Editors :
Cristina M. Hin ܊ ea Bogdan A. Moldovan Bianca V. Radu
Raluca M. Suciu
Transylvanian International Conference in Public Administration
Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 2-4 November 2017
2
3
Transylvanian International Conference in Public Administration
Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 2-4 November 2017
Editors :
Cristina M. +LQ܊HD Bogdan A. Moldovan Bianca V. Radu
Raluca M. Suciu
4
ISBN 978-606-561-184-9
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5
Contents
Foreword ...9 Local Governments in Turkey in the Context of SDGs and Innovation ... 13
Fulya AKYILDIZ
Informal Payments in Romania:
The Medical Personnel Point of View. A Preliminary Study ...33 Ovidiu ANTAL
&ăWăOLQBABA
Steps in the Development of Creative Industries in Cluj-Napoca.
Case Study Transylvania International Film Festival ... 45 Delia Cristina BALABAN
&RGUX܊DBARB
Cluj-Napoca Smart City: More than Just Technology ... 57 Emil BOC
The Regional Development Policy – A Vital Instrument Supporting
Sustainable Development in Romania and Throughout the European Union ... 74 Daniel BUDA
Health Literacy in Central and Eastern Europe ... 89 0ăGăOLQD$GLQDCOMAN
'LDQD/HQX܊DHRAB
The Sources of Distortion of Local Public Interest ... 100 Valentina CORNEA
7RZDUGVWKH&RGL¿FDWLRQRI3XEOLF,QWHJULW\/HJDO)UDPHZRUN"
Some Considerations on Proposals for a New Administrative Code ... 115 Cynthia Carmen CURT
&XOWXUDO,QÀXHQFHVRQ&RPSHWLWLYHQHVVLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ
An Exploration of Causality ...124 +RUD܊LX'$1
The Southern European Variety of City Manager in Catalonia and Romania ... 135 Eliska DRAPALOVA
6
&RQÀLFWRI,QWHUHVWVXQGHU5RPDQLDQ3XEOLF3URFXUHPHQW5XOHV
Pros and Cons of the PREVENT System... 150 Laura FARCA
Strategic Planning in Cluj-Napoca Metropolitan Area:
Analysyis of Strategic Planning Construction in Rural Communities ... 167 ,RQX܊&ăWăOLQ+Ă'$'($
6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\3DUNV:D\RIWKH)XWXUHRU2YHU+\SHG" ... 182 Amanda HAMLIN
Strategic Planning for a Better Quality of Life ... 193
&ăOLQ+,1܉($
Raluca ANTONIE George VLAS
Challenges of the Comparative Municipal Law –
in the Light of the Comparison of the Municipal Tasks ... 206 István HOFFMAN
The Use of mHealth Technology in Smoking Cessation Interventions
for Pregnant Women: The Emerging Field of eHealth and mHealth in Romania ... 220 Andreea +2܇7,1Ă
5ă]YDQ0&+(5(&+(܇
Selective Trust in Institutions amidst Romania’s Political Protests ... 228 Ioan HOSU
Mihnea-Simion STOICA
5RPDQLDQ/RFDO3XEOLF*RYHUQPHQW2QOLQH$QDO\VLVRIWKH)XO¿OOPHQW of the Online Regulations and Communication Criteria of the City Halls
and Local Councils of the County Seats of Romania ... 240 Magor KÁDÁR
István BENEDEK
Experimental Local Governance in Romania.
An Exploratory Study on Participatory Budgeting in Cluj-Napoca ... 257 Irina Ana KANTOR
Carmen Gabriela GREAB
Improvement of Motivation Systems in Hungarian Organizations ... 266 Peter KARÁCSONY
Mikhail V. VINICHENKO Tural ALIYEV
Evaluating Romanian Internal Public Auditing Using the IA-CM:
Current State and Potential Developments... 280 Felicia Cornelia MACARIE
Octavian MOLDOVAN
7
Health Literacy, Public Service Announcements and Health Policies –
The Disconnected Flow ...303 9LRUHO0,+Ă,/Ă
Ana Maria ZAMFIR 5D]YDQ0LKDLO3$38&
A Participatory Budget at Federal State Level –
A Feasibility Study from Baden-Württemberg ... 320 Robert MÜLLER-TÖRÖK
Arne PAUTSCH Birgit SCHENK
The Impact of Labour Market Policies to Reduce Unemployment —
Comparative Study ...326 Anca Maria Elisabeta ODOBLEJA
The Importance of Needs Assessment Studies on Public Administration
Students’ Career Services Expectations ... 344
$QL܈RDUDPAVELEA Andreea VOINA
7KH6WDWXVRIWKH5RPDQLDQ1RQSUR¿W6HFWRU
and Its Readiness for Social Entrepreneurship... 356 Claudia PETRESCU
Martin BALOGH Natalia Monica BALOGH Paula BEUDEAN
Strategic Planning of Romanian Universities
for Better Integration of Students into the Labor Market ... 372 Elena-Camelia POTCOVEL (CIOCAN)
Achievements and Challenges in Romanian Civil Service Reform
in the Last Two Decades ...387 Alina Georgiana PROFIROIU
Constantin Marius PROFIROIU
Simulation-Based Analysis of Device Availability
under Three Maintenance Strategies ...403 Alexander PROSSER
Lakshika Dilshan WIJAYALATH The Cryptographic Requirements
for Predictive Remote Maintenance Schemes ... 413 Alexander PROSSER
Domenica BAGNATO Robert MÜLLER-TÖRÖK
Regional Innovation Scoreboard – Methodological Concerns ... 425 6RULQ'DQù$1'25
8
The Role of Knowledge Management in Public Sector:
New Digital Perspectives ...435 Ruslan SEITKAZIN
Quality Time and Online Training Innovation for the Public-Sector Managers ... 443 Oana Mara STAN
Community Development and Local Identity
in North-Western Communities from Romania ... 462 9LRUHO67Ă1,&Ă
The Challenges of Anticorruption in a Democratic Society.
Romania – Pitfalls and Escape Routes ... 481 Laura STEFAN
Women in Spanish Politics – Steps to Gendered Quotas ... 497
$GD78'25,&Ă
Problems of Strategy Making Capacities of a Small Municipality’s Local Government:
The Case of the Handbook of Municipal Landscape ... 510 /DV]OR9$66
Evolution of Community Foundations in Romania during the period 2008-2016
in the Context of Organizational Performance ... 521 George-Florin VLAS
Study regarding Public Debt at E.U. Level ...533 Paul ZAI
From Cultural Vitality to Culture
as Sustainable Urban Development in Cluj-Napoca ... 547 5DUL܊D0DULD=%5$1&$
The Digital Divide in the Context of Electronic Public Services ... 564 Andrea =ह/'(
9
Foreword
ȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱȱòȬ¢ȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬŗşşŖȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĚȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ
£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¡ǰȱȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ£ȱȱȱȬ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱTransylvanian International Con- ference in Public Administration, ȱ¢ȱȱȬǰȱȱȱȱęȱ
¢ȱȱǯȱ
ȱŘŖŗŝǰȱȱTransylvanian International Conference in Public Administration took
ȱȱŘȱȱśȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȬ
ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
Contents
10
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȬ
ȱȱȱȱǼȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ
¢ǰȱȱȱ£ȱǰȱȱěȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱě¢ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęǯ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱDZȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȬDzȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȬ
ȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ£ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȬ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ
ǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȬ
¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ£ȱ¢ȱȦǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬ
Contents
11
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱTransylvanian International Conference in Public AdministrationǰȱŘŖŗŝȱǰȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ£
Ȭǰȱ
ǰȱŘŖŗŞ
Contents
206
CHALLENGES OF
THE COMPARATIVE MUNICIPAL LAW – IN THE LIGHT OF THE COMPARISON
OF THE MUNICIPAL TASKS
*1István HOFFMAN
István HOFFMAN
Associate Professor, PhD, dr. habil., Department of Administrative Law, Faculty of Law,
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary Tel.: 0036-1-4116519
(PDLOKRIIPDQLVWYDQ#DMNHOWHKX
*This article was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Abstract. Comparative administrative law has a long tradition among administrative scienc- es. This approach focuses on the comparison of the legal instruments of the public administration, especially the comparison of the legal regulation RI DGPLQLVWUDWLYH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG RI SURFHGXUDO questions. Similarly, comparative municipal law fo- FXVHVRQWKHPXQLFLSDORUJDQL]DWLRQ7DVNVRIWKH ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW KDYH EHHQ DQDO\]HG OLPLWHGO\
however, this analysis can provide more informa- tion on the municipal systems than the comparison of the municipal bodies themselves. The challeng- es of the comparison of the tasks of the municipal- LWLHVZLOOEHDQDO\]HGLQWKLVSDSHU
First of all, such analysis should be multi-dis- ciplinary because these tasks are strongly im- pacted by policies and the politics as well as they DUHLQÀXHQFHGE\WKHVSDWLDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKHJLY- en country. Secondly, the jurisprudential analysis should be multidimensional, because of the differ- ent approaches of the sectoral regulations. Third- ly, these tasks are impacted by the economy and the approach of the public services. Last but not least, the analysis can be distorted by the different approaches of the local government system. The analysis is mainly jurisprudential but the methods of the administrative sciences are widely used as well. The framework is a three-dimensional matrix:
WKHPXQLFLSDOWDVNVDUHGH¿QHGE\WKHPXQLFLSDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ WKH VSDWLDO VWUXFWXUH RI WKH JLYHQ country, the traditions and the constitutional ap- proach of the given public service sector, respec- tively.
Keywords: comparative administrative law, comparative municipal law, local government, mu- nicipal reform, municipal tasks.
Contents
207 1. Introduction
ȱȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱŗşȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȬ
ȱ ȱȮȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ěȱǻȱȱ¢ǰȱŗşŝşǰȱǯȱŘȬśǼǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱŗşȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ£ȱet al., ŘŖŗŝǯȱǯȱŝŝȬŝşǼǯȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬ
ȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗşȱ¢ǰȱȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱŘŖȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱŘŖȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱęǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǻȬ
ȱȱǰȱŘŖŗŚǰȱǯȱŘȬşǼǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȬ
ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȬ
ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ǯȱ
Contents
208
2. Methods and approaches of the comparative municipal law
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȬ
¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
2.1. Jurisprudential comparisons
2.1.1. Methods and approaches of the (general) comparative administrative law
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȬ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱěȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱæ£ȱǻæ£ǰȱŘŖŖŜǰȱǯȱŘřȬŚŖDzȱ æ£ǰȱŘŖŖŝǰȱǯȱřŝȬŚśǼȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱęȱ Ȯȱ¢ȱȮȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
¢ȱȱǻǼȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱǰȱȱ
ęȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ǰȱ¢¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ
¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ¢Ǽȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱ£ȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱæ£ȱǻæ£ǰȱŘŖŖŜǰȱǯȱŘřȬŚŖǼȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢¢ȱ
ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢£ȱ¢ȱȱDZȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱ¡ȱȱȱDZȱȱȱǰȱ ŘŖŖŘǰȱȱȱDZȱæ£ǰȱŘŖŖŜȱȱ ȱet al., ŘŖŗŗǼǯȱȱȱȱ
Contents
209
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱęȱȱȱǯȱȱȱęȬ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱę¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱǻ¢ȱet al.ǰȱŘŖŗŚDzȱȬȱet al., ŘŖŗŝǼǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢£ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱaspectȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ¢¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ¢ȱet al., ŘŖŗŚǰȱǯȱ ŞşřȬşŘŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ
2.1.2. Methods and approaches of the comparative municipal law
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻěǰȱŘŖŗśǰȱǯȱŘŞȬřřǼǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱnecessarily ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŗşşŞDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱǰȱ ŘŖŗŗDzȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ
ȱȱDZȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǵȱȱȱȱěȱȬ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱŘŖŗŘǰȱǯȱŗŜȬŗŝǼǯȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ǰȱ¢¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȁȱȱěȂǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢£ȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȬ
£ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȬ
ȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯ
ȱȱȬ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȬ
ǯȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱultra vires principle (Arden et al.ǰȱŘŖŖŞǰȱǯȱŗŚȬŗŞǼǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ǯȱȱȱȬ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȬ
Contents
210
ȱȱ ȱ¢£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱȱet al., ŘŖŖŞDzȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱŘŖŗŝǯǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
DZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ Localism Act 2011 ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ tasks and powers
ȱȱȱǻ¢ǰȱŘŖŗśǰȱǯȱŝŚDzȱĴȱȱǰȱŘŖŗŝǰȱǯȱřŚřȬřŚŚDzȱ
ǰȱŘŖŖřǰȱǯȱŗŖŘǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
Ȭ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻæǰȱŘŖŗŜǰȱǯȱŗŞśǼǰȱȱȱȱȱ
Ȭ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻȱ ȱȱ¢ȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ¡Ȭ
ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȬ trian provinces (Länder) ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱǻǰȱŗşşŞǼǯȱ
2.2. Method and approach of the comparative local governance
ȱȱȱȱ¢£ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ Ȭ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢£ȱ¢ȱȱȬ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¡ȬȱȱȮȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȬ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱlocal governance ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱęȱ
ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢DZȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢£Ȭ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱě¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȬ
·¢ǰȱŗşşřDzȱȱet el., ŘŖŗŗǼȱȱ¢£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Contents
211
ȱ¢ȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢£ȱ¢ȱěȱȱ ȱȱȱ
¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǼȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱǻ¢ȱet al., ŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȬȱȱǻĴȱȱǰȱŘŖŗŝǰȱǯȱŗŚȬ ŘŘǼǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŞȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȬȬ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ£ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱ ȱȱǻȱȱǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȮȱȱȱ ǯȱ
3. The comparative analysis of the municipal tasks 3.1. Framework of the analysis
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŘǯŗǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ£ȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȬ¡ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱreviewed
Contents
212
ȱ ǯȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŗŗȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ ȱ
¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱtasks of the municipalitiesDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱǰȱǯȱ ȱ£ȱȱ£ȱǻ¤·ȱ
¤ǰȱŘŖŗŜǰȱǯȱśşŖȬśşřǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȬ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱ
3.2. The constitutional status of the local government and the traditions of the municipal system
ȱȱȱȱȱȱŗȱȱȱȱȱȱę¢ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱȱĚȱ¢ȱ
ȱDZȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȁȬ ĴȂȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱultra vires ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŗŗǯȱ ȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ (Arden et al., ŘŖŖŞǰȱǯȱŗŗřȬŗŗŚǼǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱŚȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŗŗȱȱȱȱ Ȭ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǻ¢Ǽȱȱǻ¤·ȱ¤ǰȱŘŖŗŜǰȱǯȱŞŚǼǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȬ
ȱ¢ȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŗŚǰȱǯȱŘşŘǼȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǻ°ȱȱċ°ǰȱŘŖŗŜǰȱǯȱŘşȬřŖǼǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
Contents
213
7KHUROHRIWKHVHFWRUDOSROLFLHVLQWKH¿HOGRIWKHPXQLFLSDOWDVNV
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ£ǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȬ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
Ǽȱȱ¢ȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱę¢ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ¤ǰȱŘŖŗŜǰȱǯȱŘŞȬŘşǼǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱĚǯȱȱȬȬ
ȱǻȬǰȱŗşşŖǼȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ
DZȱȱȱȱǻȬ¡Ǽȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ
ęȱȱȱȱȱȁȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱDzȱȱȱ ǻȱȱȱǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱǻȱȱǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ
ȱǯȱěȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻȬȬ
ǰȱŘŖŖŘǰȱǯȱŗŚȬŗŞǼǯȱȱȬ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱęȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱǻȱǼȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱ¢ȱǻ¡¢ȱ¢Ǽȱ£ȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȬȱȬ
ęȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȬ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȬ ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȬ
¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱęȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱDZȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Contents
214
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱDZȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖřǰȱǯȱşŝDzȱȱ
ȱDzȱŘŖŗŗǰȱǯȱřŖŗȬřŖŘǼǯȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĚȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱ
3.4. The spatial structure of the municipal system
ȱȱ¢ȱȱĚȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻȱȱ
ǰȱŘŖŗŖǰȱǯȱŘȬşǼǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱřǯřȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱǻ¤·ȱ¤ǰȱŘŖŗŜǰȱǯȱŞȬşǼǯȱȱȬ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȮȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ
Ȭǰȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ£ȱǻĴǰȱŘŖŖśǰȱǯȱ řŝŘȬřŝśǼȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱĚȱ
¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǻ¤ȱǯȱet al. ŘŖŗřǰȱǯȱşȬŗŗǼDZȱȱ
¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱŘŖŗŘȱǻ¤£ȱȱěȱŘŖŗŝǰȱǯȱşȬŗŘǼǯȱȱȱ ȱ¡Ȭ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǻǰȱ ŘŖŗŜǰȱǯȱŗşȬŘŗǼǯ
ȱȱȱȱconcentration ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ regarding economies of scale ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ
ȱȱǻ £Ȭȱȱ£Ȭ££ǰȱŘŖŗřǰȱǯȱŞȬŗŗǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȮȱȱȱ¡ȱ
ȱǰȱȬȱȱȮȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱconcentration (of the municipal) system ǻ¤ǰȱ ŘŖŖŘǰȱǯȱŗŝŝȬŗŝŞǼǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ¢ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
Contents
215
ȱȱĚȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱǻȬ
ȱȱǰȱŘŖŗŖǰȱǯȱŞȬŗŚǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ
¢ȱȱspatial structure and the territorial changes: ȱȱȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
3.5. The public service provision systems
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȬ
ȱǻ²ȱȱ²ǰȱŘŖŗřǰȱǯȱśŚŜȬśŚŝǼǯȱȱȱȱȱęȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ– in general – ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ“Les Trentes Glourieuses”ȱǻȱȱ ȱ ŗşŚśȱȱŗşŝśǼȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱŗşŝřȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȮȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȮȱȱǻȱet al., ŘŖŗŗǰȱǯȱŚǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǻǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȮȱ ȱȬ
ȱ ȱȮȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱŗşşŖȱȱŘŖŖŖȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
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