❡①/✈ ✐❣>❦❡♥ ♠➯❦:❞✐❦✱
❧❡❣*♦""③❛❜❜✉❧ ♣❡❞✐❣ ❛③ ✒❡❣②>❜✑ ❦❛&❡❣7*✐-♥✱ ♠✐✈❡❧ ✐&& ❛ ❧❡❣♥❛❣②♦❜❜ ❛ ✈❛*✐❛❜✐❧✐&-"
>" ❛③ ▼❲❊✲❦ ❤♦""③❛✳ ❆ ❦:♥♥②➯✐❣>" "③❡*❦❡③❡&❡❦ >" ✐❣❡✲♣❛*&✐❦✉❧❛ ❦♦♥"&*✉❦❝✐7❦ ❛
❦;❧:♥❜:③➤ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❦:③:&& ♥❛❣② ❦;❧:♥❜">❣❡❦❡& ♠✉&❛&♥❛❦✳
✸✳ "#❜❧#③❛"✳ ▼❲❊✲,③✐♥"➯ ❋✲12"1❦❡❦ ❛ ❦5❧6♥❜6③➤ ▼❲❊ "8♣✉,♦❦2❛✳
♠✐♥❞ ❱?❈ ▲❱❈ ■❉ ■❘❡✢❱ ❖❚❍
❇● ✵✱✹✼✻✻ ✲ ✵✱✷✵✹✹ ✵✱✶✽✼✾ ✵✱✻✵✼ ✲
❈❙ ✵✱✺✵✻✷ ✵ ✵✱✷✻✾✻ ✵✱✵✷✺✶ ✵✱✻✶✼✶ ✵
❉❊ ✵✱✹✷✵✻ ✵✱✻✸✶✻ ✵ ✵✱✷✵✸✾ ✵✱✵✽✼ ✲
❊▲ ✵✱✸✸✷✻ ✵✱✺✻ ✵✱✸✻✻✽ ✵✱✵✾✺✷ ✲ ✵✱✵✽
❊❙ ✵✱✶✹✼✽ ✵ ✵✱✷✸✹✻ ✵✱✵✺✻✼ ✵✱✶✼✶✷ ✵
❋❆ ✵✱✺✺✺✸ ✲ ✲ ✲ ✲ ✵✱✺✺✺✸
❋❘ ✵✱✷✻✼✾ ✲ ✵✱✶✾✵✾ ✵✱✶✼✶✽ ✵✱✺✸✶✹ ✵
❍❊ ✵✱✶✸✾✺ ✵✱✵✾✸✺ ✵✱✷✹✷ ✵ ✲ ✵✱✶✸✼✻
❍❯ ✵✱✺✼✻✸ ✵✱✻✽✼✸ ✵✱✷✾✹✼ ✲ ✲ ✲
■❚ ✵✱✵✺✵✹ ✵✱✷✽✺✼ ✵✱✵✶✼✹ ✵✱✵✸✶✻ ✵ ✵
▲❚ ✵✱✶✶✺✼ ✲ ✵✱✷✸✺✸ ✵ ✲ ✲
▼❚ ✵ ✲ ✵ ✵ ✲ ✵
?▲ ✵✱✸✾✹✾ ✲ ✵✱✶✶✻✷ ✵ ✵✱✻✷✻ ✲
?❚ ✵✱✷✽✾✸ ✲ ✵✱✸✵✽✻ ✵✱✶✵✷✻ ✵✱✸✼✷✼ ✵
❘❖ ✵✱✺✹✽✾ ✲ ✵✱✼✵✺✾ ✵✱✷✵✺✶ ✵✱✺✹✾✷ ✲
❙▲ ✵✱✷✽✺✼ ✵ ✵✱✶✹✷✾ ✵✱✵✶✾ ✵✱✹✺✼✶ ✵
❙❱ ✵✱✷✸✻✶ ✵✱✸✶✸✹ ✵✱✶✺✸✽ ✵ ✵✱✵✻✵✻ ✵
❚❘ ✵✱✸✽✻✷ ✲ ✵✱✸✾✼✼ ✵✱✸✷✼✶ ✲ ✵✱✸✹✸✹
➪"❧❛❣ ✵✱✸✶✻✸ ✵✱✷✹✷✷ ✵✱✷✷✼✸ ✵✱✵✽✾✸ ✵✱✶✷✻✻ ✵✱✹✵✼✾
✹✳ ❊#❛❧♦♥ ✈❛❣② ❡❧❡♠③❡##❄
❊❜❜❡♥ ❛③ ✉&♦❧"7 "③❡❦❝✐7❜❛♥ ❡❣② *:✈✐❞ ❦/">*❧❡&❡& /*✉♥❦ ❧❡✱ ❛♠❡❧❧②❡❧ ❛③ O❥ *❡♥❞✲
"③❡*;♥❦❜❡♥ ❜❡✈❡③❡&❡&&✱ ❡❧❡♠③❡&& >" ❛③ ❡&❛❧♦♥ "③7❢❛❥✐ >" ❢;❣❣➤">❣✐ &❛♥/&7❛❞❛&
-❧&❛❧ ♦❦♦③♦&& ❦;❧:♥❜">❣❡❦❡& ✈✐③"❣-❧&✉❦ ♠❡❣✳ ❆ ♠❛❣②❛* ❛❞❛&♦❦♦♥ ❤❛"♦♥❧/&♦&&✉❦
:""③❡ ❛③ ❡&❛❧♦♥ "③7❢❛❥✐ >" ❢;❣❣➤">❣✐ &❛♥/&7❛❞❛&♦& ❤❛"③♥-❧7 ♠❡❣❦:③❡❧/&>";♥❦ ▼❲❊✲
❛③♦♥♦"/&-"❜❛♥ ❡❧>*& ❡*❡❞♠>♥②❡✐& ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③❡&&❡❧✳ ❆③ ❡❧❡♠③❡&& ❛❞❛&♦& ✉❣②❛♥❛③③❛❧ ❛
✹✳ "#❜❧#③❛"✳ ❚♦❦❡♥✲.③✐♥"➯ ❋✲23"2❦❡❦ ❛ ❦4❧5♥❜5③➤ ▼❲❊ ":♣✉.♦❦3❛✳
♠✐♥❞ ❱@❈ ▲❱❈ ■❉ ■❘❡✢❱ ❖❚❍
❇● ✵✱✻✵✸✷ ✲ ✵✱✸✷✻✸ ✵✱✷✹✸ ✵✱✼✹✵✺ ✲
❈❙ ✵✱✻✵✽✹ ✵ ✵✱✸✶✼✽ ✵✱✶✼✽✼ ✵✱✼✷✹✹ ✵
❉❊ ✵✱✹✷✶✸ ✵✱✻✸✹✹ ✵✱✵✸✾✷ ✵✱✸✵✵✸ ✵✱✶✹✺✺ ✲
❊▲ ✵✱✸✾✷✸ ✵✱✺✻ ✵✱✹✵✻✺ ✵✱✶✾✾✼ ✲ ✵✱✵✹✵✹
❊❙ ✵✱✷✵✵✺ ✵ ✵✱✷✺✺✷ ✵✱✶✺✸✽ ✵✱✶✼✵✾ ✵
❋❆ ✵✱✻✺✻✸ ✲ ✲ ✲ ✲ ✵✱✻✺✻✸
❋❘ ✵✱✸✻✷✻ ✲ ✵✱✷✶✽✹ ✵✱✸✷✾✷ ✵✱✺✸✻✷ ✵
❍❊ ✵✱✶✹✾✸ ✵✱✶✸✽✷ ✵✱✷✸✷✶ ✵✱✶✵✻✷ ✲ ✵✱✶✵✽✸
❍❯ ✵✱✺✺✼✾ ✵✱✻✽✷✶ ✵✱✸✷✼✾ ✲ ✲ ✲
■❚ ✵✱✶✻✽✽ ✵✱✷✽✺✼ ✵✱✵✾✻ ✵✱✶✻✺✾ ✵ ✵
▲❚ ✵✱✶✶✽✾ ✲ ✵✱✷✸✸ ✵✱✵✸✷✽ ✲ ✲
▼❚ ✵✱✵✵✺✾ ✲ ✵✱✵✵✼✶ ✵✱✵✵✸✸ ✲ ✵
@▲ ✵✱✹✹✽ ✲ ✵✱✶✹✶✺ ✵✱✶ ✵✱✻✼✷✼ ✲
@❚ ✵✱✸✹✼✾ ✲ ✵✱✸✸✹✽ ✵✱✷✹✺✹ ✵✱✸✼✻✻ ✵
❘❖ ✵✱✻✵✾✺ ✲ ✵✱✼✸✵✸ ✵✱✹✽✽✽ ✵✱✺✺✼✺ ✲
❙▲ ✵✱✷✾✷✼ ✵✱✵✶✼ ✵✱✶✺✽✼ ✵✱✵✾✸✻ ✵✱✹✻✷✾ ✵
❙❱ ✵✱✷✾✷✶ ✵✱✸✷✽✹ ✵✱✶✺ ✵✱✵✻✶✾ ✵✱✵✻✵✻ ✵
❚❘ ✵✱✹✵✼✹ ✲ ✵✱✹✶✸✷ ✵✱✸✹✹✸ ✲ ✵✱✸✻✸✻
➪"❧❛❣ ✵✱✸✻✼✻ ✵✱✷✺✸ ✵✱✷✺✼✷ ✵✱✶✼✾✼ ✵✱✶✸✺✶ ✵✱✹✺✹✽
♠!❞#③❡&&❡❧ ❤♦③*✉❦ ❧-*&❡✱ ♠✐♥* ❛③♦♥ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❡#❡*-♥✱ ❛❤♦❧ ♥❡♠ ✈♦❧* ❡❧-&❤❡*➤ ❡*❛❧♦♥
❛❞❛*✿ ❛ ♠❛❣②❛& ❯♥✐✈❡&#❛❧ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡# *&❡❡❜❛♥❦❡♥ *❛♥<*♦**✉❦ ❛ ❇♦❤♥❡* ❡❧❡♠③➤
#③!❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②-&*❡❧♠➯#<*➤ -# ❢A❣❣➤#-❣✐ ❡❧❡♠③➤ ♠♦❞✉❧❥❛✐*✱ ♠❛❥❞ ❡③❡❦❡* ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❧❡❦❡*
❢✉**❛**✉❦ ❛③ ▼❲❊ *❛♥<*! ❛❞❛*❜E③✐#♦♥✳
❆ ✺✳ *E❜❧E③❛* ❛ ❦<#-&❧❡* ❡&❡❞♠-♥②❡✐* ♠✉*❛*❥❛❀ ❛ ❍❯✲❊❚❆▲❖◆ ♦#③❧♦♣ ❡&❡❞♠-✲
♥②❡✐ ❛③ ❡❧➤③➤ *E❜❧E③❛*❜❛♥ ❧-✈➤ ♠❛❣②❛& #③E♠♦❦❦❛❧ ♠❡❣❡❣②❡③♥❡❦✳ ❆③ ❡&❡❞♠-♥②❡❦
❛❧❛♣❥E♥ ❛③ ❡*❛❧♦♥ -# ❡❧❡♠③❡** *❛♥<*!❛❞❛*❜E③✐# ❤❛#③♥E❧❛*E✈❛❧ ♥❛❣②♦♥ ❤❛#♦♥❧! ❡&❡❞✲
♠-♥②❡❦ -&❤❡*➤❡❦ ❡❧ ❛③ ✐❣❡✐ *P❜❜#③❛✈❛# ❦✐❢❡❥❡③-#❡❦ ❢❡❧✐#♠❡&-#-❜❡♥✳ ➱&❞❡❦❡# ♠!❞♦♥✱
▼❲❊✲ -# *♦❦❡♥#③✐♥*➯ ❦✐-&*-❦❡❧-# ♠❡❧❧❡** ✐# ♠❛❣❛#❛❜❜ ❛ ♣♦♥*♦##E❣✱ ❞❡ ✈❛❧❛♠✐✈❡❧
❛❧❛❝#♦♥②❛❜❜ ❢❡❞-# -&❤❡*➤ ❡❧ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③❡** ❛❞❛* ❢❡❧❤❛#③♥E❧E#E✈❛❧✱ ♠✐♥* ❛③ ❡*❛❧♦♥♥❛❧✳
▼❲❊✲*<♣✉#♦❦ #③❡♠♣♦♥*❥E❜!❧ ❛③ ▲❱❈✲❦ ♦❦♦③③E❦ ❛ ❧❡❣♥❛❣②♦❜❜ ❦A❧P♥❜#-❣❡*
❛ ❦-* ♠❡❣❦P③❡❧<*-# ❦P③P**✳ ❆ ❱T❈ *<♣✉#❜❛♥ ♥❛❣②♦♥ #♦❦ ❛③ ❡❣②*♦❦❡♥❡# ▼❲❊
❛ ♠❛❣②❛&❜❛♥✱ <❣② ❡③* ❛ ❦❛*❡❣!&✐E* ❦❡✈-#❜- ❜❡❢♦❧②E#♦❧❥E❦ ❛③ ❡*❛❧♦♥ -# ❡❧❡♠③❡**
❢A❣❣➤#-❣✐ ❢E❦ ❦P③P** ❡❧➤❢♦&❞✉❧! ❦A❧P♥❜#-❣❡❦✳
U##③❡##-❣-❜❡♥ ❡❧♠♦♥❞❤❛*!✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❦✐❜➤✈<*❡** &❡♥❞#③❡&A♥❦ E❧*❛❧ ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③♦**
♠✐♥❞❦-* ♠❡❣❦P③❡❧<*-##❡❧ ♥❛❣②❥E❜!❧ ❛③♦♥♦# ❡&❡❞♠-♥②❡❦❡* -&❤❡*A♥❦ ❡❧ ✐❣❡✐ *P❜❜✲
#③❛✈❛# ❦✐❢❡❥❡③-#❡❦ ❢❡❧✐#♠❡&-#-❜❡♥✳
✺✳ "##③❡❣③'#
❈✐❦❦A♥❦❜❡♥ ✐❣❡✐ *P❜❜#③❛✈❛# ❦✐❢❡❥❡③-#❡❦ ❢❡❧✐#♠❡&-#-&❡ ❦-#③<*❡** &❡♥❞#③❡&A♥❦❡* ♠✉✲
*❛**✉❦ ❜❡✳ ❆ &❡♥❞#③❡& #③!❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②-&*❡❧♠➯#<*-#* -# ❢A❣❣➤#-❣✐ ❡❧❡♠③-#* ❤❛#③♥E❧ ❛③
✐❣❡✐ ▼❲❊✲❦ ❢❡❧✐#♠❡&-#-&❡ *P❜❜ ♥②❡❧✈❡♥✳ ❘❡♥❞#③❡&A♥❦ ♥②❡❧✈❢A❣❣❡*❧❡♥✿ ✐❣❡✐ ▼❲❊✲
✺✳ "#❜❧#③❛"✳ ❊"❛❧♦♥ +, ❡❧❡♠③❡"" ❡/❡❞♠+♥②❡❦ ♠❛❣②❛//❛✳
❍❯✲❊❚❆▲❖◆ ❍❯✲❊▲❊▼❩❊❚❚
>✲▼❲❊ ✵✱✻✷✶✽ ✵✱✼✸✸✺
❘✲▼❲❊ ✵✱✺✸✼✶ ✵✱✹✾✶
❋✲▼❲❊ ✵✱✺✼✻✸ ✵✱✺✽✽✷
>✲"♦❦❡♥ ✵✱✺✽✼✻ ✵✱✼✸✽✸
❘✲"♦❦❡♥ ✵✱✺✸✶✶ ✵✱✹✹✷✸
❋✲"♦❦❡♥ ✵✱✺✺✼✾ ✵✱✺✺✸✷
❋✲❱>❈✲▼❲❊ ✵✱✻✽✼✸ ✵✱✻✼✾
❋✲▲❱❈✲▼❲❊ ✵✱✷✾✹✼ ✵✱✷✻✷✸
❋✲❱>❈✲"♦❦❡♥ ✵✱✻✽✷✶ ✵✱✻✽✸✶
❋✲▲❱❈✲"♦❦❡♥ ✵✱✸✷✼✾ ✵✱✷✼✻✽
❦!❡✱ $③&❢❛❥✐ ❝,♠❦.❦!❡ .$ ❢/❣❣➤$.❣✐ !❡❧3❝✐&❦!❛ ❛♥♥♦63❧6 6❛♥,6& ❛❞❛6❜3③✐$✱ ✈❛❣② ✐❣❡✐
▼❲❊✲❦!❡ ❛♥♥♦63❧6 6❛♥,6& ❛❞❛6❜3③✐$ .$ ❛❞♦66 ♥②❡❧✈✐ $③&❢❛❥✐ ❡❣②.!6❡❧♠➯$,6.$$❡❧ .$
❢/❣❣➤$.❣✐ 6!❡❡❜❛♥❦ ❢❡❧❤❛$③♥3❧3$3✈❛❧ ❜3!♠✐❧②❡♥ ♥②❡❧✈!❡ ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③❤❛6&✳
❈✐❦❦/♥❦ ♠❡❣♠✉6❛6❥❛✱ ❤♦❣② ❧❡❤❡6$.❣❡$ ♥②❡❧✈❢/❣❣❡6❧❡♥ ▼❲❊✲❢❡❧✐$♠❡!➤ !❡♥❞✲
$③❡!6 .♣,6❡♥✐ ❧✐♠✐63❧6 ♥②❡❧✈$♣❡❝✐✜❦✉$ ❛❞❛6 ❡$❡6.♥ ✐$ ❡❧❢♦❣❛❞❤❛6& ❡!❡❞♠.♥②❡❦❦❡❧✳
❆ ❥G✈➤❜❡♥ .!❞❡❦❡$ ❧❡❤❡6 ♠❡❣✈✐③$❣3❧♥✐✱ ❤♦❣② ♠3$ ✈.❣❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③3$♦❦ ✐$ ✐♥6❡❣!3❧✲
❤❛6&❛❦✲❡ ❛ ❢/❣❣➤$.❣✐ ❡❧❡♠③.$❜❡ .$ ❤❛ ✐❣❡♥✱ ❤♦❣②❛♥✳
❑!"③!♥❡&♥②✐❧✈+♥,&+"
❆ ❦✉6❛63$6 ❛③ ❊❋❖J✲✸✳✻✳✶✲ ✶✻✲✷✵✶✻✲✵✵✵✵✽ ❛③♦♥♦$,6&❥Q✱ ❊❯ 63!$✜♥❛♥$③,!♦③3$Q
♣!♦❥❡❦6 63♠♦❣❛66❛✳ ❱✐♥❝③❡ ❱❡!♦♥✐❦❛ ❦✉6❛63$❛✐6 ❛③ ❊♠❜❡!✐ ❊!➤❢♦!!3$♦❦ ▼✐♥✐$③6.✲
!✐✉♠❛ T◆❑J✲✶✼✲✹ ❦&❞$③3♠Q T❥ ◆❡♠③❡6✐ ❑✐✈3❧&$3❣ J!♦❣!❛♠❥❛ 63♠♦❣❛66❛✳
❍✐✈❛&❦♦③+"♦❦
✶✳ ❙❛✈❛/②✱ ❆✳✱ ❘❛♠✐,❝❤✱ ❈✳✱ ❈♦/❞❡✐/♦✱ ❙✳✱ ❙❛♥❣❛"✐✱ ❋✳✱ ❱✐♥❝③❡✱ ❱✳✱ ◗❛,❡♠✐❩❛❞❡❤✱ ❇✳✱
❈❛♥❞✐"♦✱ ▼✳✱ ❈❛♣✱ ❋✳✱ ●✐♦✉❧✐✱ ❱✳✱ ❙"♦②❛♥♦✈❛✱ ■✳✱ ❉♦✉❝❡"✱ ❆✳✿ ❚❤❡ ♣❛/,❡♠❡ ,❤❛/❡❞
"❛,❦ ♦♥ ❛✉"♦♠❛"✐❝ ✐❞❡♥"✐✜❝❛"✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❡/❜❛❧ ♠✉❧"✐✇♦/❞ ❡①♣/❡,,✐♦♥,✱ ❆,,♦❝✐❛"✐♦♥ ❢♦/
❈♦♠♣✉"❛"✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐,"✐❝, ✭✷✵✶✼✮ ✸✶✕✹✼
✷✳ ❈♦♥,"❛♥"✱ ▼✳✱ ◆✐✈/❡✱ ❏✳✿ ❆ "/❛♥,✐"✐♦♥✲❜❛,❡❞ ,②,"❡♠ ❢♦/ ❥♦✐♥" ❧❡①✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ,②♥"❛❝"✐❝
❛♥❛❧②,✐,✳ ■♥✿ >/♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣, ♦❢ "❤❡ ✺✹"❤ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ▼❡❡"✐♥❣ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❆,,♦❝✐❛"✐♦♥ ❢♦/ ❈♦♠♣✲
✉"❛"✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐,"✐❝, ✭❱♦❧✉♠❡ ✶✿ ▲♦♥❣ >❛♣❡/,✮✱ ❇❡/❧✐♥✱ ●❡/♠❛♥②✱ ❆,,♦❝✐❛"✐♦♥ ❢♦/
❈♦♠♣✉"❛"✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐,"✐❝, ✭✷✵✶✻✮ ✶✻✶✕✶✼✶
✸✳ ◆❛,/✱ ❆✳✱ ❘❛♠✐,❝❤✱ ❈✳✱ ❉❡✉❧♦❢❡✉✱ ❏✳✱ ❱❛❧❧✐✱ ❆✳✿ ❏♦✐♥" ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ♣❛/,✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧✲
"✐✇♦/❞ ❡①♣/❡,,✐♦♥ "♦❦❡♥✐③❛"✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ >/♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣, ♦❢ "❤❡ ✺✸/❞ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ▼❡❡"✐♥❣ ♦❢ "❤❡
❆,,♦❝✐❛"✐♦♥ ❢♦/ ❈♦♠♣✉"❛"✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐,"✐❝, ❛♥❞ "❤❡ ✼"❤ ■♥"❡/♥❛"✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✐♥" ❈♦♥❢❡✲
/❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ◆❛"✉/❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ >/♦❝❡,,✐♥❣ ✭❱♦❧✉♠❡ ✶✿ ▲♦♥❣ >❛♣❡/,✮✱ ❇❡✐❥✐♥❣✱ ❈❤✐♥❛✱
❆,,♦❝✐❛"✐♦♥ ❢♦/ ❈♦♠♣✉"❛"✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐,"✐❝, ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ✶✶✶✻✕✶✶✷✻
✹✳ ❈❛♥❞✐"♦✱ ▼✳✱ ❈♦♥,"❛♥"✱ ▼✳✿ ❙"/❛"❡❣✐❡, ❢♦/ ❝♦♥"✐❣✉♦✉, ♠✉❧"✐✇♦/❞ ❡①♣/❡,,✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②✲
,✐, ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ♣❛/,✐♥❣✳ ■♥✿ >/♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣, ♦❢ "❤❡ ✺✷♥❞ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ▼❡❡"✐♥❣ ♦❢ "❤❡
❆,,♦❝✐❛"✐♦♥ ❢♦/ ❈♦♠♣✉"❛"✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐,"✐❝, ✭❱♦❧✉♠❡ ✶✿ ▲♦♥❣ >❛♣❡/,✮✱ ❇❛❧"✐♠♦/❡✱
▼❛/②❧❛♥❞✱ ❆,,♦❝✐❛"✐♦♥ ❢♦/ ❈♦♠♣✉"❛"✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐,"✐❝, ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ✼✹✸✕✼✺✸
✺✳ ●#❡❡♥✱ ❙✳✱ ❞❡ ▼❛#♥❡✛❡✱ ▼✳❈✳✱ ❇❛✉❡#✱ ❏✳✱ ▼❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ❈✳❉✳✿ ▼✉❧5✐✇♦#❞ ❡①♣#❡::✐♦♥
✐❞❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥ ✇✐5❤ 5#❡❡ :✉❜:5✐5✉5✐♦♥ ❣#❛♠♠❛#:✿ ❆ ♣❛#:✐♥❣ 5♦✉# ❞❡ ❢♦#❝❡ ✇✐5❤ ❢#❡♥❝❤✳
■♥✿ C#♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣: ♦❢ 5❤❡ ✷✵✶✶ ❈♦♥❢❡#❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❊♠♣✐#✐❝❛❧ ▼❡5❤♦❞: ✐♥ ◆❛5✉#❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
C#♦❝❡::✐♥❣✱ ❊❞✐♥❜✉#❣❤✱ ❙❝♦5❧❛♥❞✱ ❯❑✳✱ ❆::♦❝✐❛5✐♦♥ ❢♦# ❈♦♠♣✉5❛5✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐:5✐❝:
✭✷✵✶✶✮ ✼✷✺✕✼✸✺
✻✳ ❲❛:③❝③✉❦✱ ❏✳✱ ❙❛✈❛#②✱ ❆✳✱ C❛#♠❡♥5✐❡#✱ ❨✳✿ C#♦♠♦5✐♥❣ ♠✉❧5✐✇♦#❞ ❡①♣#❡::✐♦♥: ✐♥ ❆✯
❚❆● ♣❛#:✐♥❣✳ ■♥✿ ❈❖▲■◆● ✷✵✶✻✱ ✷✻5❤ ■♥5❡#♥❛5✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡#❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉5❛5✐♦♥❛❧
▲✐♥❣✉✐:5✐❝:✱ C#♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣: ♦❢ 5❤❡ ❈♦♥❢❡#❡♥❝❡✿ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ C❛♣❡#:✱ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡# ✶✶✲✶✻✱
✷✵✶✻✱ ❖:❛❦❛✱ ❏❛♣❛♥✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮ ✹✷✾✕✹✸✾
✼✳ ❲❡❤#❧✐✱ ❊✳✱ ❙❡#❡5❛♥✱ ❱✳✱ ◆❡#✐♠❛✱ ▲✳✿ ❙❡♥5❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②:✐: ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❧♦❝❛5✐♦♥ ✐❞❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐✲
♦♥✳ ■♥✿ C#♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣: ♦❢ 5❤❡ ❲♦#❦:❤♦♣ ♦♥ ▼✉❧5✐✇♦#❞ ❊①♣#❡::✐♦♥:✿ ❢#♦♠ ❚❤❡♦#② 5♦
❆♣♣❧✐❝❛5✐♦♥: ✭▼❲❊ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❇❡✐❥✐♥❣✱ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ❆::♦❝✐❛5✐♦♥ ❢♦# ❈♦♠♣✉5❛5✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✲
✐:5✐❝: ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ✷✼✕✸✺
✽✳ ●#❡❡♥✱ ❙✳✱ ❞❡ ▼❛#♥❡✛❡✱ ▼✳❈✳✱ ▼❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ❈✳❉✳✿ C❛#:✐♥❣ ▼♦❞❡❧: ❢♦# ■❞❡♥5✐❢②✐♥❣
▼✉❧5✐✇♦#❞ ❊①♣#❡::✐♦♥:✳ ❈♦♠♣✉5❛5✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐:5✐❝: ✸✾✭✶✮ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ✶✾✺✕✷✷✼
✾✳ ❱✐♥❝③❡✱ ❱✳✱ ❩:✐❜#✐5❛✱ ❏✳✱ ◆❛❣② ❚✳✱ ■✳✿ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② C❛#:✐♥❣ ❢♦# ■❞❡♥5✐❢②✐♥❣ ❍✉♥❣❛✲
#✐❛♥ ▲✐❣❤5 ❱❡#❜ ❈♦♥:5#✉❝5✐♦♥:✳ ■♥✿ C#♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣: ♦❢ 5❤❡ ❙✐①5❤ ■♥5❡#♥❛5✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✐♥5
❈♦♥❢❡#❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ◆❛5✉#❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ C#♦❝❡::✐♥❣✱ ◆❛❣♦②❛✱ ❏❛♣❛♥✱ ❆:✐❛♥ ❋❡❞❡#❛5✐♦♥ ♦❢
◆❛5✉#❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ C#♦❝❡::✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ✷✵✼✕✷✶✺
✶✵✳ ❙✐♠❦d✱ ❑✳■✳✱ ❑♦✈e❝:✱ ❱✳✱ ❱✐♥❝③❡✱ ❱✳✿ ❙③✐♥5❛❦5✐❦❛✐ ❝f♠❦❡❦g:③❧❡5❡❦ ❤❛5e:❛ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③g:
❡#❡❞♠g♥②❡::g❣g#❡✳ ■♥✿ ❳■■■✳ ▼❛❣②❛# ❙③e♠f5d❣g♣❡: ◆②❡❧✈g:③❡5✐ ❑♦♥❢❡#❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❙③❡❣❡❞
✭✷✵✶✼✮ ✸✶✻✕✸✷✷
✶✶✳ ◆✐✈#❡✱ ❏✳✿ ❚♦✇❛#❞: ❛ ❯♥✐✈❡#:❛❧ ●#❛♠♠❛# ❢♦# ◆❛5✉#❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ C#♦❝❡::✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ●❡❧✲
❜✉❦❤✱ ❆✳✱ ❡❞✳✿ ❈♦♠♣✉5❛5✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐:5✐❝: ❛♥❞ ■♥5❡❧❧✐❣❡♥5 ❚❡①5 C#♦❝❡::✐♥❣✳ ❙♣#✐♥❣❡#
✭✷✵✶✺✮ ✸✕✶✻
✶✷✳ ❇♦❤♥❡5✱ ❇✳✿ ❚♦♣ ❛❝❝✉#❛❝② ❛♥❞ ❢❛:5 ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ♣❛#:✐♥❣ ✐: ♥♦5 ❛ ❝♦♥5#❛❞✐❝5✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿
C#♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣: ♦❢ 5❤❡ ✷✸#❞ ■♥5❡#♥❛5✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡#❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉5❛5✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐:5✐❝:
✭❈♦❧✐♥❣ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ✽✾✕✾✼
✶✸✳ ◆✐✈#❡✱ ❏✳✱ ❞❡ ▼❛#♥❡✛❡✱ ▼✳❈✳✱ ●✐♥5❡#✱ ❋✳✱ ●♦❧❞❜❡#❣✱ ❨✳✱ ❍❛❥✐❝✱ ❏✳✱ ▼❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ❈✳❉✳✱
▼❝❉♦♥❛❧❞✱ ❘✳✱ C❡5#♦✈✱ ❙✳✱ C②②:❛❧♦✱ ❙✳✱ ❙✐❧✈❡✐#❛✱ ◆✳✱ ❚:❛#❢❛5②✱ ❘✳✱ ❩❡♠❛♥✱ ❉✳✿ ❯♥✐✲
✈❡#:❛❧ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡: ✈✶✿ ❆ ♠✉❧5✐❧✐♥❣✉❛❧ 5#❡❡❜❛♥❦ ❝♦❧❧❡❝5✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❈❤❛✐#✮✱ ◆✳❈✳❈✳✱
❈❤♦✉❦#✐✱ ❑✳✱ ❉❡❝❧❡#❝❦✱ ❚✳✱ ●♦❣❣✐✱ ❙✳✱ ●#♦❜❡❧♥✐❦✱ ▼✳✱ ▼❛❡❣❛❛#❞✱ ❇✳✱ ▼❛#✐❛♥✐✱ ❏✳✱
▼❛③♦✱ ❍✳✱ ▼♦#❡♥♦✱ ❆✳✱ ❖❞✐❥❦✱ ❏✳✱ C✐♣❡#✐❞✐:✱ ❙✳✱ ❡❞:✳✿ C#♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣: ♦❢ 5❤❡ ❚❡♥5❤
■♥5❡#♥❛5✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡#❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❘❡:♦✉#❝❡: ❛♥❞ ❊✈❛❧✉❛5✐♦♥ ✭▲❘❊❈ ✷✵✶✻✮✱
C❛#✐:✱ ❋#❛♥❝❡✱ ❊✉#♦♣❡❛♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❘❡:♦✉#❝❡: ❆::♦❝✐❛5✐♦♥ ✭❊▲❘❆✮ ✭✷✵✶✻✮