WORLD OF MOLECULES

Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework**

Consortium leader

PÁZMÁNY PÉTER CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

Consortium members

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER

The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund ***

**Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben

***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg.

PÁZMÁNY PÉTER CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS

UNIVERSITY

WORLD OF MOLECULES

PERIODIC SYSTEM OF ELEMENTS

(Molekulák világa)

(Az elemek periódusos rendszere)

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1. History of elements

2. Rutherford’s scattering experiment 3. Bohr-Sommerfeld model

4. Elementary particles

5. Fundamental interaction

6. Periodic system/table of elements Table of Contents

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

Ancient Greeks

• 4 elements

• earth, air, fire, water,

• aether (fifth, heavenly substance)

• Atoms

• „Uncuttable” - ἄτομος

• the smallest indivisible particle of matter

• Democritus ~450 BC

History of elements

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

Modern elements

• Dalton (1808): All atoms of a given element are identical

• J. J. Thompson (1897): Cathode ray tube:

discovery of electron

History of elements

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

Modern experiments and discoveries

• Rutherford (1911): scattering experiment, discovery of nucleus (positively charged)

• Bohr-Sommerfeld (1913): atom model, electron as wave

• Schrödinger (1926): wave mechanics, quantum electrodynamics

History of elements

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

Rutherford’s scattering experiment

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

• Performed by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909

• Alpha particles from Ra radioactive decay

• Thin gold foil

• ZnS as scintillation detector

• 98% went through the gold foil

• 2% was scattered in an angle

• 0,01 % was back scattered

• Paper published in 1911: „The Scattering of α and β Particles

by Matter and the Structure of the Atom”, Phil. Mag.

Rutherford’s scattering experiment

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

Thompson model

alpha particle scattering, by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden

Rutherford’s atom model

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

• Small nucleus in the center of the atom

– Size of nucleus is 10 ^-15 part of the whole atom

• The mass of the atom is mostly concentrated in the nucleus

• The nucleus is positively charged, neutralizes the charge of electrons

• The electron cloud surrounds the nucleus

Rutherford’s atom model (He)

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

Bohr-Sommerfeld model

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

Bohr-Sommerfeld model

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

Bohr-Sommerfeld model

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

• The electrons can only travel in special orbits

• at discrete distances from the nucleus

• with specific energies

• The electrons do not lose energy as they travel on these orbits – in contrast with classical

electrodynamics

• The angular momentum of electrons are integer

multiples of the reduced Plack’s constant (h/2π)

Bohr-Sommerfeld model

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

• Angular momentum and wavelength

• Radius of orbits

The circumference of orbits are integer multiples

… , 2 , 1 where

2 ,

h =

= n n

r m _{n n}

v π

n r mv

h p

n n

λ = ^h = ⇒ ² π

λ

π n

n m r

n

n = =

v

2 h

Elementary particles

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

Atoms are made up of

• elementary particles connected by

• the fundamental interactions.

Quark structure of proton

Elementary particles

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

• Fermions

• Quarks

• Leptons

• Bosons

• Gauge bosons

Fundamental interactions

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

Interaction Mediator particle Relative strength Range (m)

Strong nuclear force Gluons (g) 10

10

Weak nuclear force W and Z bosons 10

10

Electromagnetic Photons (γ) 10

∞

Gravitational gravitons 1 ∞

Proton and neutron

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

PROTON

3 1 1 3

2 2

/ ⎟ − = +

⎠

⎜ ⎞

⎝ ⎛+

×

= e q _p

As 10

6 .

1 ⋅ ^{− 19} +

p =

q ³ ( ^{350 MeV} ) ^{1 . 05 GeV}

2 ≈ × ≈

c m _p

e p

m

g m

×

≈

≈

⋅

≈ ⁻

1836

k 10

672 .

1 ²⁷

u u d

GLUON

GLUON

GLUON

GLUON

NEUTRON 0

3 2 3

2 1

/ ⎟ + =

⎠

⎜ ⎞

⎝ ⎛−

×

= e q _n

d d −

u

GLUON

GLUON

GLUON

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

Periodic table of elements

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1869)

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

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World of Molecules: Periodic system of elements

Next - Properties of atoms

1. Nucleus 2. Isotopes

3. Tables of isotopes 4. Radioactivity

5. Decay modes

6. Bohr-Sommerfeld model 7. Quantum numbers

8. Electron structure

9. Examples