PANDÉMIA – FENNTARTHATÓ GAZDÁLKODÁS – KÖRNYEZETTUDATOSSÁG / PANDEMIC
– SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT – ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
KONFERENCIAKÖTET / Conference Proceedings
Szerkesztette / Edited by: OBÁDOVICS Csilla, RESPERGER Richárd, SZÉLES Zsuzsanna A konferenciát támogatta / Supported by:
Magyar Nemzeti Bank (MNB) / Hungarian National Bank (MNB)
Nemzetközi tudományos konferencia a Magyar Tudomány Ünnepe alkalmából / International Scientific Conference on the Occasion of the Hungarian Science Festival
Sopron, 2021. november 4. / 4 November 2021, Sopron
PANDÉMIA – FENNTARTHATÓ GAZDÁLKODÁS – KÖRNYEZETTUDATOSSÁG /
PANDEMIC – SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT – ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
KONFERENCIAKÖTET / Conference Proceedings
(LEKTORÁLT TANULMÁNYOK / PEER-REVIEWED STUDIES)
Szerkesztette / Edited by:
OBÁDOVICS Csilla, RESPERGER Richárd, SZÉLES Zsuzsanna
SOPRONI EGYETEM KIADÓ / UNIVERSITY OF SOPRON PRESS
SOPRON, 2022
Nemzetközi tudományos konferencia a Magyar Tudomány Ünnepe alkalmából / International Scientific Conference on the Occasion of the Hungarian Science Festival
Sopron, 2021. november 4. / 4 November 2021, Sopron
Mottó / Motto: „Tudomány: iránytű az élhető jövőhöz” / „Science: a Compass For a Livable Future”
Szervező / Organizer: A Soproni Felsőoktatásért Alapítvány / For the Higher Education at Sopron Foundation A konferencia védnöke / Patron of the Conference:
Innovációs és Technológiai Minisztérium / Ministry for Innovation and Technology
Felelős kiadó / Executive Publisher: Prof. Dr. FÁBIÁN Attila a Soproni Egyetem rektora / Rector of the University of Sopron
Szerkesztette / Edited by:
Prof. Dr. OBÁDOVICS Csilla, Dr. RESPERGER Richárd, Prof. Dr. SZÉLES Zsuzsanna
A kötet tanulmányait lektorálták / Peer-reviewed by:
Dr. BARTÓK István, BAZSÓNÉ dr. BERTALAN Laura, Dr. BEDNÁRIK Éva, Dr. habil. BODNÁR Gabriella, Dr. BRUDER Emese, Dr. HOSCHEK Mónika, Dr. habil. Eva JANČÍKOVÁ, Dr. JANDALA Csilla, Dr. habil. KOLOSZÁR László, Dr. KÓPHÁZI Andrea, Dr. KOVÁCS Tamás, Prof. Dr. KULCSÁR László,
Prof. Dr. Markus MAU, Prof. Dr. Nicole MAU, Dr. MÉSZÁROS Katalin, Dr. NEDELKA Erzsébet, Dr. NÉMETH Nikoletta, Prof. Dr. OBÁDOVICS Csilla, PAPPNÉ dr. VANCSÓ Judit, Dr. habil. PAPP-VÁRY Árpád,
Dr. PATAKI László, Dr. PIRGER Tamás, Dr. RESPERGER Richárd, Dr. habil. SZABÓ Zoltán, Prof. Dr. SZÉKELY Csaba, Prof. Dr. SZÉLES Zsuzsanna, Dr. SZÓKA Károly, Dr. TAKÁTS Alexandra
Tördelőszerkesztő / Layout Editor: TAKÁCS Eszter Borítóterv / Cover Plan: ZSIDY Emese
ISBN 978-963-334-411-8 (pdf) DOI: 10.35511/978-963-334-411-8
© Soproni Egyetem Kiadó / University of Sopron Press Sopron, 2022 – Minden jog fenntartva.
SZERVEZŐK
Szervezők: A Soproni Felsőoktatásért Alapítvány
Soproni Egyetem Lámfalussy Sándor Közgazdaságtudományi Kar A konferencia elnöke: Prof. Dr. SZÉLES Zsuzsanna PhD egyetemi tanár, dékán
Tudományos- és Szervező Bizottság:
elnök: Prof. Dr. OBÁDOVICS Csilla PhD egyetemi tanár, Doktori Iskola-vezető tagok: Prof. Dr. FÁBIÁN Attila PhD egyetemi tanár, rektor
Prof. Dr. SZÉKELY Csaba DSc professor emeritus Prof. Dr. KULCSÁR László CSc professor emeritus Dr. habil. POGÁTSA Zoltán PhD egyetemi docens
Dr. habil. TÓTH Balázs István PhD egyetemi docens, igazgató Dr. KERESZTES Gábor PhD egyetemi docens, dékánhelyettes Dr. NEDELKA Erzsébet PhD egyetemi docens, dékánhelyettes Dr. HOSCHEK Mónika PhD egyetemi docens, intézetigazgató Dr. KOLOSZÁR László PhD egyetemi docens, intézetigazgató Pappné dr. VANCSÓ Judit PhD egyetemi docens, intézetigazgató Dr. KOVÁCS Tamás PhD egyetemi docens
Dr. RESPERGER Richárd PhD adjunktus, a konferencia titkára
ORGANIZERS
Organizers: For the Higher Education at Sopron Foundation University of Sopron Alexandre Lamfalussy Faculty of Economics President of the Conference: Prof. Dr. Zsuzsanna SZÉLES PhD Professor, Dean
Scientific and Organizing Committee:
chair: Prof. Dr. Csilla OBÁDOVICS PhD Professor, Head of the Doctoral School members: Prof. Dr. Attila FÁBIÁN PhD Professor, Rector
Prof. Dr. Csaba SZÉKELY DSc Professor Emeritus Prof. Dr. László KULCSÁR CSc Professor Emeritus Dr. habil. Zoltán POGÁTSA PhD Associate Professor
Dr. habil. Balázs István TÓTH PhD Associate Professor, Director Dr. Gábor KERESZTES PhD Associate Professor, Vice Dean Dr. Erzsébet NEDELKA PhD Associate Professor, Vice Dean
Dr. Mónika HOSCHEK PhD Associate Professor, Director of Institute Dr. László KOLOSZÁR PhD Associate Professor, Director of Institute Dr. Judit PAPP-VANCSÓ PhD Associate Professor, Director of Institute Dr. Tamás KOVÁCS PhD Associate Professor
Dr. Richárd RESPERGER PhD Assistant Professor, Secretary of the Conf.
TARTALOMJEGYZÉK / CONTENTS
Plenáris előadások Plenary Lectures
Sustainability and Higher Education from a Three-dimensional Perspective
Dr. Rita LUKÁCS ...10 A jövő vezetőinek társadalmi felelősségvállalási attitűd vizsgálata
Examination of Future Leaders’ Social Responsibility Attitude
Dr. NÉMETH Patrícia – KASZA Lajos ...20 1. szekció: Versenyképesség és fenntartható gazdálkodás
Session 1: Competitiveness and Sustainable Management
Challenges and Chances for the Social and Economic Development of a Russian Border Region (the Case of the Samara Region)
Prof. Dr. Galina KHMELEVA – Dr. Marina KURNIKOVA ...33 Soy Supply and Organic Requirements for more Authenticity
Dr. Caspar VON DER CRONE – Prof. Dr. Nicole MAU ...41 The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Leadership in the Corona Crisis
Thomas SOLDERITS ...51 Environmental Sustainability as a Strategic Reason for the Investment in Industry 4.0:
The Difference between SMEs and Large Companies
Mohamed EL MERROUN ...63 Supply Chain Resilience: Lessons Learned during the COVID-19 Outbreak and its
Implications for the Future
Johannes LITZENBURGER – Prof. Dr. Nicole MAU – Prof. Dr. Markus MAU ...68 2. szekció: Turizmus, marketing
Session 2: Tourism, Marketing Felelős márkakommunikáció a koronavírus idején
Responsible Brand Communication during the Coronavirus Pandemic Situation
Dr. habil. PAPP-VÁRY Árpád – Dr. LUKÁCS Rita ...74 A digitális transzformáció megjelenése a divatipari értékesítési gyakorlatokban
The Appearance of the Digital Transformation in Sales Practices of the Fashion Industry
VIZI Noémi ...84 A turizmus fenntarthatósága a pandémia után
Sustainability of Tourism after the Pandemic
Dr. JANDALA Csilla – GÁL Pál Zoltán – Dr. BÖRÖCZ Lajos – DARÁZS Fanni ...96 Az „Alföld Slow térség” versenyképességének vizsgálata
Analysis of the Competitiveness of the „Alföld Slow Region”
SZŐKE Tünde Mónika ...107 Aktív lovasturizmus Magyarországon és a Fertő-tájon
Active Equestrian Tourism in Hungary and at Fertő Landscape
Prof. Dr. OBÁDOVICS Csilla ...119
3. szekció: Fenntarthatóság, környezettudatosság Session 3: Sustainability, Environmental Awareness A vállalkozói attitűd vizsgálata bibliometriai módszer segítségével
Examining the Entrepreneurial Attitude Composite Word using Bibliometrics
Dr. FEHÉR Helga – Dr. KOZMA Dorottya Edina ...132 A fenntarthatóság környezeti elemeinek megjelenése a hazai nagyvállalatok
gyakorlatában
The Emergence of Environmental Elements of Sustainability in the Practice of Large Hungarian Companies
Dr. KOZMA Dorottya Edina – BOSNYÁK-SIMON Nikolett ...149 Járvány, környezettudatosság, fenntarthatóság – mémelméleti áttekintéssel
Pandemic, Environmental Awareness, Sustainability – with a Meme Theory Overview
Dr. DŐRY István ...165 A home office és a szervezeti kultúra egymásra gyakorolt hatásai a magyarországi
munltinacionális vállalatoknál – Kutatási tervezet
Interactions between Home Office and Organizational Culture at Hungarian Multinational Companies – Research Project
IONESCU Astrid ...168 A könyvvizsgálók személyisége
The Personality of a Good Auditor
Dr. NEDELKA Erzsébet – Dr. HEGEDŰS Mihály ...177 A pandémia hatásainak kommunikációja a Budapesti Értéktőzsdén jegyzett vállalatoknál Communication of the Effects of the Pandemic by Companies Listed on the Budapest Stock Exchange
Dr. BARTÓK István János ...185 4. szekció: Vállalati döntések a koronavírus-járvány idején
Session 4: Corporate Decisions During the Coronavirus Pandemic
Corporate Strategy in a Disruptive Economic Environment – Foremost A Strategic Alignment Topic?
Thorsten SCHMUDE ...193 Sustainability and EU Law. Latest Tendencies in the Field of Public Participation in
Environmental Matters
Dr. Ágnes VÁRADI ...207 How to Recover the Labor Force of the Tourism Industry after the Global Health Crisis?
– A Study in Vietnam
Thị Phương Thảo HOÀNG ...215 The Impact of the Corona Pandemic on the Project Management Process in Jordan
Noor Ahmad Mahmood ALKHUDIERAT ...228 5. szekció: Versenyképesség és fenntartható gazdálkodás
Session 5: Competitiveness and Sustainable Management
Is Urban Farming the Green Economy of the Future?! Investigation of the Sustainable Management of a Hungarian Startup Enterprise
Zsuzsanna VARGA – Dr. habil. Etelka KATITS – Katinka MAGYARI –
Dr. Ildikó PALÁNYI – Dr. Éva SZALKA ...237
Szakirodalmi áttekintés az amazóniai indián chagrák – őshonos agrárerdészeti rendszerek – ökológiai, társadalmi és gazdasági jelentőségéről
The Role of Indigenous Agroforestry Systems in the Conservation of the Amazon
LENTI Attila ...252 Smart Development with Digital Intelligent Cities in Cross-Border Regions
Tamás GYULAI – Prof. univ. Dr. Mariana NAGY – Raluca CIBU-BUZAC ...264 Explaining Correlations of Digital Transformation and Adaptiveness in B2B Sales in
Relation to Resilience
Günther MAIER ...278 Investor Strategy Decisions in Case of Project Implementation
Attila LEGOZA ...289 Lean Thinking Strategy
Peter IMRICSKO ...296 The Impact of Working Capital Management on Firm Profitability: Evidence from
Pakistan
Ali Akbar SOHAIL – Abdul QUDDUS ...303 6. szekció: Fenntarthatóság, környezettudatosság – marketing
Session 6: Sustainability, Environmental Awareness – Marketing Társadalmi hatások és MI!
Social Impacts and AI!
Dr. KŐKUTI Tamás ...312 A koronavírus járvány hatása a globális klímaváltozásra
Impact of the Coronavirus Epidemic on Global Climate Change NEUMANNÉ VIRÁG Ildikó – Dr. KOZMA Dorottya Edina –
Dr. MOLNÁRNÉ dr. BARNA Katalin ...325 A márkaélmény és a tartalommarketing kapcsolata
The Relationship between Brand Experience and Content Marketing
HAJDU Gergő ...341 7. szekció: Fenntartható pénzügyek
Session 7: Sustainable Finances
A hazai biztosítási piac a számok tükrében: díjbevétel, szerződésszám és foglalkoztatottak The Domestic Insurance Market in the Light of the Figures: Premium Income, Contract Number and Employees
EKE Zsolt ...359 A pandémia hatásainak módszertani kérdései a nyugdíjbiztonságra
The Methodological Issues of the Effects of the Pandemic on Pension Security
SZABÓ Zsolt Mihály ...366 A sikeres fordulatkezelés záloga – a pénzügyi turnaround controlling rendszer alkalmzása a magyar cégvilágban
Connecting the Turnaround to Success – the Application of Financial Turnarond Controlling in the Hungarian Business World
Dr. habil. KATITS Etelka – MAGYARI Katinka – VARGA Zsuzsanna ...379 Gördülékeny tervezésű fenntartható vagyonkezelés hosszú- és rövid távú empirikus
ütköztető analízise, a legfrissebb kutatási eredmények függvényében
Rolling Planned Sustainable Asset Management, Long-term and Short-term Empirical Collision Analysis Depending on the Latest Research Results
Dr. CZIRÁKI Gábor ...395
8. szekció: Versenyképesség – munkaerőpiac Session 8: Competitiveness – Labour Market
Agrár vállalkozások jövedelmezőségét befolyásoló tényezők és az innováció további kutatási lehetőségei
Factors Affecting the Profitability of Agricultural Enterprises and Further Research Opportunities for Onnovation
ANGYAL Viktória – VAJAI Balázs ...407 A hatékony ellátási lánc megvalósulásához szükséges kompetenciák hallgatói és
munkaerőpiaci szemszögből
Competencies Required for the Implementation of an Efficient Supply Chain from the Perspectives of Students and the Labour Market
MUNKÁCSI Adrienn ...420 Versenyképesség madártávlatból: globális kihívások és EU-válaszok a XXI. században
Competitiveness from a Bird’s Eye View: Global Challenges and EU Responses in the 21st Century
Dr. SZEMLÉR Tamás ...442 Hajlékonyfalú csomagolóanyagok struktúrájának elemzése flexográfiai matt lakkozási
technológia esetén
Analysis of the Matt Lacquering Structure of Flexible-walled Packaging Materials in the Case of Flexographic Printing Technology
VÁRZA Ferenc – Dr. habil. HORVÁTH Csaba – JOÓBNÉ dr. PREKLET Edina ...448 9. szekció: Poszter-előadások
Session 9: Poster Presentations Egészségügyi innovációk Magyarországon – startup aspektus Healthcare Innovations in Hungary – from the Point of View of Startups
VITÉZ-DURGULA Judit ...455 Modeling the Customs and Logistics Framework of International Integration Processes
Prof. Dr. Roman FEDORENKO ...471 A faiparban foglalkoztatottak motivációjának fenntartása a pandémia árnyékában
How to Keep Maintaining the Motivation of People Working in Wood Industry during Coronavirus
NÉMETH Miklós – Dr. TAKÁTS Alexandra ...476
41
DOI: 10.35511/978-963-334-411-8_s1_Von_Der_Crone_Mau
Soy Supply and Organic Requirements for more Authenticity
Dr. Caspar VON DER CRONE PhD Managing Director
IG Bio-Initiative, Germany CEO
CD Consulting gUG, Germany info@cvdc.de
Prof. Dr. Nicole MAU PhD Professor
University of Sopron Alexandre Lamfalussy Faculty of Economics, Hungary nicole.mau@uni-sopron.hu
Abstract
The share of organic production is increasing constantly in Germany and other EU countries.
The EU Commission expects a quota of 25 percent by 2030. This has positive effects on the environment, the climate, biodiversity and animal welfare. An increase in organic farming also has a direct impact on reducing or eliminating fertilisers, pesticides and antibiotics.
There are significant growth rates in egg production in particular, while other processing sectors have so far only been able to come up with small shares. The share of fattening poultry and pigs is still well below 2%, while the share of eggs is already 15% and rising.
The demand for protein is mainly covered by soy, but other protein sources such as legumes and especially sunflower and rapeseed have become very important.
Sustainability and CO2 reduction are at the centre of public interest. Origin from European cul- tivation is therefore becoming extremely important. This significantly reduces the impact on the climate. The previous main suppliers in South America are waiting with smaller market shares. This is especially true for the organic sector, while conventional processing continues to rely on non-European origins for cost reasons.
Keywords: CO2 reduction, sustainability, organic farming, climate protection JEL Codes: D18, D20, E23, Q01, Q50
Research objective
• Availability of soy in the EU.
• Organic farming for sustainability and CO2-Reduction.
• Cost-benefit analysis.
Hypotheses
• The use of soy from European production leads to higher prices.
• Sustainability and CO2 reduction have a positive impact on the environment.
• The food retail sector supports the initiative for more soy from the EU.
Structure and methodology
The target group, implementation and evaluation of the specifications are oriented to the entire process chain. First and foremost is agricultural production, and here it is necessary to observe comprehensible specifications for cultivation, the use of fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides.
42
In organic farming, there are restrictions that must be adhered to and also require control by neutral certification bodies.
This means higher costs compared to conventional cultivation of protein carriers such as soybeans, sunflowers or legumes and requires a reorientation of production in terms of ecolog- ical standards.
In second place are processing, animal refinement, marketing, the food retail trade and finally the consumer as a buyer who is increasingly critical in his purchasing behavior.
As a consequence, this has an impact on the entire process chain. Currently, there is a high supply potential, especially of soy from South America at lower prices. However, share of organic from production is still very low.
In the evaluation, the added value is of importance, combined with the question of the extent to which higher prices in the interest of sustainability, conservation of environmental resources and CO2 reduction offer market potential.
Table 1: Methodology
Source: Own research (2021)
Market overview oilseeds Germany
The table below provides an overview of the soybean market in Germany. The share is currently just under 6%, but with an upward trend. Soybean and sunflower have the highest growth rates, while the share of rapeseed is shrinking. Figures on the share of organic cultivation are not available, but this is likely to be very low and in the low single digits compared to the total cultivation of oilseeds.
The same is true for animal finishing from organic products, but with one exception, and that is egg production. In 2019, the share from organic production was already 12% and in 2021 it is expected to be over 15%, with a further upward trend. Therefore, the evaluation of the egg market is of particular importance.
Requirementsand contents Objectives Target group Agriculture, food trade,
consumers
Cultivable land, availability, resources
Basis Agriculture, foreign trade, processing, animal processing
Increasing self-sufficiency from EU cultivation at the expense of third-country origins
I mplementation Reorientation of cultivation, foreign trade and animal processing
Higher prices through sustainability?
Evaluierung Implementation of the targets Impact on production, added value
43 Table 2: Global overview Soy
Source: AMI, CD Consulting (2021)
Egg market Germany
The production of eggs from organic production has been increasing for years. Despite signifi- cantly higher prices, there is a great demand, which is also related to greater animal welfare.
This is because the production specifications and husbandry conditions go far beyond the con- ventional range, and in certain segments they even clearly exceed animal welfare standards, which explains the rising demand on the one hand. On the other hand, sustainability and the absence of pesticides play a major role, i.e. also health aspects.
Table 3: Market overview animal Production
Source: AMI, CD Consulting (2021)
Similar to beef and pork, organic production has not yet been able to establish itself with broiler chickens. This is mainly due to the significantly higher production costs and prices, which, in contrast to eggs, are an obstacle to the development. Consumer willingness to spend
Soymarket Germany 2017 2018 2019
Share of food market, %. 5,20 5,30 5,70
Cultivation of oilseeds, ha 13.100 17.800 18.800
of this sunflower 3.200 3.500 5.600
Rapeseeds 5.100 7.100 4.000
Soybeans 4.100 5.900 7.800
Organic production, t
Pigs 19.275 22.425 23.175
percentage share < 1 < 1 < 1
Beef 27.600 29.500 31.150
percentage share 2 3 3
Poultry 15.199 17.978 19.001
percentage share 1 1 < 2
Eggs, million pieces 1.468 1.556 1.636
percentage share 11 11 12
Germany 2018 2019 2020
Laying hen stock, million 46,8 48,0 49,2
of this organic 5,7 6,0 6,3
Egg production, million pieces 13.614 13.339 14.421
of this organic eggs 1.556 1.636 1.800
Imports of shell eggs, million pieces 6.640 6.460 6.100
Consumption
pieces per capitack 234 235 239
of this organic eggs 26 27 30
Fattening sector
Young chicken (Broiler) for fattening,
1,000 t 1.025 1.041 1.071
kg per capita 14,3 14,4 14,8
of this organic 0,5 0,8 1,0
44
more money on organically produced meat is low. This also applies to products with the claim for more animal welfare.
Initial situation
Climate change creates great challenges for agriculture, as it is directly affected by rising aver- age temperatures, changes in rainfall distribution, higher CO2 concentrations in the air, as well as more frequent and more intense extreme weather.
Environmental and resources protection
Agriculture must therefore be geared even more strongly than before towards resource effi- ciency and sustainability. This includes protecting natural resources such as soil, water and air, reducing negative impacts on the environment and climate, and increasing positive environ- mental impacts.
Therefore, in the future, arable farming must be geared even more strongly than before to resource efficiency and sustainability. This includes the protection of the natural resources soil, water and air, the reduction of negative impacts on the environment and climate, and the strengthening of positive environmental impacts (Klöckner et al., BMEL).
Climate change poses major challenges for agriculture, as it is directly affected by rising average temperatures, changing precipitation distribution, higher CO2 concentrations in the air, and more frequent and intense weather extremes (BMEL).
On the European level, the political orientation is significantly influenced by the so-called Green Deal as a new innovation and growth strategy of the EU Commission. The central ele- ments of the Green Deal are the „Farm to Fork” strategy and the EU biodiversity strategy for 2030, which must be dovetailed with CAP measures. The Farm to Fork strategy aims to shape a food supply that is beneficial to consumers, producers, the climate and the environment, and to ensure food security. The share of organic production is to be increased to 30%.
The EU Commission is also planning import restrictions for soy, beef or palm oil if forest has been cleared for the cultivation of agricultural land. In the future, geodata from the produc- tion regions in combination with satellite images will ensure that the products do not come from areas that were still forested at the beginning of 2021.
Environmental protection and resource conservation
Demand for organic products in Germany is on the rise. The German organic market grew by 22 percent in 2020 to 14.99 billion euros. However, it can only be partially satisfied by German organic products. In 2019/20, for example, an estimated 15 percent of organic cereals, 28 per- cent of organic drinking milk and 27 percent of organic pork came from abroad. There is market potential here, particularly for small and medium-sized farms in Germany.
The strategy for the future defines the political framework for this. It opens options for action for domestic agriculture that can significantly improve its participation in the growth potential of the organic market. This applies to Germany as well as to Europe and the world (Klöckner, BMEL).
The following graph on soybean cultivation is intended to show consumption in animal production. The poultry industry has the largest share. About 575 g of soy are consumed per chicken for rearing/fattening. And for eggs it is approx. 300 g must clarify here however that 1,5 kg weighs and the egg production is referred to a year, so that the actual consumption of protein components is relatively small in the comparison to pigs or cattle, which consume with 260 and/or scarcely 175 g by far less soy per kilogram however one must consider that pigs and cattle come up over a completely different live weight.
In terms of total soy consumption of 3.2 million metric tons, chickens are in first place with 1.1 metric tons. tons, chickens are in first place. This represents about 95% of the total demand followed by pigs with 27% cool 23% and laying hens 11%.
45
Figure 1: Consumption animal processing 2018 Source: Deutsche Umwelthilfe e.V. (2020)
Agricultural land by type of use in Germany
In recent years, the cultivation of legumes has increased steadily. This applies to both soybeans and field beans, which are primarily intended for animal processing. There are no figures on the share from organic cultivation. However, as it is difficult to obtain organic soy from third countries, this is likely to account for a relatively high proportion with an upward trend.
Figure 2: Soybean cultivation Source: Stat. Bundesamt, BMEL (2021)
In Germany, 11.7 million hectares are used for arable farming, i.e. 70 percent of the land used for agriculture. The remainder is divided between grassland (25 percent) and permanent crops. This makes arable farming a fundamental pillar of food security.
Broiler 1.114
35%
Pigs 881 27%
Cows 746 23%
Laying Hens 352 11%
cattle 80 2%
other 48 2%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Cultivation of legumes in Germany 1.000 t
Field beans Soybeans
46
Figure 3: Cultivation areas Germany Source: Stat. Bundesamt (2020)
Production in Europe
Within the EU, Ukraine and Russia are the most important producers of soybeans, followed by European countries within the EU with just under 1 million tons of soy. The cultivation area in the Danube Delta region is particularly interesting. There is extraordinarily great potential here, especially in Romania.
The presentation of the relevant data shows the clear potential in the Eastern European countries that have corresponding agricultural areas within the Danube Delta.
Globally, soybean cultivation continues to increase and next year production is expected to reach nearly 400 million tons, mainly concentrated in South America. Soybean acreage for export to the EU from North and South America amounts to 12 million hectares, while cultiva- tion within the EU is in the order of 5.3 million hectares.
The imports of soybean of the European Union are concentrated in Brazil with 39% and Argentina 28% and the United States 18%, totaling an average of 40 million tons in recent years.
This is also illustrated by the following overview of the development of legume harvest volumes, which have increased significantly in recent years.
Table 4: Soybean production in Europe
Country 2019 2020 y/y change
Ukraine 1.590 1.446 -9,0%
Russia (only European part) 1.508 1.540 2,1%
Italy 273 290 6,1%
Serbia 229 240 4,6%
Romania 179 150 -16,1%
France 163 171 4,9%
Croatia 80 80 -
Austria 69 63 -1,7%
Hungary 60 58 -3,8%
Germany 28 33 14,2%
Source: Donau-Soja (2021)
The cultivation area of farms that are within the scope of the “Donau-Soja” initiative, mainly extend to Central and Eastern Europe. Italy, Germany, Poland and Ukraine are only partly in the Danube area.
70 % Agricultural land
25 % Grassland
1 % Cultivated permanent crops
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Figure 4: Weltweite Produktion von Soja Source: IGC, European Commission (2021)
Global overview Soy
• Production of high-quality food.
• A secure income for the farmers.
• Protection of natural resources.
• Preserving agriculture.
• Further development and acceptance for climate protection and adaptation.
Why Soy from the region and Europe?
Imports from Brazil, Argentina, the USA and other countries are associated with costs and high logistical effort. It is difficult to check for residues on site. We want sustainability, CO2 reduc- tion and no clearing of rainforests. The organic sector and the organic initiative also have special requirements, such as:
• no GMOs,
• no pesticides and fungicides according to the EU organic regulation,
• Transparency and traceability,
• Credible certificates of conformity,
• Origin exclusively from EU countries,
• Prioritisation of agricultural structures.
Soy from third countries are therefore not an alternative.
The future of organic farming
GREEN DEAL – Producer to Consumer strategy and biodiversity strategy At least 25% of agricultural land in the EU to be organic by 2030.
• In the area of eggs, the target is reached earlier.
• Thereby having a positive impact on the environment, climate, biodiversity, animal welfare, etc.
• An increase in organic farming has direct positive impacts on others the reduction or elimination of fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics, etc.
48 The key points of the EU regulations
Crop production
• Conversion requirements for farms with crop production,
• preservation and enhancement of soil fertility through special cultivation and rotations of crops over several years,
• supplementary fertilizers and plant protection products only if they are included in special positive lists,
• basic use of organically propagated seed and planting material.
Animal husbandry
• Conversion regulations for farms and animals of non-organic origin,
• livestock husbandry tied to specific areas,
• basic prohibition of tethering,
• feeding with organically produced feedstuffs,
• preservation of animal health, especially by promoting natural resistance,
• regular controls and proof of origin for organically produced meat.
Imports from third countries
Another extensively regulated area is the implementing rules for third country imports (Regu- lation (EC) No. 1235/2008). They are intended to ensure that agricultural products and food- stuffs from countries that do not belong to the EU are only freely marketed as organic goods in the EU if conforming or equivalent regulations apply in the third countries, both regarding pro- duction regulations and about control measures.
The EU Commission has already examined and listed some third countries with their production regulations and control systems. By including these countries in Annex III of Reg- ulation (EC) No. 1235/2008 (list of recognized third countries or third country list), the Com- mission has recognized that the production and control rules of certain categories of products in these countries are equivalent to the rules of EU organic legislation.
Only the listed products from these countries can be imported into the EU without a spe- cial marketing permit and marketed with a reference to organic farming. The prerequisite is that they have been inspected and certified by a recognized inspection body.
In addition, the EU Commission has recognized several inspection bodies operating in third countries, which are responsible for carrying out inspections and issuing certificates in third countries, regarding equivalence.
Table 5: EU-Soy-Market
Leading importers of Soy in the global market Mio. tons, 2019
beans meal
China 89 EU 19
EU 15 Vietnam 5
Leading exporters of Soy
total
Brazil 39%
Argentinia 28% 40 Mio. tons
US 18%
other 15%
Source: Donau-Soja (2021)
49
The main exporters of soy are Brazil Argentina and the USA. About 40 million tons are supplied to the European Union annually. According to the European Soy Monitor 2020, only 25% of imports are deforestation-free. Approximately 12 million ha of soybean acreage in North and South America is required for imports. 5.3 million ha were deforested for soy culti- vation in the Amazon and Cerrado region (Brazil) from 2000–2016.
Research objective
• Availability of soy in the EU
The area under legumes is growing steadily, making the EU increasingly indepen- dent of imports from third countries. However, soy from South America is available at lower prices, making it less competitive for EU produce.
• Organic farming for sustainability and CO2 reduction
There is no alternative to organic farming. Regionality and compliance with organic farming standards are key.
• Cost-benefit analysis
The costs of EU-grown soy are significantly higher. However sustainability, reduction of CO2 and environmental emissions for a better climate balance are in the first place.
Hypotheses
• The use of soy from European production leads to higher prices
Prices for organic products are at a much higher level than conventionally produced goods. Sustainability and reduction of CO2 are already in focus. Therefore, there will be no higher prices.
• Sustainability and CO2 reduction have a positive impact on the environment This is undoubtedly the case and is confirmed by many analyses.
• The food retail sector supports the initiative for more soy from the EU
The food retail sector has been supporting such initiatives for years in the interest of sustainability and avoiding unnecessary waste of resources. Therefore, clear accents are set, which primarily concern organic farming but also the area of animal welfare.
Conclusions
The cultivation of legumes, especially sunflowers and soybeans, has been increasing for years.
The Danube Soya Initiative has taken a prominent position in this. Lower yields combined with higher production costs have so far stood in the way of development. Climate change, waste of resources and the desire for more regionality are leading to a rethink. This applies in particular to the field of organic farming. What many people are not aware of is that the origin of soy does not come from South America, the current main cultivation area, but from Europe.
Imports from third countries are no longer absolutely necessary to meet demand. Moreo- ver, there are many alternatives to soy for animal protein supply, such as rapeseed, field beans or sunflowers. The recipes of the compound feed industry have changed. Nevertheless, soy remains the main ingredient. However, more is being used from EU production. In Germany, too, the areas under cultivation are increasing significantly and structures are being set up for processing.
CO2 reduction is in the focus. By using regionally certified soya as feed, emissions can be reduced by more than 40%. A better climate balance is primarily achieved by avoiding the clearing of valuable forest areas in favour of agricultural land. In Brazil alone, millions of hec- tares of rainforest in the Amazon region are destroyed every year for soy cultivation. With the resources available in the EU, especially in the Danube Delta, this can be avoided in the future.
50 References
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