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THEORY OF ZERO BIAS ANOMALIES DUE TO PARAMAGNETIC IMPURITIES

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DUE TO PARAMAGNETIC IMPURITIES

J. Sólyom - A. Zawadowski

HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CENTRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR PHYSICS

B U D A P E S T

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P r i n t e d i n th e C e n tr a l R e se a r c h I n s t i t u t e f o r P h y s i c s , B u d a p est K ia d ja a KFKI K ö n y v tá r - é s K ia d ó i O s z t á ly

o . v . D r. F a rk a s I s tv á n n á Szakm ai l e k t o r : Menyhárd Nóra N y e lv i l e k t o r : H a r g i t a i Csaba

P éld á n y szá m : 110 Munkaszám: 3221 B u d a p e s t, 1967 novem ber 1 4 . K é s z ü lt a KFKI h á z i s o k s z o r o s i t ó j á b a n

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A c co rd t h e s q ' ce n t t h /

(THEORY 0É ZERO BIAS ANOMALIES DUE TO PARAMAGNETIC IMPURITIES

Summary.

U s in g Z aw adow ski ap p roach t o th e t u n n e li n g phenomena t h e an om alous t u n n e lin g due be p a r a m a g n e tic i m p u r i t i e s i s i n v e s t i g a t e d . The t u n n e li n g c u r r e n t i s e x p r e s s e d i n term s o f th e l o c a l d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s a t th e h a r r i e r w h ich i n tu r n i s g i v e n i n term s o f th e l i f e ­ tim e o f th e c o n d u c t io n e l e c t r o n s . To ta k e i n t o a c c o u n t th e e f f e c t o f th e Kondo s c a t t e r i n g o f e l e c t r o n s on p a r a m a g n e tic i m p u r i t i e s d i f ­ f e r e n t s o l u t i o n f o r th e l i f e - t i m e / e . g . r e s o n a n t s t a t e o r q u a s i-h o u n d s t a t e s o l u t i o n s / a r e assum ed and t h e r e s u l t i n g p o s s i b l e v o l t a g e - c u r r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e d is c u s s e d and com pared w it h th e e x p e r im e n ta l r e s u l t s . The r o l e p la y e d b y th e i m p u r i t i e s l y i n g a t d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n s r e l a t i v e t o t h e m e t a l - o x id e i n t e r f a c e i s th o r o u g h ly i n v e s t i g a t e d .

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1 . I n t r o d u c t io n

Zero b ia s a n o m a lie s on t r a n s i t i o n m e ta l - t r a n s i t i o n m e ta l ox.

norm al / n o n - t r a n s i t i o n / m e ta l d io d e s h ave b e e n o b s e r v e d by W yatt [1] a.

R o w e ll and Shen [2] . A n derson [3] , Appelbauro [4] and S u h l [5 ] h ave suggv t h a t t h e p a r a m a g n e tic atom s i n s i d e t h e b a r r i e r p la y an im p o r ta n t r o l e i n b r in g in g ab out t h e s e a n o m a lie s .

One o f th e a u th o r s Г6] h as p r o p o se d t h a t d io d e s com posed o f m e ta l - m e ta l o x id e - s m a ll amount o f e v a p o r a te d p a r a m a g n e tic i m p u r i t i e s - m e ta l be i n v e s t i g a t e d w it h r e g a r d t o p o s s i b l e z e r o b i a s a n o m a lie s . T h is ty p e o f d io d e s h as b een s t u d ie d by W yatt and L y t h a l l [7 ] and M ezei [8] and th e y fo u n d a n o m a lie s s i m i l a r t o t h e o n es o b s e r v e d on t r a n s i t i o n m e ta l - t r a n s i t ­ io n m e ta l o x id e - norm al m e ta l d i o d e s . T h e ir e x p e r im e n ts i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e m a g n e tic i m p u r i t i e s a t th e b a r r i e r s u r f a c e a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a la r g e v a r i e t y o f th e z e r o b ia s a n o m a lie s . The aim o f t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r i s t o g i v e a t h e o r e t i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e phenomena o b s e r v e d i n d io d e s o f t h e se c o n d t y p e , w here t h e p o s i t i o n s o f t h o s e m a g n e tic atom s w h ich p la y an im p o r ta n t r o l e i n th e e f f e c t s a r e r a t h e r w e l l d e te r m in e d .

The f i r s t a cco u n d o f z e r o b i a s a n o m a lie s , o b s e r v e d on s e m ic o n d u c to r t u n n e l j u n c t io n s [9j » t l o ] , i s due t o H a l l , R a c e t t e and E h r e n r e ic h [91*

They t r e a t e d th e p roblem i n termB o f t h e b u lk d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s , w h ich i s su p p o se d t o be m o d if ie d by t h e e x i s t e n c e o f p o la r o n s t a t e s . L a te r i t was shown by Duke and Mahan [ I I ] t h a t t h i s p i c t u r e i s i n c o r r e c t .

4

V a r io u s t h e o r i e s h ave b e e n d e v e lo p e d t o e x p l a i n d i f f e r e n t t u n n e li n g a n o m a lie s , b u t i t i s common amohg them t h a t th e b a r r i e r and i t s su r r o u n d in g a r e t h e s c e n c e o f t h e phenom ena. A n d erso n [3 ] » Appelbaum [4] and in d e p e n d e n ­ t l y S u h l [5 ] p r o p o se d an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t h a t e m p h a siz e s t h e im p o rta n ce o f th e bound o r r e s o n a n t s t a t e on t h e m a g n e tic im p u r it y . They s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e l o c a l i z e d m a g n e tic s t a t e s i n t h e b a r r i e r r e p r e s e n t an e a s y r o u t e f o r t u n n e l i n g . T h is th e o r y ca n e x p l a i n z e r o b i a s a n o m a lie s w it h s m a ll r e l a t i v e a m p lit u d e , b u t ca n n o t e x p l a i n t h e g i a n t r e s i s t i v i t y maximum o b s e r v e d by R o w e ll and Shen [2] on Cr-CrO-Ag d io d e s and by W yatt and L y t h a l l [7 ] and M ezei [8] on j u n c t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g m a g n e tic i m p u r i t i e s a t t h e b a r r i e r . An e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t m echanism h as b e e n s u g g e s t e d by Duke, S i l v e r s t e i n and B e n n e tt [1 2 ]} t h e y assum e t h a t t h e e l e c t r o n t u n n e li n g p r o c e s s i s a s s o c i a t e d w it h c r e a t i o n o r a n n i h i l a t i o n o f some q u a s i p a r t i c l e s , su ch a s p h on on s and m agnons. The phonon p r o c e s s e s h ave b e e n s t u d i e d by Mahan [13] t o o . H ow ever, th e e s t im a t e d a m p litu d e s o f t h e magnón p r o c e s s a r e t o o s m a ll t o a c c o u n t

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f o r t h e o b se r v e d e f f e c t s . New a n o m a lie s h ave b e e n o b s e r v e d by J a k l e v i c and Lambe [14] on J u n c tio n s c o n t a in i n g o r g a n ic o r in o r g a n i c m o l e c u l e s . A c c o r d in g t o th e th e o r y d e v e lo p e d by Marcus and S c a la p in o [ l 5 ] t o e x p l a i n t h e s e a n o m a lie s , t h e e x c i t a t i o n s o f t h e m o le c u le s g i v e t h e im p o rta n t c o n t r ib u t i o n t o t h e anom alous t u n n e li n g c u r r e n t . A l l t h e ab ove m e n tio n ed t h e o r i e s d e a l w it h t u n n e li n g p r o c e s s e s a s s o c i a t e d w it h some e le m e n ta r y e x c i t a t i o n w h ich i s r a t h e r w e l l l o c a l i z e d a t t h e b a r r i e r .

A d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h , w h ich e m p h a siz e s th e ch an ge o f th e e l e c t r o n i c e n e r g y sp ectru m i n t h e b a r r i e r , h as b e e n s u g g e s t e d by t h e a u th o r s [ 6 ] , [ 1 6 ] • The ch an ge i s th e e f f e c t o f t h e Kondo r e s o n a n t s c a t t e r i n g o r t h e e x is t a .n c e o f bound s t a t e s on th e m a g n e tic i m p u r i t i e s n e a r t h e b a r r i e r . The c o n t r i b u t ­ io n o f th e Kondo e f f e c t t o th e en er g y sp ectru m i s e s s e n t i a l o n ly i n t h e n e ig h b o u r h o o d o f th e Ferm i l e v e l ; t h e r e f o r e , i t may g i v e r i s e t o an o b s e r ­ v a b le e f f e c t a t z e r o b i a s . The t h e o r y a l s o ca n a c c o u n t f o r t h e g i a n t

r e s i s t i v i t y m axima. T h is ap p ro a ch was f i r s t u se d by t h e a u th o r s [16] t o c a l c u l a t e th e t u n n e li n g c u r r e n t . More r e c e n t l y s i m i l a r r e s u l t s h ave b e e n o b ta in e d by Appelbaum , P h i l l i p s and T zou ras [ 1 7 ] . A n d erso n [18] h a s a l s o p o in t e d o u t , a lt h o u g h from a q u i t e d i f f e r e n t p o in t o f v i e w , t h a t t h e ch an ge i n th e e l e c t r o n sp ectru m a t the' p a r a m a g n e tic i m p u r i t i e s c o u ld be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e a n o m a lie s .

The tw o a p p r o a c h e s o u t l i n e d ab ove a r e n o t m u tu a lly e x c l u s i v e ; th e y r a t h e r c o r r e sp o n d t o p h y s i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n s , w h ic h m igh t be c l a s s i f i e d i n t o tw o g r o u p s:

1 . N o n - lo c a l e f f e c t o r a s s i s t e d t u n r i e l i n g .

D u rin g th e t u n n e lin g some q u a s i p a r t i c l e s /p h o n o n s , m a g n o n s/,

m o le c u la r v i b r a t i o n s , o r l o c a l i z e d m a g n e tic s t a t e s a r e e x c i t e d . I t w i l l b e shown t h a t t h e s e p r o c e s s e s a r e im p o rta n t o n ly i f th e s e l f e n e r g y o p e r a t o r c o r r e s p o n d in g t o t h e e x c i t a t i o n s i s non l o c a l i n s p a c e . T h is i s t h e c a s e i f t h e su b se q u e n t i n t e r a c t i o n s d e s c r ib e d by th e h ig h e r o r d e r te rm s ta k e p la c e a t d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s o f t h e b a r r i e r o r on d i f f e r e n t s i d e s o f t h e b a r r i e r . A t y p i c a l diagram c o r r e s p o n d in g t o a s e c o n d o r d e r c o n t r i b u t i o n i s g iv e n i n F i g . l . 1 . The a s s i s t e d t u n n e li n g p r o c e s s e s a p p e a r a s a new c h a n n e l th r o u g h t h e b a r r i e r .2

T h is ty p e o f diagram h a s b een c a l c u l a t e d i n r e f . [12] and [13] c o n s i d e r ­ i n g t h e phonon a s s i s t e d t u n n e l i n g .

2 The im p o rta n ce o f n o n - l o c a l e f f e c t s i n z e r o b i a s a n o m a lie s have b e e n em p h a sized by Appelbaum e t a l [1 7 ] •

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- 4

2 , L o c a l e f f e c t o r t h e d e fo r m a tio n o f t h e e l e c t r o n i c e n e r g y sp ectru m a t th e b a r r i e r .

In t h i s c a s e t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f t h e c o n d u c t io n e l e c t r o n s w i t h t h e l o c a l i z e d im p u r ity e x c i t a t i o n s le a d s t o ch an ge o f t h e e l e c t r o n i c en er g y sp ectru m i n t h e n e ig h b o u r h o o d o f t h e i m p u r i t i e s / F i g . 2 / . I f th e e n e r g y sp ectru m ch a n g es a t t h e b a r r i e r , t h e n t h e a m p litu d e s o f t h e e l e c t r o n s p e n e t r a t i n g i n t o t h e b a r r i e r a l s o c h a n g e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e o v e r la p o f th e wave f u n c t i o n s o f th e l e f t and r i g h t e l e c t r o n s w i l l b e m o d i f i e d . T h is e f f e c t may be d e s c r ib e d by s t r o n g l y e n e r g y d ep en d e n t t u n n e li n g m a tr ix e le m e n ts o r by t h e l o c a l / i . e . n o t b u l k / d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s a t t h e b a r r i e r .

The d i s t i n c t i o n o f l o c a l and n o n - l o c a l e f f e c t s i s r a t h e r i d e a l i s t i c . H ow ever, th e ab ove c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p o i n t s ou t n e c e s s i t y f o r tw o d i f f e r e n t t h e o r e t i c a l tr e a t m e n t s i n t h e p h y s i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t c a s e s . The aim o f t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r i s t o work ou t th e t h e o r y f o r l o c a l e f f e c t s .

In th e f i r s t p a r t o f t h i s p a p e r we i n v e s t i g a t e t h e p h y s i c a l m eanin g o f t h e d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s , p , i n t h e fo r m u la

[ ? 1 е П П ?г;яы lí *eV)[ nF (£)~nF ( E + e V ) ] d £

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1

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where I i s th e t u n n e li n g c u r r e n t and n^, i s t h e Ferm i d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n . The d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s i s u s u a l l y d e te r m in e d from t h e e x p e r im e n t a l r e s u l t s , u s in g e q . / 1 / . Our i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s b a s e d on a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f B a r d e e n ’ s t u n n e lin g t h e o r y [ 1 9 ] . T h is t h e o r y s[ 2 o ] , w h ic h t a k e s i n t o a c c o u n t many body e f f e c t s by u s in g G reen f u n c t i o n s i s o u t l i n e d i n S e c . 2 . The G reen f u n c t i o n s are b u i l t up from t h e s o l u t i o n s o f tw o p a r t i c u l a r p ro b le m s c o r r e s p o n d in g to- th e m e ta ls on t h e l e f t and r i g h t hand s i d e o f t h e b a r r i e r . The c a l c u l a t i o n o f th e Green f u n c t i o n s i s g iv e n i n S e c . 3» In t h e c a l c u l a t i o n t h e i n t e r a c t i o n w ith th e i m p u r i t ie s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e b a r r i e r i s d e s c r ib e d by a l o c a l s e l f - e n e r g y o p e r a t o r . In S e c . 4 we o b t a i n a new e x p r e s s i o n f o r p , t h e e f f e c t i v e d e n s it y o f s t a t e s a p p e a r in g , i n fo r m u la / 1 / . p i s r e l a t e d t o po , th e b u lk d e n s it y o f s t a t e s , by

P --

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2

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where Z i s a r e n o r m a liz a t io n f a c t o r . T h is f u n c t i o n d e s c r i b e s t h e e n e r g y spectrum o f th e e l e c t r o n s a t t h e b a r r i e r ; i t i s e x p r e s s e d by t h e c o n d u c t io n e l e c t r o n l i f e tim e c o r r e s p o n d in g t o t h e s c a t t e r i n g on th e i m p u r i t i e s . In

° ec# 5 an a v e r a g e o v e r th e p o s i t i o n s o f t h e i m p u r i t i e s i s ta k e n and t h e d ep en dence o f t h e e n e r g y sp ectru m a t t h e b a r r i e r on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e

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i m p u r i t i e s i s c a r e f u l l y i n v e s t i g a t e d . The c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h in t r o d u c e d by th e a u th o r s [21] i s d i s c u s s e d . I t i s fo u n d t h a t t h e i m p u r i t i e s i n s i d e t h e c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h m easured from th e h a r r i e r a r e t h e m ost e f f e c t i v e / F i g . 2 . / .

In th e s e c o n d p a r t o f t h i s p a p e r t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e t u n n e l i n g d io d e s a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d , a ssu m in g d i f f e r e n t s c a t t e r i n g a m p litu d e s f o r ' t h e e le c t r o n - p a r a m a g n e t ic im p u r ity s c a t t e r i n g . The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e assum ed s c a t t e r i n g a m p litu d e s and t h e r e s u l t i n g d io d e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i s d i s c u s s e d . No f i n a l c o n c l u s i o n ca n he drawn, s i n c e t h e p rob lem o f t h e Kondo s c a t t e r i n g [22] i s n o t y e t s o l v e d . The known a p p r o x im a tio n s / e . g . th e

A b r ik o s o v -S u h l r e s o n a n c e [23] and t h e Kondo bound s t a t e [ 2 4 ] / g i v e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s . F u r th e r e x p e r im e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h i s t y p e o f d io d e s , h o w ev er, c o u ld g i v e in f o r m a t io n on t h e s c a t t e r i n g a m p lit u d e s .. T h is in f o r m a t io n i s n o t a v a i l a b l e from t h e m easu rem en ts o f o t h e r p a r a m e te r s / e . g . b u lk r e s i s t i v i t y / , b e c a u s e m ost o f t h o s e p a r a m e te r s depend on th e a v e r a g e o f t h e s c a t t e r i n g a m p litu d e s t a k e n o v e r an e n e r g y i n t e r v a l o f few tim e s th e te m p e r a tu r e arou n d t h e Ferm i e n e r g y .

In S e c . 6 . some g e n e r a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e d io d e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e g i v e n . The m ost f r e q u e n t l y d i s c u s s e d s c a t t e r i n g a m p litu d e s a r e l i s t e d i n S e c . 7 . The r e s u l t s d e r iv e d i n t h e p e r t u r b a t io n th e o r y o f t h e t h i r d o r d e r a r e sum m arized i n S e c . 8 . In S e c . 9« t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e c a l c u l a t e d on th e b a s i s o f d i f f e r e n t s c a t t e r i n g a m p litu d e s l i s t e d i n S e c . 7» A ls o i n S e c . 9 о t h e c o n n e c t io n b e tw e e n t h e r e n o r m a liz e d d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s and t h e r e l a x a t i o n tim e i s p o in t e d ou t and t h e m ain f e a t u r e s o f t h e s e l f c o n s i s t e n t th e o r y a r e o u t l i n e d . I n S e c . l o . t h e e f f e c t o f e x t e r n a l m a g n e tic f i e l d i s s h o r t l y d i s c u s s e d . The c o m p a r iso n o f t h e e x p e r im e n t a l r e s u l t s and t h e p r e s e n t th e o r y i s g iv e n i n S e c . 1 1 . In S e c . 1 2 . t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f th e d e t e r m in a t io n o f th e s c a t t e r i n g a m p litu d e s from t h e t u n n e l i n g m easu rem en ts i s d is c u s s e d and t h e co m p a r iso n o f t h e p r e s e n t t h e o r e t i c a l r e s u l t s and o t h e r t h e o r i e s i s g i v e n .

BASIC FORMULATION

2 , G e n e r a l c u r r e n t fo r m u la

One o f th e a u th o r s [2o] d e v e lo p e d an a p p r o a ch t o t h e t u n n e li n g phenomena f o r m e t a l- m e t a l o x id e - m e t a l trunnel d i o d e s . The G reen f u n c t i o n s o f t h i s problem a r e co n str u c te d from t h e G reen f u n c t i o n s c o r r e s p o n d in g t o two p a r t i c u l a r p r o b le m s , i n w h ich t h e m e ta l on t h e l e f t hand s i d e / o r r i g h t

F u r th e r l i t e r a t u r e can be fo u n d i n r e f . [23]

3

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6

hand s i d e / i s r e p la c e d by an i n s u l a t o r . The c o r r e s p o n d in g p a r t i c u l a r

problem i s c a l l e d t h e r i g h t hand s i d e p rob lem / o r l e f t hand s i d e p r o b le m /.

The o n e - p a r t i c l e c a u s a l G reen f u n c t i o n s a r e in t r o d u c e d f o r f i n i t e te m p e r a tu ­ r e s by

Gs . s - 1J * - * " > =- ,' < T i V s >

« = r , l

/ 3 /

where r and 1 s ta n d f o r t h e r i g h t hand p rob lem and l e f t h . p . , r e s p e c t i v e l y , and s i s th e s p in in d e x . The e x p r e s s io n o f t h e c u r r e n t / a t p o in t x / ca n b e c o n s id e r e d a s a r e s p o n s e t o th e t u n n e li n g r a t e / a t p o in t у / . Thus t h e e x p r e s s io n f o r th e i^*1 com ponent o f t h e c u r r e n t h a s b e e n fo u n d t o b e

/. (x ) = ( C - R ) e YL i f d f t , / dL/ 0 tim^ ; S, S' < Л y' / X —X-

( y, ( r

/ 4 / where t h e d i r e c t i o n o f an arrow a b ove a d i f f e r e n t i a l o p e r a t o r i n d i c a t e s th e op eran d and t h e c y c l i c r u l e i s t o b e f o l l o w e d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f an a d ja c e n t o p era n d . The s u r f a c e i n t e g r a l i s t o be ta k e n on an a r b i t r a r y s u r f a c e S* in th e b a r r i e r w it h s u r f a c e elem en t* d f . / s e e F i g . 3 » / « The sym bol /С — R / s t a n d s f o r t h e r e p la c e m e n t o f t h e c a u s a l r e s p o n s e f u n c t i o nУ f by t h e r e t a r t e d o n e . F or t h e s p a c e - t im e v e c t o r s t h e fo u r -c o m p o n e n t n o t a t i o n i s a p p l i e d , y = /y у / and t h e o p e r a t io n / г — 1 / s t a n d s f o r t h e ex c h a n g e o f th e r i g h t and l e f t i n d i c e s .

The p a r t i c u l a r G reen f u n c t i o n s s a t i s f y e q u a t io n s i n w h ich t h e p o t e n t i a l s a r e a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 4 . / a , b . The p o t e n t i a l o f t h e r i g h t hand problem i s th e same a s t h a t o f t h e o r i g i n a l one a s shown i n F i g . 4 / c e x c e p t in g th e r e g io n o f t h e m e ta l on t h e l e f t hand s i d e . The s e l f e n e r g y o p e r a t o r 2 Ir o f t h e r i g h t hand p rob lem i s a sum o f t h e s e l f - e n e r g y

o f th e e l e c t r o n g a s on th e r i g h t hand s i d e and t h e a d d i t i o n a l s e l f - e n e r g y } lg com ing from t h e r e g io n o f t h e b a r r i e r and i t s n e ig h b o u r h o o d

In th e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e c u r r e n t f o r m u la ,e q . / 4 / i t i s s u p p o se d t h a t th e s e l f - e n e rg y i s a l o c a l f u n c t i o n o f t h e s p a c e v a r i a b l e s i n s i d e

The v a lu e o f th e c u r r e n t d e n s i t y c a l c u l a t e d b y fo r m u la / 4 / i s in d e p e n d e n t

"kke c h o ic e o f t h e s u r f a c e S up t o th e s e c o n d o r d e r o f th e t u n n e li n g r a t e , a s i t i s shown i n r e f . 2o .

(9)

t h e b a r r i e r

Г ( x ,* ’) = £ . ( x j x . - x j ) сf f x - л ’)

ä / 5 /

The l o c a l i t y c o n d it i o n iß w e l l f u l f i l l e d , when t h e b a r r i e r s e l f - e n e r g y i s due t o th e i n t e r a c t i o n o f c o n d u c t io n e l e c t r o n s w it h l o c a l i z e d s p in s v i a th e ex c h a n g e i n t e r a c t i o n , g i v e n by t h e Kondo H a m ilto n ia n [22]

N <- s,s' 12

(i)

/

6

/

w here - i s th e c o u p lin g c o n s t a n t , & and S a r e t h e s p i n m a t r i c e s o f th e c o n d u c tio n e l e c t r o n s and l o c a l i z e d s p i n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The sum m ation N in d e x i l a b e l s t h e d i f f e r e n t i m p u r i t i e s . The e l e c t r o n f i e l d o p e r a t o r

у (R<l)) i s ta k e n a t t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e i ttL i m p u r it y . The ex ch a n g e i n t e r a c t i o n s p r e a d s o v e r a b o u t one a to m ic d i s t a n c e and t h e r e f o r e th e l o c a l i t y c o n d it i o n i s r e a l i s t i c . The s p i n - s p i n c o r r e l a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t im p u r i t i e s i s n e g l e c t e d . I f t h e s e l f - e n e r g y i s n o n - l o c a l , e q . / 4 / d o e s n o t h o ld and t h e p r e s e n t m ethod ca n n o t be a p p l i e d w ith o u t any m o d i f i c a t i o n . T h is i s .th e c a s e , when t u n n e li n g i s a s s i s t e d by some q u a s i p a r t i c l e o r

m o le c u la r v i b r a t i o n e x c i t a t i o n w h ich h a s b e e n c a l l e d " n o n - l o c a l b a r r i e r e f f e c t " i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n .

3 . D e te r m in a tio n o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r G reen f u n c t i o n s

The G reen f u n c t i o n e q u a t io n s f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r p ro b le m s a r e

- + — - V ^ C x ) / ^ L ( * , y ) G s » s , ( y , x ' ) c f * < / -

I dx„ 2m

J

s' s s J s>s s ’s

= </ C x - x’) ; CX = l } r

/ 1/ w h ic h h ave t o b e s o l v e d a p p r o x im a t e ly .

We a re i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e e f f e c t o f t h e 'p a r a m a g n e t ic i m p u r i t i e s p u t i n t o t h e b a r r i e r o r i t s n e ig h b o u r h o o d . The p a r t i c u l a r G reen f u n c t i o n s ca n b e d e te r m in e d i n tw o s t e p s n am ely t a k in g i n t o a c c o u n t

1 , th e s e l f - e n e r g y £2^ c o r r e s p o n d in g t o t h e e l e c t r o n - e l e c t r o n i n t e r a c t i o n ,

2 , th e e f f e c t o f th e i m p u r i t i e s .

The e l e c t r o n - e l e c t r o n i n t e r a c t i o n seem s t o be n o t im p o r ta n t f o r

(10)

- 8 -

th e z e r o b ia s a n o m a lie s [ 4 j ,t h e r e f o r e i t can b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t e . g . i n H a r tr e e -F o c k a p p r o x im a tio n . The G reen f u n c t i o n c a n be g i v e n i n t h e f i r s t s t e p a s

_ ( O ) ,

G (Xj у

S,S’joC > A Л , ос л S S ; ос А . с< ( x )

/

8

/

where t h e o n e - p a r t i c l e wave f u n c t i o n X >a<s a t i s f y t h e f o l l o w i n g S c h r ö d in g e r e q u a tio n

/ - I r * , ? I K

c X

c < A ; ex ^ A ; c <

/ 9 / w it h e i g e n v a lu e s S ^ . The e n e r g y d ep en d e n t term i s

G

Co)

A ,S, s' ,<»<f£T) / ^ °F ^ A .<4 ) + Пг ( £\,<х) \ ^

Z * ] s ' s / 1 о /

where n^ i s t h e F erm i d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n .

For th e sa k e o f s i m p l i c i t y we su p p o se t h a t t h e b a r r i e r i s t r a n s l a ­ t i o n a l i n v a r i a n t i n th e d i r e c t i o n s у and z . The wave v e c t o r p a r a l l e l t o th e p la n e o f th e b a r r i e r к [( i s a good quantum -num ber. The wave f u n c t i o n s

T may be w r i t t e n i n t h e form A \ c<.

f f L

M

/

11

/

where f^. v / х / i s t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l com ponent o f t h e wave f u n c t i o n , v i s a f u r t h e r quantum number an£. i s t h e volum e o f t h e m e ta l on s i d e oc . F u rth erm ore i n s i d e t h e b a r r i e r

f x p

'v e У£ В , o< - /. r

/ 1 2 / a /

(11)

w it h th e damping f a c t o r кj_ g iv e n by

2 m [ v + E l

2 m F

/ 1 2 / Ъ / where E^, i s th e Ferm i e n e r g y and th e p o t e n t i a l V i s t h e h e i g h t o f t h e b a r r i e r ta k e n t o be c o n s t a n t . As i t i s w e l l known o n ly t h e e l e c t r o n s w i t h e n e r g y n e a r t h e Ferm i e n e r g y and w it h к ~ О p la y ал im p o r ta n t r o l e i n t h e t u n n e li n g phenom ena, b e c a u s e th e wave f u n c t i o n o f o t h e r e l e c t r o n s i s damped much more s t r o n g l y i n t h e b a r r i e r .

The n e x t s t e p i s th e d e t e r m in a t io n o f t h e G reen f u n c t i o n s i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f p a r a m a g n e tic i m p u r i t i e s . T here i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e G reen f u n c t i o n s i m i l a r t o t h e p r e v io u s one g i v e n by eq / 8 / , b u t a l s o o f f - d i a g o n a l e le m e n ts o c c u r , i . e .

G ( ? , x ] £ ) = Z X x( 7 ) G , ( £ ) X C < Z ) -

A , A'

/ 1 3 / The m a tr ix e le m e n t G X>(E) ca n be g i v e n i n te r m s o f th e s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n рл ^,(E) a s

o o

f - n f (E') nr- (E‘) E - E ' + i 6 E - E ' - i e

ÓE'

/ 1 4 / P e r t u r b a t io n t h e o r y g i v e s i n c o r r e c t r e s u l t s i f i t i s a p p l i e d t o t h e tim e -d e p e n d e n t G reen f u n c t i o n s a t f i n i t e t e m p e r a tu r e s ^ , t h e r e f o r e we h ave t o tu r n t o th e therm odynam ic G reen f u n c t i o n s w i t h co m p lex tim e v a r i a b l e s [ 2 6 ] , 7 (x={x,7l)

t s ,-oc (7, x ’/) =

ICO(T-T’)

d ( T ~ 7 ’)

/ 1 5 /

5 The a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e therm odynam ic G reen f u n c t i o n s w i t h r e a l tim e v a r i a b l e s may g iv e wrong r e s u l t i n some s p e c i a l c a n e s . U s in g them th e o b t a in e d l i f e tim e i s g iv e n by t h e c o r r e c t one m u l t i p l i e d by an i n c o r r e c t f a c t o r / 1 —2nF/ E / / .

(12)

Io

where со = icon - i2.TT(2n + l) w i t h n an i n t e g e r . The s p e c t r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e therm odynam ic G reen f u n c t i o n s i s

а .(х,х')=ЕХъ ( 7 ) qfcoi ' Ai« /с о , «* ' X/o<e x ' )

w ith

g a , a')-- /

' t O J n > *

J

L C O - E '

/ 1 6 / а /

- / 1 б / Ъ /

where t h e s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n s (£) a r e t h e same á s i n e q * / 1 4 / . In a b se n c e o f i m p u r i t i e s t h e s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n i s o b t a in e d by com paring e q s . / 1 о / and / 1 4 / a s

j ( o )

A , A ’ / , 1 Е )ш ^ ' К 4 ( £ - £ )

/ 1 7 /

from w h ich th e G reen f u n c t i o n Cj^ i s r e a d i l y d e te r m in e d . The r e l a t i o n o f Cjf i s e x p r e s s e d by th e Dyson e q u a t io n i n s y m b o lic n o t a t i o n as

( o )

% ' q

Co)

CO ,O i

^ в , ^ 4

/ 1 8 / а / The c o n c r e t e form o f t h e s e l f - e n e r g y £7 due t o th e i m p u r i t i e s w i l l be d i s c u s s e d l a t e r . We o n ly m e n tio n h e r e t h a t i t s im a g in a r y p a r t e x h i b i t s th e e n e r g y d ep en d en ce c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t o t h e Kondo s c a t t e r i n g

w h ile i t s r e a l p a r t i s a sm ooth f u n c t i o n o f e n e r g y , w h ic h m igh t b e i n c lu d e d i n th e s c a l a r p o t e n t i a l V« . Thus we k eep o n ly t h e im a g in a r y p a r t o f

ILg fo. th e f o l l o w i n g .

F or th e sa k e o f s i m p l i c i t y a random d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e i m p u r i t i e s i s su p p o sed i n t h e p la n e s p a r a l l e l t o t h e b a r r i e r . The s e l f - e n e r g y a v e r a g e d o v e r t h e p o s i t i o n s o f t h e i m p u r i t i e s , £ d ep en d s o n ly on t h e com ponent x o f t h e sp a c e v a r i a b l e . The p a r a l l e l momentum k (( i s c o n s e r v e d . C a l c u l a t i n g t h e m a tr ix e le m e n ts , o f th e D yson e q u a t i o n , e q . / 1 8 / a / j w i t h t h e f u n c t i o n s

A , we have

(13)

rojjo<(К, , < & ( * . , 4 (" U * >> ' > * ) % » « V , V.')

The m a tr ix e le m e n t o f th e s e l f - e n e r g y i s

/ 1 8 / Ъ /

H (k„}V, i/J = f d 3x X (x)

B>^>« J K>v i t o o x V ( x ) -

f x ) 21 _ ( * ) ( ? ( x ) в j oj k. u ,\f *

/ 1 9 / w here t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t n e m e ta l sa n d w ic h i s d e n o te d by L • / / - (x )

ot */( , v~ can be c h o se n t o b e r e a l and p o s i t i v e i n t h e b a r r i e r . /

The c o n t r i b u t i o n o f an' im p u r ity t o t h e m a t r ix e le m e n t g i v e n by e q . / 1 9 / i s v e r y s e n s i t i v e t o th e ' r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n o f t h e im p u r ity and t h e b a r r i e r , n am ely

1 , i f t h e im p u r ity i s i n s i d e th e b a r r i e r o r on i t s s u r f a c e t h e f a c t o r / г у ( x} ,fx ) / х £ В / d ep en d s o n ly on t h e e n e r g i e s f r

and «fv’ • T h is d ep en d en ce i s v e r y weak and t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n i s p u r e ly im a g in a r y ,

2 , i f t h e im p u r ity i s i n t h e m e ta l sa n d w ic h i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e m a tr ix e le m e n t i s an o s c i l l a t i n g f u n c t i o n o f i t s d i s t a n c e from t h e b a r r i e r о The m ost s lo w ly o s c i l l a t i n g p a r t o f t h e m a t r ix e le m e n t i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o

a cos [ (kj - k±) x] + b sin [(kj - k'j) x]

/ 2 о /

a s i t i s shown i n A p p en d ix I . T h ese m a t r ix e le m e n ts a r e im p o r ta n t o n ly i f th e y a r e ta k e n b e tw e e n e l e c t r o n s t a t e s l y i n g i n an i n t e r v a l o f w id th AE around th e Ferm i e n e r g y , w here A E i s t h e e n e r g y r e g io n from w h ic h th e l a r g e s t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o th e Kondo s c a t t e r i n g co m es.

We can in t r o d u c e a c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h s i m i l a r l y t o th e s u p e r ­ c o n d u c t i v i t y

"rF

Л £T / 2 1 /

(14)

12

к Г-1 0

where v л = — — i s th e Ferm i v e l o c i t y * I f t h e im p u r ity l i e s much

I m

n e a r e r th e h a r r i e r th a n t h e c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h , t h e n t h e f a c t o r g iv e n by e q . / 2 о / i s p o s i t i v e and in d e p e n d e n t o f in d e x e s Kj and

f o r m a tr ix e le m e n ts ta k e n b e tw e e n t h e i n t e r e s t i n g e l e c t r o n s t a t e s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e .

Thus t h e m a tr ix e le m e n ts g iv e n by e q . / 1 9 / ca n be r e g a r d e d t o be in d e p e n d e n t o f th e i n d i c e s v and v ' , i f t h e i m p u r i t i e s a r e i n s i d e th e b a r r i e r o r i n th e m e ta l n o t f a r from t h e m e t a l- m e t a l o x id e i n t e r f a c e . In t h i s s e c t i o n we i n v e s t i g a t e t h e fo r m e r c a s e . The r o l e p la y e d by th e im p u r it i e s l y i n g in th e m e ta l w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n S e c . 5» From e q . / 1 9 / we g e t

L В, со ; cx(k. У ,

(у) E (x)dx

* ff’ ^

(x ) E (x) C (x)c/x CO

/

2 2

/

where f i s an a v e r a g e d wave f u n c t i o n ta k e n a t t h e Ferm i e n e r g y and с / х / s ta n d s f o r t h e im p u r ity c o n c e n t r a t i o n . I t i s su p p o se d t o d epend o n ly on th e d is t a n c e from t h e s u r f a c e o f th e b a r r i e r , £ 7 fx > i s t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o th e s e l f - e n e r g y o f one im p u r ity i n t h e s p a c e p o in t x .Co

For t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e c u r r e n t g i v e n by e q . / 4 / t h e G reen f u n c t io n s G o r CJ, w it h s p a c e v a r i a b l e s l y i n g i n t h e b a r r i e r a r e n e e d e d , w h ich may be w r i t t e n a s s

CJ ( x , x ’) = - H e L * " ( * * f x ) / * C x ) CJI ( к У, V ' ’)

°< к u ) и, У '

^ r— i к (X * ) r <*■ . \ Í01 / , \

H e /1^ Г x > x /

I Г *.

( k . )

/ 2 3 / where we h ave made u se o f e q s . /1 1/ and / 1 6 / а / , m oreover

f _ ^ and

Ы. ~ .

The s p in p o l a r i z a t i o n arou n d t h e im p u r ity b ecom es n e g l i g i b l e o u t s i d e o f a s i m i l a r d i s t a n c e . S ee N a g a o k a ’ s w ork, r e f . [24]

(15)

T a k in g th e m a t r ix e le m e n ts o f t h e Dyson e q u a t i o n , e q . / 1 8 / a / and a v e r a g in g a c c o r d in g t o e q . / 2 4 / , by m aking u se o f e q . / 1 9 / we h a v e

^ L (*.) С}ш .м (к.)

w here

( b - -

o j ■; ct / v-

-cl

The s o l u t i o n o f e q u a t io n / 2 5 / i s

/ 2 5 /

' / 2 6 /

7 7 -

/

<■*,) Cf'"'

В, с и ;« * f ( j j - e< " 7

The s p e c t r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e a v e r a g e d G reen f u n c t i o n i s

/ 2 7 /

5 2 , ^ 2

& (£_; £'■>

L C O - £ '

d £ ‘

Comparing e q . / 2 8 / w it h e q s . / l b / а / and / 2 4 / we g e t

/ 2 8 /

£ / * , ; £ ) = f Г p ( £ )

* I V, W ' к „ ■t'*') ( к „ ) \ r ) I •*

w h ich i s p o s i t i v e b e c a u s e i t i s s y m m e tr ic a l i n th e i n d i c e s . / 2 9 / The s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n can be o b t a in e d from e q . / 2 8 / by t h e s p e c t r a l th eorem

£ O'.)*

/

2 TI

C f ( k „ ) - O f ( к

?

/ íaj ~ E + * £ ;< * CjO - E- / d ) CK J

/ З о / The u n p e r tu r b e d a v e r a g e d G reen f u n c t i o n , g i v e n by e q . - / 2 6 / ca n be c a l c u l a t e d e a s i l y

Я

/о)

( к )

4 // 7

I (jJ - E T / (f ; X

£

E - £ - к ..

-— — у- >£)

/ 3 1 /

(16)

- 14

where Л> • « ( * « , £ ) i s t h e Par1:ia;L d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s f o r a g i v e n wave v e c t o r IT . The f i r s t sum g i v e s o n ly a s m a ll c o n t r i b u t i o n f o r E«E-p and th u s can be n e g l e c t e d . A d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n o f t h i s a p p r o x im a tio n w i l l he g iv e n i n S e c . 5* In t h i s way we have

q Ma I со = E — . * ( * . ) = * л ? . , *<*•>>

/ 3 2 / where ? 0><<(£„) = &.«(!<„■,£= (?) i * e * a weak d ep en d en ce o f th e d e n s it y o f s t a t e s on th e e n e r g y i s a ssu m ed .

Comparing e q s . / 3 2 / and / 2 7 / and u s in g t h e s p e c t r a l th eo r em , e q . / 3 o / , we g e t t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p r e s s io n o f t h e a v e r a g e d p e r t u r b e d s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n

£ ( ? . ; £ ) -

/ 3 3 / where , w h ich i s a q u a n t it y o f r e l a x a t i o n tim e t y p e , i s d e f i n e d th r o u g h th e p u r e ly im a g in a ry s e l f - e n e r g y a s

H n Cku)

1

/ 3 4 / The d e r i v a t i o n o f fo r m u la / 3 3 / i s one o f t h e c r u c i a l p o i n t s o f ou r t h e o r y .

I t s g e n e r a l i z a t i o n t o t h e c a s e i n w h ich t h e r e a r e i m p u r i t i e s a l s o i n th e m e ta l w i l l he g iv e n i n S e c . 5«

4 . E x p r e s s io n o f t h e t o t a l c u r r e n t

The t o t a l c u r r e n t ca n be d e te r m in e d by i n s e r t i n g t h e p a r t i c u l a r G reen f u n c t i o n s g iv e n by e q s . / 1 4 / , / 1 6 / а / , / 2 9 / and / 3 3 / i n t o t h e g e n e r a l c u r r e n t fo r m u la , e q . / 4 / 0 As i t i s shown i n A p p en d ix I I th e c u r r e n t may be e x p r e s s e d by th e s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n s (<<„ , E ) = 1 , г / i n t h e f o l l o w i n g way

T ( v ) = ^ e E I T(kh) \ ZJ d E ?c ( k t/]

£T)p^

(kh)E + e V ) j n р ( E) - np (E + e v ) j

/ 3 5 / where

T(k„)

i s th e t u n n e li n g m a t r ix e le m e n t and V i s t h e a p p l i e d b i a s . T h is form u la i s a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f t h e - o n e v a l i d i n t h e f r e e e l e c t r o n m o d el.

(17)

The s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n ?J-kn}E) h a s d i f f e r e n t p h y s i c a l i n t e r - p e t a t i o n s f o r d i f f e r e n t s y s te m s a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b le I .

TABLE I

P h y s ic a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n f o r d i f f e r e n t s y ste m s

Form ula P h y s ic a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n S ystem

Po

one p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s

f r e e e l e c t r o n m odel

?tun (*> i n =

= YLp(k„,k1 ;E) kl

t u n n e li n g d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s

[27]

s t r o n g c o u p li n g s u p e r c o n d u c to r s

Plot:a! > ~

= ?o(k,i£)Z(k,i£)

l o c a l d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s l o c a l b a r r i e r e f f e c t s

The t u n n e li n g d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s h a s b e e n in t r o d u c e d by S c h r i e f f e r , S c a la p in o and W ilk in s [271 f o r s t r o n g c o u p li n g s u p e r c o n d u c t o r s . As t h i s q u a n t i t y r e f l e c t s t h e sp ectru m o f t h e b u lk m a t e r i a l , t h e sum m ation in d e x

V* may be r e p la c e d by t h e wave v e c t o r p e r p e n d ic u l a r t o th e b a r r i e r

s u r f a c e , T h is d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s may be e s s e n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t from th e u s u a l one c a l c u l a t e d from t h e d i s p e r s i o n r e l a t i o n o f t h e one p a r t i c l e e x c i t a t i o n s w h ich e n t e r s th e therm odynam ic q u a n t i t i e s o f an i n t e r a c t i n g e l e c t r o n g a s '7.

n R e c e n tly i s h a s b e e n p o in t e d o u t , t h a t h e a t c a p a c i t y o f d i l u t e m a g n e tic a l l o y i n h om o g en eo u sly p o l a r i z e d s t a t e i s d e te r m in e d by th e t u n n e l i n g d e n s it y o f s t a t e s i n s t e a d o f t h e therm odynam ic o n e , i f th e Kondo H a m ilto n ­ ia n a ssu m ed . J . Sólyom and A .Z a w a d o w sk i, p h y s i c a s t a t u s s o l i d i , to» be p u b l is h e d .

(18)

- 16

In th e c a s e d is c u s s e d h e r e t h e s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n ca n n o t be r e p l a c e d hy th e b u lk o n e , b e c a u se i t i s d e p r e s s e d n e a r t h e h a r r i e r due t o param agne­

t i c i m p u r i t i e s . The m easure o f t h e d e p r e s s i o n i s t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n f a c t o r

p ( kn ) E )

po £ )

/ 5 6 / w h ich i n th e p r e s e n t c a s e a c c o r d in g t o e q . / 5 5 / i s

7 + ■" 9О , <X ( k„)

гт« (k niE) / 5 7 /

As i t h a s b een m e n tio n e d b e f o r e , i t i s o n ly th e s t a t e s w it h к » о t h a t c o n t r ib u t e a p p r e c ia b ly t o t h e t o t a l c u r r e n t , t h e r e f o r e t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t ­ io n c o n s t a n t ca n be r e p la c e d by i t s v a lu e f o r k„= o , i . e .

Z J E ) = OjE)~

i

( o )

4 ! о r ~

27„(E)

/ 5 8 /

where - 0 ; E ) = T^(E)

The c o r r e s p o n d in g d e n s i t y o f s s t a t e s i s

_ . 1 rn /

r°; = p

(k,

=0

) -

---

= p —

)0>°< " J p0 Ns t

/ 5 9 / pom

where p Q i s th e Ferm i momentum, po = i s th e d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s a t t h e Ferm i l e v e l , Ng i s t h e s u r f a c e d e n s it y o f atom s w h ich i s d e f i n e d t a k i n g a s u r f a c e o r th o g o n a l t o one o f t h e c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c a x e s i n a c u b ic c r y s t a l and z i s a number o f o r d e r u n i t y .

I n s e r t i n g e q . / 3 9 / i n t o e q . / 3 8 / wo g e t t h e f i n a l r e s u l t s

Z j £ ) =

f + ?o Л __

Ns l

гтк ( £ )

Д о /

(19)

I t i s worth, m e n t io n in g t h a t t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n f a c t o r a lw a y s l e a d s t o a d e p r e s s io n o f th e d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s a t t h e h a r r i e r and n e v e r t o an en h ancem ente / S e e F i g . 2 / b . /

5 . D ependence o f t h e r e n o r m a liz a t io n f a c t o r on th e p o s i t i o n s o f t h e i m p u r i t i e s

The r e n o r m a liz a t io n c o n s t a n t Z /E / , g i v e n by e q , / 4 о / d ep en d s on t h e r e l a x a t i o n tim e Г , w h ich i s d e te r m in e d by t h e m a t r ix e le m e n t / 19/ . T h is m a t r ix e le m e n t i s com posed o f t h e im a g in a r y p a r t o f t h e s e l f - e n e r g y » l m U cu( R ) i c o r r e s p o n d in g t o one im p u r it y .

o f t h e e l e c t r o n d e n s it y a t t h e im p u r ity s i t e R th r o u g h t h e i n t e r m e d ia t e s t a t e s . U sin g t h e Kondo H a m ilt o n ia n ,e q . / 6 / , we g e t t h e f o l l o w i n g s t r u c t u r e

w here s i s a f u n c t i o n o f со and a f u n c t i o n a l o f i t s a r g u m e n t. I n s e r t i n g e q . / 4 1 / i n t o e q . / 2 2 / we have

I n e q . / 4 2 / th e l o n g i t u d i n a l com pon en ts o f t h e wave f u n c t i o n s have b e e n r e p l a c e d by th e a v e r a g e v a lu e f ta k e n a t t h e Ferm i l e v e l . T h is i s a good a p p r o x im a tio n p r o v id e d t h e i m p u r i t i e s l i e n e a r e r t h e b a r r i e r th a n th e c o h e r e n c e le n g t h £aE in t r o d u c e d i n e q . / 2 1 / . The e n e r g y d ep en d en ce o f t h e d e n s it y o f s t a t e s a t th e im p u r ity s i t e R ca n b e d e te r m in e d from t h e G reen f u n c t i o n 0[ a s

i s a f u n c t i o n a l o f t h e e n e r g y sp ectru m p C R ; £ )

/ 4 1 /

/ 4 2 /

/

/ 4 3 / M aking u se o f e q . / 1 6 / а - Ь / , / 1 1 / and / 2 9 / we o b t a i n

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- 18 -

We have d e r iv e d a c o u p le d sy ste m o f e q u a t io n s c o n s i s t i n g . o f e q s . /3 3 / * / 4 2 / and /4 4/ f o r t h e r e n o r m a li z a t i o n f a c t o r Z /k ,, ;E / and f o r

у ;E / • We s h o u ld d e te r m in e p ( k „ ; E ) from t h i s s y s te m o f e q u a t io n s in a s e l f c o n s i s t e n t way w h ich i s im p o r ta n t i n a l l c a s e s , w here th e r e l a t i v e a m p litu d e o f t h e e f f e c t i s n o t s m a ll / e . g . i f Z /E /< 0 , 8 a t some e n e r g y v a l u e s / •

For th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e d ep en d e n c e o f t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n f a c t o r on th e p o s i t i o n o f th e i m p u r i t i e s r e l a t i v e t o t h e h a r r i e r we h a v e t o r e c a l l t h a t when s o l v i n g t h e D yson e q u a t i o n , e q . / 1 8 / Ъ / i t h a s b e e n su p p osed t h a t th e m a tr ix e le m e n t И ( k , . , y , y ) g i v e n by e q . /2 2/ i s in d ep en d en t o f th e i n d i c e s v and v ' i n an e n e r g y r e g i o n n e a r t h e Fermi l e v e l . I f th e i m p u r i t i e s l i e i n s i d e t h e m e t a l , t h e d i s t a n c e d o f th e im p u r ity from t h e s u r f a c e o f th e h a r r i e r and t h e e n e r g y i n t e r v a l л е w here th e m a tr ix e le m e n t i s in d e p e n d e n t o f v- and v~ ’ a r e c o n n e c t e d by a

r e l a t i o n s i m i l a r t o e q . / 2 1 / . We r e q u ir e t h i s in d e p e n d e n c y f o r an en er g y Q

i n t e r v a l l a r g e r th a n kT, eV and kT^, w here kT^. i s t h e e n e r g y i n t e r v a l i n w h ich th e Kondo s c a t t e r i n g i s e f f e c t i v e . I f t h e i m p u r i t i e s l i e ' n e a r e r t h e m e ta l-m e ta l o x id e i n t e r f a c e th a n t h e Kondo c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h £ , g iv e n by

kTH / 4 5 /

th e above s u p p o s i t i o n h o ld s and t h i s makes p o s s i b l e t o w r it e t h e s e c o n d term on th e r i g t h hand s i d e o f e q . /2 5/ a s a p r o d u c t .

The problem can be g r e a t l y s i m p l i f i e d i f th e r e a l p a r t o f ŰJ(<>) in e q . /3 1/ v a n i s h e s , i . e .

P

£ ---* о

T h is i s t r u e i f t h e sum m ation o v e r v* e x t e n d s t o an en er g y i n t e r v a l a£ * a t l e a s t an o r d e r o f m agn itu d e l a r g e r th a n t h e e n e r g y i n t e r v a l s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , kTg- c< д E . T h e r e fo r e we r e q u ir e t h a t t h e m a tr ix e le m e n t

£ B/U> (*/, ^ v~. ) be in d e p e n d e n t o f ’th e i n d i c e s v- and v~ i n t h e en erg y i n t e r v a l л Е around t h e Ferm i e n e r g y . A c c o r d in g t o t h e ab ove c o n s id e r a t io n s th e m axim al d is t a n c e <3^ а х o f t h e • i m p u r i t i e s from t h e s u r f a c e o f th e b a r r i e r i s l i m i t e d by th e c o n d it i o n

d _ / 4 6 /

The d e f i n i t i o n o f th e Kondo te m p e r a tu r e i s К Г „=1.14Е Л, w here E i s g i v e n

by / 5 3 / . ^ 0 о b

8

(21)

w here Л V/L

А £ л £

T h is means t h a t t h e d is t a n c e d^ m ust h e s m a l l e r th a n t h e Kondo c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h ß.T by a t l a s t one o r d e r o f m a g n itu d e .

I f t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e im p u r ity l a y e r on t h e b a r r i e r s a t i s f i e s t h e c o n d it i o n / 4 6 / , th e n t h e m a t r ix e le m e n t / 2 2 / o f t h e s e l f - e n e r g y i s

p r o p o r t i o n a l t o th e im p u r ity c o n c e n t r a t i o n . The a m p litu d e o f t h e z e r o b i a s a n o m a lie s ca n be in c r e a s e d by e v a p o r a t in g more im p u r ity a to m s. I t c a n b e show n, h o w e v e r , t h a t i n t h e l i m i t when t h e m e ta l on one s i d e i s a d i l u t e a l l o y w it h h om ogen eou sly d i s t r i b u t e d i m p u r i t i e s t h e t u n n e l i n g d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s d o e s n o t ch an ge due t o t h e i m p u r i t i e s . The p r e s e n t t h e o r y ca n n o t b e a p p l i e d t o t h e c a s e i n w h ich t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e im p u r ity l a y e r i s

l a r g e r th a n

I t seem s r e a s o n a b le t h a t t h e r e i s an o p tim a l t h i c k n e s s o f th e im p u r ity l a y e r , i . e . when t h e e f f e c t o f th e i m p u r i t i e s i s t h e l a r g e s t .

In a d i l u t e a l l o y t h e s e l f - e n e r g y a v e r a g e d o v e r t h e p o s i t i o n s o f i m p u r i t i e s i s in d e p e n d e n t o f t h e s p a c e v a r i a b l e s and a c c o r d in g t o e q . / l 9 /

i t i s d ia g o n a l i n th e i n d i c e s . The D ys«n e q u a t i o n , e q . / 1 8 / Ь / i s

'r. \M (k, v)L n y "> B, CL> ")(k v ) q (k. v, v . / 4 7 / w here Z (kliyv-) = 22 (k, v,v) . Now t h e f i r s t term i n t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f

~(0) в, tu B.lxJ '

g i v e n by e q . / 3 1 / c a n n o t be n e g l e c t e d . A ssu m ing t h a t t h e exh an ge c o u p lin g c o n s t a n t i s in d e p e n d e n t o f the' momenta t h e s e l f - e n e r g y o f t h e

e l e c t r o n s i n a d i l u t e a l l o y d ep en d s o n ly on t h e e n e r g y . The s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n

?^.oc(E)=dx x,~ f A x’-* (£f v'> ^ g i v e n by e q . / 1 6 / Ъ / c a n be c a l c u l a t e d u s in g t h e s p e c t r a l th e o r e m , e q . / З о / , and we g e t

Pa;*

_________ ___________________

+ ( l m L c

The t u n n e li n g d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s g i v e n i n T a b le I i s

/ 4 8 /

Irn E , ( E - f ? - f t f .

/ 4 9 / N e g le c t i n g th e e n e r g y d ep en d en ce o f th e u n r e n o r m a liz e d d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s we g e t

(22)

2o

/ 5 о /

T h js t h e r e i s no h u lk e f f e c t i n t h e t u n n e l i n g d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s due t o th e i m p u r i t i e s . T h is r e s u l t s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e a m p litu d e o f t h e e f f e c t b ecom es s m a lle r i f th e d ep en d en ce o f th e m a tr ix e le m e n t s / 19/ on t h e i n d i c e s у , v*

s t a r t s t o s e t i n .

The problem o f th e i m p u r i t i e s i n t h e b a r r i e r i s much more s i m p l e . The d e e p e r th e im p u r ity i s i n t h e b a r r i e r t h e more t h e a v e r a g e d a m p litu d e o f th e e l e c t r o n wave f u n c t i o n d e c r e a s e s . T h is a m p litu d e o c c u r e i n t h e s e l f - e n e r g y , e q , / 4 2 / e x p l i c i t l y and i n t h e argum ent o f t h e f u n c t i o n s th r o u g h th e d e n s it y o f t h e in t e r m e d ia t e s t a t e s . B e c a u se t h e f u n c t i o n s i s o f h ig h e r o r d e r in th e c o u p lin g c o n s t a n t , th e i m p u r i t i e s i n t h e b a r r i e r f a r from t h e s u r f a c e do n o t g i v e an e s s e n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o e q . / 4 2 / . A ro u g h e s t im a t e r'x. t h e a v e r a g e d wave f u n c t i o n f a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e s p a c e v a r i a b l e m easu red from th e b a r r i e r s u r f a c e shows t h a t t h e i m p u r i t i e s i n t h e s e c o n d a to m ic l a y e r o f th e b a r r i e r c a u s e a lr e a d y v e r y s m a ll e f f e c t .

T h is we may c o n c lu d e t h a t o n ly t h e i m p u r i t i e s fo u n d i n t h e m e ta l san d w ich i n s i d e th e Kondo c o h e r e n c e le n g t h 9 and i n th e f i r s t and s e c o n d a to m ic l a y e r s o f th e b a r r i e r a r e im p o r ta n t from th e p o i n t o f v ie w o f t h e l o c a l t u n n e li n g a n o m a lie s .

T h is ch an ge i n t h e l o c a l e n e r g y sp ectru m o f t h e c o n d u c t io n e l e c t r o n s a p p ea rs o n ly i n th e ra n g e o f t h e c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h . T h is s t a t e m e n t ca n be p ro v ed u s in g t h e a c c u r a t e e x p r e s s io n o f t h e l o c a l e n e r g y sp ectru m

E

d k n 2

1_ы v,r'J(2jnz kn,v,«

4

> v'< r ’i E ) f c ( R )

/ 5 1 / The p r o d u c t o f t h e tw o wave f u n c t i o n s i s g i v e n by e q . / 2 2 / . They can be r e p la c e d by t h e a v e r a g e d wave f u n c t i o n s i f t h e s p a c e v a r i a b l e R i s i n s i d e o f th e c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h . O u ts id e o f t h e c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h th e e f f e c t o f th e i m p u r it ie s i s d e s t r o y e d by t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e o f t h e wave f u n c t i o n s a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n P i g . 2 / b .

As we have s e e n h o m o g en eo u sly d i s t r i b u t e d i m p u r i t i e s c a u s e no ’e f f e c t i n th e t u n n e lin g d e n s it y o f s t a t e s . T h e r e f o r e t h e in h om ogen eou s p a r t o t th e d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n a p p e a r in g i n s i d e o f th e c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h c o n t r i b u t e s t o th e z e r o b ia s a n o m a lie s .

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CHARACTERISTICS

6 . G e n e r a l b e h a v io u r o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

Now l e t us d i s c u s s t h e fo r m u la / 3 5 / o f t h e c u r r e n t T h ere a r e tw o p o s s i b l e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s a m p le s . N am ely, i f

1 , t h e r e a r e i m p u r i t i e s o n ly on one s i d e o f th e b a r r i e r , 2 , t h e r e a re i m p u r i t i e s on b o th s i d e s o f t h e b a r r i e r .

The f i r s t p o s s i b i l i t y i s r e a l i z e d i n e x p e r im e n ts w here p a r a m a g n e tic i m p u r i t i e s a r e e v a p o r a te d on one o f t h e s u r f a c e s o f t h e b a r r i e r [ 7 1 , [ 8 ] w h ile t h e se c o n d one i s th e c a s e o f j u n c t i o n s w it h o x id e l a y e r c o n s i s t i n g o f p a r a m a g n e tic atom s o r io n s [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] .

At z e r o te m p e r a tu r e t h e c u r r e n t f o r m u la , e q . / 3 5 / i s s i m p l i f i e d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g one

I ( v ) ~ f d E о , ( E ) Z . ( E ) o ( £ t e V ) Z (E+eV)

Jo >L P' r / 5 2 /

w here a l l q u a n t i t i e s a r e ta k e n k ^ 0 a s i n e q s . / 3 8 - 4 о / .

An e s s e n t i a l s i m p l i f i c a t i o n a p p e a r s , i f t h e r e a r e i m p u r i t i e s o n ly on one s i d e o f th e b a r r i e r and t h e b u lk d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s ' o f th e m e t a ls can be ta k e n t o be c o n s t a n t s . Thus we g e t

/ 5 3 / In g e n e r a l d y n a m ic a l c o n d u c ta n c e can be d e te r m in e d by t a k i n g th e d e r i v a t i v e o f t h e c u r r e n t , e q . / 3 5 / » At f i n i t e te m p e r a tu r e s t h i s d e r i v a t i v e , h o w e v e r , c o n t a in s i n t e g r a l s , w h ich i n g e n e r a l ca n be c a l c u l a t e d o n ly by a c o m p u te r . The c a s e d i s c u s s e d ab ove i s an e x c e p t i o n and we g e t t h e f o l l o w i n g s im p le e x p r e s s io n f o r d y n a m ic a l c o n d u c ta n c e and r e s i s t i v i t y from e q . / 5 3 /

G ( v ) -

d f ( v )

d V ( e V) # ( v ) = G C v ) A

/ Ze (eV) and

/ 5 4 /

T h is i s a good a p p r o x im a tio n a t f i n i t e te m p e r a tu r e s t o o , p r o v id e d eV >> kT and t h e v a r i a t i o n o f th e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n c o n s t a n t Z /E / i s s m a ll

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