• Nem Talált Eredményt

The end of the Horthy Era was more than a simple change in the Hungarian political system

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Ossza meg "The end of the Horthy Era was more than a simple change in the Hungarian political system"

Copied!
17
0
0

Teljes szövegt

(1)

The last phase of World War II brought an end a quarter-century period in Hungary. The end of the Horthy Era was more than a simple change in the Hungarian political system. The German and Soviet occupation, followed by the formation of Communist dictatorship after a short democratic transition, implied the temporary cessation of the thousand-year-old Hungarian state.

Around one million Hungarian citizens were beyond the western borders of the country, whom 250 000 decided to emigrate to the West, in 1945. Most of them were intellectuals such as military officers, civil servants, teachers, cleri- cals, who have been a key base of the civil society, political and institutional system of the Horthy era. The majority of this group owed conservative values, therefore, they were afraid of retaliation because of their worldviews and any previous works. These reasons were the major causes of their life-changing de- cision, the emigration. In this study, I try to find out, how could survived the

ups and how has changed the image of the thousand-year-old Hungarian state among them.

Kulcsszavak: -korszak;

Keynotes: World War II.; emigration; education; Horthy Era; conservatism;

refugees

-

-

(2)

szov

000

000-

ka- -

-

-

- amikor a Marg

-

- 1

2

augusztus 20-

3

- ja-

(3)

-

e-

4

-

k mondta ki.5

- -ig 8260

helyeztek.6 A -

- 7

n, mivel az kommu-

8 9

A Horthy-

- mutatja, hogy az 1945-

esete.

2 697

260-at (17,41%).10 Ezzel szemben a Horthy-

1939- negyed

zett, 569 054 (15,44%), illetve 126 237 (3,42%) szavazatot kapva.11 Azt

-kor-

-korszak kor-

(4)

12

A Horthy-

- 13

- 14

- rei voltak.

- -ig Magyar-

- -

-kor-

Az 1945-

000

15 Ugyancsak 1 000

16 17 18

niszter 1953-ban,19 -

ban.20 580

Farkas Ferenc adja, ro-

(5)

da

000 katona, 150 000 levente,

300 k 40 000 nyilas), 250 21

000 tainak

50 22 1945-

23

-re

24

m tak,25

26

lamint azok, akik a nyil 27 Ez

azonban nem azt jelentette, hogy mindannyian nyilasok lettek volna.

- .

1949-es ki-

28 amelynek nyugati fele ne

10%- -

otthonra.29

(6)

Az 1945- hogy -

30

yire demokratikusak vol-

tak,31 - -Ameri-

sem oszlatta fel,32 -

33 Ez az

- -

-

-

k a cso-

az 1939-

A legfontosabb 1939- -

34

35

-i, -

vez -

.36

37 38

s

(7)

mind den fennta

39

-korszakhoz.

40 fel.

- -

hogy az 1939- nak,41

tott

rosszul hivatkoztak.42

43

posztot.

-

44 A

45

46

(8)

-

-

- s

47 -

Ezzel szemben az 1947- kai rendszert tek

-korsza-

volt, hogy ez a k -

48

- 000 12 000 magyar

menek 49

-

(9)

50 A -

gyarorsz

Az 1945- 1950- alap-

51

likus

- - 52 kiemel-

sorban az

53

54

- -

- 1951-es tanterve pontosan

-

- -

tan -

n a fiatalok magyar nyelvet, iro-

lentette, gyakorla

(10)

sulat 55 Az

56

-

egyik in-

57 -ban (a valutareform

ral.58

Young Christian Association59

s Soli Deo Gloria

- -

- 60

-

61 1951-

62

-

- 1947-

63

-

(11)

-

vol

- -

-

-

-

- 5-

1. http://www.rev.hu/

sulinet45/szerviz/dokument/torvenycikk1.htm

2. 6.

old. 41 43. old.

3.

(http://www.rev.hu/sulinet45/szerviz/dokument/1949.evi3.htm cius 24.)

4. -Fischer

p 1953-

(12)

5. (szerk.): Ma-

- 319. old.

6. 1956. Kairosz. Budapest. 184 185.

old.

7.

8.

. 9.

rium. Budapest. 96. sz. 131 133. old.

10. Az 1945-

Budapest. 216 242. old.

11. Az 1939-

Hubai (2010) 181 215.

12.

50. old.

13.

916. old.

14.

- 956. old.

15. 1985. Mikes.

Budapest 16.

lag. Salzburg. 5. old.

17. - -

1957. Aetas. 1996/2 3. 67 102. old. 72. old.

18.

23. old. 12. old.

19.

20.

32 59. old. 32 33. old.

21.

22.

-

(13)

ka

amikor azt az 1970-

1969-

v

1948-ban is szerepeltek.

ketten k 23.

(http://mek.oszk.hu/04900/04975/html/

fejezet.

24.

25. -

Mundus. Budapest. 121. old.

26.

196. old. 174.

old.

27. 7. old.

28. -

- 29.

pest. 58 63. old.

30. -

- mi 31. Az 1939-

32.

33. Farkas (1969) 25. old.

34. Farkas (1969) 18. old.

35. Bonhardt Attila (20

219.

old.

36. 133. old.

(14)

37. - - 38.

a-

-

39. -

40. Farkas (1969) 28 29. old.

41.

42. Farkas (1969) 25. old.

43. Farkas (1969) 36 37. old.

44. 1990.

744. old. 733. old.

45. -8-

46. -Instituts die von

neuen Aktennummer 594, der alten Akte 677 678. old. 23. old.

47. Farkas (1969) 53 54. old.

48. Farkas (1969) 54 55. old.

49.

1947. 5. old.

50.

tokat -

(15)

- szeptember 1.

51.

1956. BookSurge.

Seattle.

52.

1947. 1. old.

53. Koncz (2006) 134. old.

54. Koncz (2006) 3 4. old.

55.

rendezetlen iratai. Az Innsbrucki Magyar Elemi- zete. Innsbruck, 1951.

56.

57. ty-per iratai 5. doboz V-700/17A.

58.

1948. 7. old.

59.

60.

61.

chen.

62.

63. 1964.

-

ban (1945 1947. feb-

gyelmem.)

zetlen iratai

Politisches Archiv Berlin

(16)

http://www.rev.hu/sulinet45/

szerviz/dokument/torvenycikk1.htm

http://www.rev.hu/

sulinet45/szerviz/dokument/1949.evi3.htm

dapest. 96. sz. 131 133. old.

49 50. old.

- tember 1.

- tus 15.

-

Salzburg.

(http://mek.oszk.hu/04900/04975/html/, 2016. augusztus 7.)

hadifogollyal. 2010.

december 29.

chen.

- dus. Budapest.

45 1990.

744. old.

(17)

1948- 956. old.

1920 242. old.

32 59.

old.

219. old.

1

196. old.

Magyar

- 319. old.

Hu- 2010.

215.

- -

1944 1957. Aetas. 1996/2 3. 67 102. old.

23. old.

6. old.

1985. Mikes. Bu- dapest

1956. BookSurge. Seattle.

1956. Kairosz. Budapest.

pest.

Hivatkozások

KAPCSOLÓDÓ DOKUMENTUMOK

The decision on which direction to take lies entirely on the researcher, though it may be strongly influenced by the other components of the research project, such as the

In this article, I discuss the need for curriculum changes in Finnish art education and how the new national cur- riculum for visual art education has tried to respond to

According to this, the centres of power of Hungarian princes reigning in the first half of the 10th century were not along the Danube, but in north-eastern Hungary, around the

In as much we take into consideration the directing cities of the late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Times, Venice, Antwerp, Genoa, Amsterdam or London, we may observe that

Keywords: economic development, geopolitics, Roman Empire, Republic of Venice, United States, Communist Manifesto, European Union, People’s Republic of China, Hungary.. Human

9 This study was the starting point of a deluge of conceptualizations continuing to this day, according to which the wizard called táltos was a key fi gure in

The weight of these political and economic transformation processes were increased by the fact that they affected first of all the European economy world's Mediterranean

Originally based on common management information service element (CMISE), the object-oriented technology available at the time of inception in 1988, the model now demonstrates