OF THE

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(2) Digitized by the Internet Archive in. 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft. Corporation. http://www.archive.org/details/completepracticaOOcsinuoft.

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(5) A COMPLETE. GRAMMAR. PRACTICAL. OF THE. HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE, FROM THE BEST AUTHORS, AND VOCABULARIES.. EXERCISES, SELECTIONS. TO. WHICH. IS. ADDED A. ?îs;torwal ^feetd; of Imtsariaii ^Literature*. BT J.. CSINK,. FORMERLY ELECTED AS ORDINAnV PROFESSOR OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES AT THE PROTESTANT SCHOOL OF KESMARK.. LONDON: WILLIAMS AND NOEGÂTE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1853..

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(7) Tutus et intra. Spem. veniae cautus, vitavi denique culpam,. Non laudem merui.. —. Horat. Epist. ad Pis.. Mhen. I. resolved to start from the shores of quotidian. a small bay of the vast. cross. literary. a. ocean,. public opinion promised a prosperous journey; the objects which. my. fair. life. to. wind of. the novelty of. bark carried guaranteed a cordial welcome. from those whose spy -glasses were directed. — I have. after. some not yet. my my of the bark! Viewing route from this side bay, I now first perceive, that in my passage over its dangerous shallows, I have observed. flag.. and discharged. reached the port,. ventured on perilous voyage, being unassisted by the experience of any previous navigator. I. ested. have endeavoured to meet the desires of those who are. extensensively, cognition of that. minds. either in increasing their. In linguistic studies,. ,. or in seeking. inter-. knowledge. intensive augmentation. of the. medium through which minds commimicate with. and hearts learn. from hearts. to feel. meet the wishes of those who of the Hungarian nation,. by. ;. felt interested. and. have tried to. I. in the political. life. tracing in a short sketch the past. of the intellectual and mental development of the nation.. As. the. allowed to. book. is. make a few. The Division. also. intended. for. learners,. entitled. „C o m p o s i ti o n s". one, in order to give the student. difficult objects. ,. may. be. is. purely a practical. some previous knowledge, before. he attempts the study of a Granmiar; therefore,. more. I. explanatory remarks.. repeating the. and regarding them from. different points. The words. relating to this. of view, will not be thought prolix.. part are all collected in a Vocabulary at the end of the. The Theoretical Division. first part.. contains a short but complete. Gram-.

(8) IV. mar of haps,. The arrangement of. the language.. may appear. be rejected.. I chose. when,. I found. before. me. forms,. a new one,. —. no. ;. it. is,. the materials. better ones; yet, I always to. either. force the. had the. authors.. alternative. new arrangement of Grammatical. and. In regard. others.. I preferred following the principles established ,. to. being fully convinced, that, in either a short or a long. from DonatUS. Academy. per-. language into the scholastical. time, Philosophy will give something better than herit. ,. therefore, not. and rejected terms and reassumed them again,. or to venture a partly. materials. but. rather than to fluctuate driven I have not given. what we now. by the Hungarian. by the whims of. any orthographical. spelling of the. the. some. rules, for the. being written as they are sounded and articulated, a tion paid to. in-. Orthography,. to. little. words atten-. words when practical exercises. are done, and a knowledge of the Grammatical forms, will com-. pensate for the absence of a Section on Orthography.. The second. part contains. whom. from authors. As. with reputation.. the I. was obliged. not choose any longer or more first. Selections. Academy and. in prose. to consider the student, I could. difficult literary. productions.. The. Section of this part will not be deemed insufficient by those. who. desire. detailed. arrangements of the causes which influence. the intellectual and mental development of a nation events produced by these causes,. work,. this. frame. who. nor. ;. the. sketch. will. this. had. to. if it. be. ,. and of the. be considered that, in. forced into. a very small. Section be thought superfluous by those. seek after Grammatical studies, for the learning of the lan-. guage of a nation of. and poetry. the nation have crowned. its. itself excites the desire after. intellectual life.. London. some knowledge. —. 1852. «jr.. Csinh,.

(9) CONTENTS OF THE FIRST PART.. INTRODUCTION. Page.. -. 3.. -. 4.. Orthophony, Orthoepy Division of the sounds and words Assimilation of sounds and articulations Prolongation of the vowels. -. 5.. Contractions. §.. 1.. -. 2.. 1.. .... 9.. .. 10. 12. 13.. COMPOSITIONS. I.. II.. ..... —. Active and Neuter Verbs. Possessive forms of the Substantive. .. 15.. .. 27.. Affixes relative to place and directions. .. 37.. IV.. Expression of the Verb „to have". .. .. 43.. V. VI.. Attributes of Substantives .. .. 34.. .. .. 64.. III.. VII.. .. VIII.. Participles. IX. X. IX. XII.. The Verb. XIII.. 48.. Transformation of the Verbal root. Irregularities in Verbal formations. 82. kell, to want, to be obliged,. must. 84.. Future. 89.. Pronouns. 91.. Conjunctions. 100.. Adverbs. 101..

(10) VI. THEORY OF THE LANGUAGE. I'. A. Grammatical Forms I.. Verbs. 1.. 2. 3.. II.. Verbal roots Conjugation Derivation and Composition of Verbs. 107. 118. .. Nominal Forms 1.. Characteristic of the Objective Case. 2.. Characteristic of the Plural. 3.. Possessives Affixes. 4.. Paradigma of the. Substantive and 5. Derivation .. different. .. .. .. .. Composition. 188.. of. Sub-. Attributes 1.. Adjectives. Adverbs Pronouns. 2.. IV.. 1.. Personal Pronouns. 2.. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns. 3.. Demonstrative Pronouns. 4.. Definite. .. Pronouns Pronouns. 5. Indefinite. V. Prepositions VI. Conjunctions VII. Interjections. Of. combination of the different Parts of Speech without the intermediation of Grammatical forms A. Of the Article r/z, a' and its Congruent B. Of Adjectives and Numerals with Subthe. stantives. Of D. Of C.. 199. 204. 205. 213. 216. 216. 218. 219. 220. 220. 220. 223. 224.. 225—279.. B. Syntax I.. 162. 171. 172. 180. 182.. forms of a. •. stantives III.. age.. — 225.. 107. and Predicate other Congruences the Subject. ..... 226. 226.. 229. 230. 235..

(11) VII Page. II.. the combination of Parts of Speech by. Of. means of Grammatical forms Of the Objective Case. A. B.. the Possessive Affixes. C.. the Prepositional Affixes. Of Of D. Of. the. s.. III.. Of. Adjective. u and. i,. nyi,. 263.. ?'/. forms of the Verb, and the different Parts of Speech for connecting sentences A. Of the Forms of the Verb. and Indefinite Forms 1. The Definite of the Active Voice 2. Moods and Tenses of the Verb the use of the. 3.. different. B.. Of. .. .. .. .. .. .. Participles. The Infinitve with Affixes Of terms of periodical construction 1. Of the relative Pronouns 2. Of the Conjunctions 4.. IV.. ..... terminations:. 234. 234. 23o. 237.. .. .. ..... 265.. 265. 267. 269. 271. 272. 283. 275.. the Consequence of Parts of Speech, or. the arrangement of. words. in. a sentence. .. 277.. READING EXERCISES. 287—320.. VOCABULARY TO THE COMPOSITIONS. 287—320..

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(13) ^^-. FIRST PART..

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(15) DIVISION PRAIUS OF THS:. I.. IjAJXGVAGK..

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(17) INTRODUCTION. Orthophony and Orthoepy. Articniations, Sonnds and Characters. 1.. §.. Ihe Hungarian. language. 7. has. sounds,. different. which, being either long or short ones*), produce. 14. different. and 24. forms of. characters,. vowels; as many. called. marked by. articulations,. different. consonants. The vowels be. are a,. marks. the. of. e,. o,. i,. o, u,. If these. u.. sounds. protracted. speaking,. in. they are distinguished by an acute accent, as: i,. d,. 0,. li;. ii,. shorter forms 6, u,. As. *). long. is. traction. or quick pronunciation of the. ,. the latter long,. time of the. in half the. mentions a long. i. and a short. sonnds; hence, in mile, the. may be. protracted or not.. language,. make. a,. e,. the. li,. have been introduced recently.. the use of the words. regards. forms o,. long and short: by. meant the protraction or prolongation, by short the con-. the former short,. sounded. the. of. instead. the. duration. On. i. same sound. differ. latter. i,. ;. merely,. When. first. we understand two. will. be long,. the contrary,. being. an Englishman,. the. distinct. syllable. mi. the Hungarian. in. or the abbreviation of the. the sound long or short.. Csink hung. Gram.. thus o and o,. the. 4. sound. will.

(18) ;. 2 The 24 consonants, k,. y,. B,. or. M,. m,. ly,. I,. Ny, P, R,. iV,. m,. n,. r,. /?,. s,. v,. t,. ones. gy. ,. trill;. and. in. articulations. chapter). fore. identical. identical. a. long. with. (in. English. the. who. j. k,. arti-. equal to the. ones:. English language. the. cs^. and the. sh,. cz,. cs,. and. language,. exactly. such as ch. sharp. s. (in. seven,. (in. articulation of z be-. seizure). with. identical. zs.. articulations in. therefore. the. correct. must be acquired by hearing speakers. are well acquainted with the language.. The consonant cz. is. articulated. Approximate are produced. in. articulations. much. like. easily take. of the. .,. as in due. to. be. identical.. consonant d and. ,. duce. j have. that foreigners. —. gy. the conetc.. to catch fire, gyul,. the English dule,. them. the. in. the consonant. for. u,. thus, in the Hungarian gyuhii. ts. z.. language by. the English. sonant d followed by a long. like. German. English language, equal to the. so. h, j\. g,. f\. and r having always. ,. For the other consonants there are no. pronunciation. (Ly),. For these there are only. the. with sz ,. u. except. Hungarian ones,. indentical with the. six). d,. compound. ly , ny, sz, ty , zs.. three. z, zs,. v,. L. K,. young), s equal to. (in. 8. into. b^. :. ,. g in guide. like. ty,. t,. I,. Ty, V, Z, Zs, are. T,. ones. English y as a consonant. a strong. sz,. which have the same. z,. culation as the English. g always hard. d, f, y, gy, h,. cjs,. s,. Sz,. S,. simple. divided into 16 I,. r,. D, F, G, Gy, H,. Cz,. Cs,. b, cs,. ny, p,. ?i,. is. may. The concurrence. the. articulation. of. the English consonants d and y intimately combined..

(19) The consonant il,. ille. with the French. identical. is. preceded by another vowel, as. etc.. feuille. vail,. ly. This identification. etc.. so far, that, as in the French. in tra-. even. goes. language the. mou-. 1. ille, which has the same articulation as the English. consonant y, has gained ground recently, garian. many. by. ly. assimilated. to the. French. writers. which. is. jpj (=. yy). //*,. replaced by. The in. nearly in. the the. ty. ;. ny. has been. gne. the French. like. is. articulation. of the. word tube;. only. and the English. etc.,. and very. of gy,. consonants. t. and. «/,. is. an. Hungarian. the. of the two. consonants,. while. mere concurrence.. the. latter. they. are. being a sharp in. the English. as. words due and. To. even by some. ;. the most difficult articulations are those of. the former,. other. been. related to ly ,. articulation. the English remains a. gy and. Hun-. or the n in new.. u^,. combination. Thus. the. has. as, vajjon, instead oi valljon.. ;. the .*harp. is. internal. in. mouille. campagne, champagne Ty. as. 1. nearly. Articulation of. n with a long. speakers. excellent. these. dzsida^. the. same. articulation. relation. each. to. du and tu,. syllables. of. in. the. tube.. may be added. which. is. equal. the combination of dzs to. the. English. g. in. general.. The. fourteen. may be arranged. different in the. a, identical with the. marks. for. following scheme,. EngUsh a. in Father.. 1*. the. sounds.

(20) a, identical with the French a in fatalite*). e. like the English a in fate. is. the assonance of. if. ,. e be avoided. e. identical with the English a in fat.. is. by. m. meg,. as te,. syllables,. and. is. is. preferable;. In. mono-. not followed. sound of e. the. pronunciation. the. English short e,. e. if. consonant,. or a sharp. softened,. etc.,. is. of e like. the. same. the. the. in. words tenniy enni, menni, venni, and similar ones. I. is. equal to the English long e in dear, deed. i. is. the. short. sound of the preceding one, as. often the case with. English words;. its. with the French 6. ,. the. syllable. sound takes the. long e and short. the English. etc.. i. i,. is. compound medium between re in. and. identical. is. in fine.. identical with the English long o in coal. loan. ,. etc.. o, the short sound of the preceding (like the French short o).. o. is. French eu. like the. in jeudi.. unclear sound of a short. 6. or. o. is. the. equal to the. protracted. German. A. verVdeep and. e.. sound of the preceding,. o in. ode, hohe. etc.. Uy identical with the English u in bull.. u, identical with the long double o in the M,. identical with the. *). in. une,. (je). food.. fus etc.. Although some teachers of the Hungarian language have. recommended the short a watch,. French u. word. was. etc.,. to. be sounded like the English a in. nevertheless. good speakers make no other. distinction than that which is the natural consequence of the ab-. breviation of the. same sound..

(21) fi,. the protracted sound of the preceding,. i?,. German. to the. The Hungarian language and sound. lation. there. equal. in iibel.. ii. be given. to. requires. each articu-. distinctly. and plainly;. no mute vowel or unarticulated consonant. is. any word whatever; consonants. is. even. in. concurrence of two. the. noticed by a distinct articulation of each. of them.*). FOR PRACTICE. Ahna. apple. ,. asztal (ahstahl) table. ai^cz face. ,. ,. ablak. window, bercz (barets) mountain, bajnok'^*) champion,. csamok crane,. hfe,. eber. (a-berr). sober,. As an. (a -dash). lly. ") If the consonant consonants. ,. j.. it. is. It. ,. gygy nny ,. ,/,. ,. after. lyly tty. as. blow, fdtyol (the in English father). may be added. Orthographical remark. the forms ggy,. instead of. same. the. of the double consonants: etc.. edes. elet. ember (amm-berr) man, fej head, fd head,. syllable exactly. *). csillag. dess-ka board,. capital principal, fujni (fooyny) to first. wonder,. ddrda (dardah) spear, daru (dahroo). do tog (dohlohg) thing,. (ale -at). sweet,. (choodah). csuda. hall,. (chillagh) star,. ,. ccs,. vowels. ,. in iambus, instead of. Hungarian language j. to. be. jambus is. like the ;. ,. cscs,. czcz,. ccz ... are used.. —. be followed by other. nearly assimilated to the Latin. seems. that instead. ,. nyny, iyty. ,. i,. used by poets. Latin assimilation of. the only distinction. is,. precedet, in Latin followed. j. to. i. that in the. by a vowel..

(22) the veil, faggyu (fah-due) tallow, fal wall,. (gahz-dahg). gazda. rich,. gor-be crooked,. r/yw/e.9. gasdarj. (gahz-dah) husbandman,. meeting, (assembly), gyertya. candle, gyongy pearl, gydva coward, gyo-gyi-ta-ni to. gya-log. cure,. on. hd-bo-ru. foot,. ha-da-koz-ni. battle,. combat,. to. do homage, koz-ni,. ho -dol-ni. to. hdj. hu-gom my younger. lard,. i-gaz. true,. i-ga-zi. re.Q\,. jo (jo) good, jdm-bor. war,. hd-la. to bring, Ao;* hair,. i-ga yoke,. sister,. i-gen yes, jdr-ni. to walk,. jeg (yaig). ice, jel. pious*,. mark, jel-szo apophthegm, parole, j6-ni. ka-to-na Idny. the. go,. to. elder. Prussian,. kell. md-mor. to. come,. (to). need,. intoxication,. me-resz bold, me-reg poison, ne-nye. sister,. nagy -ne-nye. o-reg old,. watch,. wares,. lil-lak, lilac, 16 horse,. girl,. menni. kel-me. soldier,. had. thanks,. pdr-7ia. 6-ra. aunt,. hour,. okos prudent, po-rosz. ^ he,. penz. cushion,. money,. pel -da. example, pal -las sword, rosz bad, rozs corn, rarit-kdn rarely, ro-zsa. vasz cunning, jnt-ka rare, rose,. ran^,. rend order,. ren-del-ke-zes. ren-de-zes arrangement,. disposition,. direction,. sas. eagle,. se-ta a walk, se-tal-niio walk, se-lyem silk, sa-ru a pair of slippers, sdiicz sconce, entrenchment, suly. weight, su-lyoz-ni to weigh, ^m - /yo* weighty, szesz spirits. (of wine etc.) szel-lem. szek chair, sza-bad w?*. to. strew,. free,. ta-ldn. mind, szdz hundred,. sze-lid tame, gentle,. perhaps,. tud-ni. to. .9i?or-. know. (something), tar-ta-lom coxviQuis^ id- gas wide, roomy,. ten-ni. to. patience,. do,. tiir-ni. tun-dd-kol-ni. to to. suffer,. gleam,. tYi-iê-de-lem tisz-ta. clear,.

(23) pure, ni. winter, to lake (lacus),. tf'l. pursue,. to. domineer,. var-ni. ul-ni. to. ud-var court, ii-ral-kod-ni. sit,. mir-ni. xi-na-lom tediousness, sew, ver-ni (verr-ny). to. •&%-. ver (vare). to beat,. ver-se-ni. and. blood,. vl'-rez-ni. bleed,. vv-gez-ni (vage - gaz - nj). (vare- as- ny). to. to. wait,. to. finish,. to. ve-ge. end, ze-ne (zana) music, ze-nesz (zan-ase) musician,. zd-log. forfeit,. same. facilitate. consonants. of. nunciation the. zon-go-ra (zohn - gob - rah). order to. In. articulation. following. learning. of the. pro-. and. vowels. which. have. and sounds as the Enghsh, the. arrangement of English words. short. Hungarian Alphabet,. in the. piano.. the. is. spelt. subjoined.. English words, spelt in English. :. spelt in Hungarian. *). Bui. Bull. Chamber Deed. Csember. Danger. Did Did Dmdzser. Eagle. Igle. Fat. Fet. Did. *). The only. Hungarian which. e,. is,. difference. that. between the English long a and the. the English. somewhat approaches. Hungarian e. is. a clear sound.. the. a,. has a terminative sound. English. short. i. ,. whilst. the.

(24) Fate. FH. German. Dzsermen. Lon. Loan Lasting. (according to Walker). Mun. Moon Meek. Mik. Newly similar pronunciations,. Nyuli (among all other that of Ne wly is the most approaching. the Hungarian Nyiili, which. consonant. Ldsztin. Ny. shows the. articulation. or ny.. Oats. Ocz. Palm-tree. Pdmiri. Pulpit. Pulpit. Raze. Rez. Rule. mi. Sheep. Sip. Shall. Sell. Sea. Szi. Tore. Tor. Tulip. Tjulip. Tube. Tjub. Vetch. fêcs. Yare. Jer. Yellow. Jello. Your. Jur. You. ju. Zeal. Zil. Zero. Ziro.. and. fêts. of the.

(25) 2.. Division of the sounds and words.. §.. order to. In. facilitate. Grammarians have understood the. may be. i,. ones,. and. full. long or. either. ones of e, i. assumed. hard and soft. into. the. division. considered. deep. as. a. of vowels. under the former being sounds. under the. short;. formations,. of. a,. o,. u,. closed. the. latter,. The long. o, u, either long or short.. According to. the two.. Etymological. medium sound between. this division. of the vowels, the. words of the Hungarian language are divided. into. hard sounding ones and. soft. two. classes:. different. sounding. The former containing such vowels. ones. *). as a, a, o, o, u, u, the latter either of the vowels: e, e, i, d\ d,. Thus. the. ii,. u.. words hdboru war, hold moon, hornare hard or deep ones;. lok forehead, dr price,. words edes sweet, ol fathom, levegd admonish, esni. When two. the. same word contains vowels of the hard vowels are considered. and the words belong. as the principal ones,. As. the. vowel. i. which the sound. •). to the. hard words. is. considered. to. be a mediate. one, between the hard and soft vowels, in. the. inteni to. to fall, are soft ones.. different classes, the. class of. air,. i. predominates or. many words is. the. only. For the sake of abbreviation the Terms hard, and soft. words, will be used..

(26) 10 vowel occurring,. belong to the class of soft words;. words csipni. the. especially. alliance. friqy. mezni faithful. taste. gum. iny. ,. mi\f mii. ,. colour. ,. frisian. friz. ,. tiz ten. ,. All others in which cal syllable. fallow. reputation,. work, nyir birch. sziv heart. disz ornament,. i. belong to the. hi-. ,. hiv. an arc, iz. rim rime, szin. - tree,. viz water.. ,. the vowel. is. class. of the radi-. of hard words;. as. —. szij , strap; hid^ bridge; irni, to write.. 3.. deer. report,. sheet (of paper). iv a. ,. csiriz paste,. ,. title,. gim. ,. Mr. embroider,. to. pinch. to. czim firma,. csiz green finch,. Assimilation of sonnds and. §.. articulations. It. is. words. a general. because. of. that. rule,. Grammatical. forms. have. words which belong in. their. to the class of. hard vowel a, o , or w, on the contrary longing. to. second. the. a soft vowel, e, o, or. class. have. in. ,. u and u\. thus,. words be known, be known by. the. be,. the. words be-. their. affixes. I/.. The corresponding vowels are a and o,. itself;. hard ones. may. whatever they. affixes,. assimilate. word. their vowels to those of the root of the. thus,. joining. affixes. all. if. the. affix. affix. for. for. the. e,. one. o and class. of. other class will. itself.. For instance: In the is. vflfr,. word vdrimk we wait,. the affix with. its. the Verbal. cementing vowel. is. root. nnk,.

(27) :. 11 if. any Verbal root with a soCpvowel, as. be given,. form the. order to. in. first. unk must be added, and. the affix. the form required;. with the vowel. ill,. (we. iilunk. hdzam my house, has word szek chair. the soft. a,. to. sit,. Person Plural,. 7?i. ,. sit). is. affixed. will thus. have szekem (my chair) for the same Grammatical. form as hdzam.. As lated. the vowels of Grammatical affixes are assimi-. of the. those. to. of affixes. some. so. root,. and roots are assimilated. to. consonants. each. other.. Especially. The consonant j is. Conjugation of the Verb. in the. assimilated:. consonant sz,. a) to the. if. the verbal root. nates with such a consonant; as,. creep,. instead of. termi-. mdsz-szon he may. mdaz-jon; vesz-szen he may be. lost, instead of vesz-jen.. b) to. the consonant z,. nates with. if. consonant;. this. the. verbal. as,. hoz-zon. root. termi-. he. may. bring, instead of hoz-jon. c). to the. consonant the. 1) if. s.. verbal. same consonant;. root as. terminates. ds-son. he. with the. may. dig;. instead of ds-jon.. 2). if. the verbal root terminates with the con-. sonant. t,. another. preceded consonant;. by a long vowel or by as,. tamt-son he may. teach, instead of tanit-jon. 3). if. the verbal root terminates with the con-. sonant. t,. preceded by a short vowel; in this.

(28) 12 the. case as. radical. ,. and. run. sow, instead of vet-jen,. When. the Demonstrative. consonant z. its. consonant of the affix: of az-rol;. instead of fut - son,. may. etc.. Pronoun az. that,. ez. this,. which are used instead of Prepo-. joins the affixes, sitions,. changed into s;. is. ,. of futjon; vessen be. instead. this. itself. t. may. fus son he -. assimilated. is. the. to. ar-rol of that,. as,. eb-b'ol out of this,. initial. instead. of ez-bol,. instead. ek-kepen instead of ez-kepen.. The affixes val, with, and vd,. vel,. sition. ve,. which express the Prepowhich means into, assimi-. late their initial consonant, v, to the final. of the. word. with. zel. to. the. which they are joined; hand,. instead. consonant. thus,. kez-vel;. of. kez-. az-zd. instead of az-vd; fegyver-rel with arms,. into that,. instead of fegyver-vel.. Ob. avval and azzal, with that, evvel and ezzel,. s.. are both in use,. with this,. but the latter forms are. preferable.. Prolongation of the vowels.. 4. §.. The. short. longation all. words. word assumes any. of the in all. vowels a and e are prolonged. final. as often as the. short final. ruhd-m my. dress (objective case),. a. dress;. is. common. to. Grammatical forms.. ruha a dress,. with. This pro-. affix.. a and e. eke. dress,. ?'uhd'Zni to dress,. plough,. eke -nek. to. ruhd-t a ruhd-val a plough,.

(29) 13 eke-vel with a plough, tends. even so far,. that,. if. nate with a short e or a,. whatsoever,. No. which. affixes,. and. ,. former. dress, ruhd-j'a his. is. ac-. dress, 7'nkd-. kent; as, atj/ai fatherly,. Before the affixes e,. may be. e. sound retained;. thus,. ig ,. prolonged,. words, as ^ôwz to weave from lovni, belongs. 5.. §.. to. ert,. ul;. ,. primitive. strictly. contracted. A by. many. to shoot,. taken.. Contraction.. Contractions are often the consequence of matical forms.. for. like a father.. roots of. from szdvni\ Mwz. Etymology. the. primitive. hazd-ert and haza-ert,. The protraction of the. i,. gydva-sdg. or their. atyd-ul and atya-ul,. the fatherland;. word taking any. Gram-. affixes whatever,. means of abbreviating. syllable; such contractions are. a). affixes. prolongation takes place before the affixes. cowardice.. is. termi-. any other. receive. his dress.. sag, kor , kep. short a. prolongation ex-. short e or a of the. the. centuated, as: ruha. jd-val with. This. etc.. the. final-. performed:. by shortening the long vowel of the. final- syl-. lable,. b). by neglecting the short consonant of the. final-. syllable.. Detailed remarks on in. the Theoretical. part;. this. here. subject it. will. be found. may be remarked. only, that such contractions do not take place final. syllable terminates with a. if. double consonant,. the if.

(30) 14 the final. last. syllable. consonant. and the penultima have the same consonants. or. which are not related nants which. easily. in. themselves palatals. or. and. with. dentals.. hajlom.. mirror,. The. conso-. m,. liquid. /,. cz^ sz, z,. either. among. consonants, instance:. especially. dolog-ot the. jdrom-at the yoke, jdrmat\ tukrot; hajoUom, I stoop,. thing, contracted dolgot;. tiikdr-ot the. are. of. the. other. For. articulations. some way.. combine. n, 1% and the Hngual cs,. the.

(31) COMPOSITIONS. I.. —. Verbs.. Active and Meiiter.. The Hungarian language, expresses sion. the. Conjugation. ,. root of a Verb. mains is. roots of the. to the. that. called. termination. the. after. Comparison) by means of. ,. is. mentioned above,. as. Grammatical forms (Declen-. different. which are joined. —. part. of. re-. Infinitive,. ni,. it. taken away; thus, from vdimi the root. The Active Voice of Hungarian. The. which. of. the. affixes,. words.. is. vdr.. Transitive Verbs. has two different forms, which have been styled by. Grammarians the. The former. latter relates to objects. speaker either expressively tive cases. strictly. and may be called. by the speaker, form; the. and the Definite forms.. Indefinite. relates to objects not. representing. the. determined Universal. determined by the. or understood,. to objec-. any determined object,. and. has been called the Definite form.. form of the Active Voiee. A. Indefinite. the. aiift. IVeiit^r.. Indicative Mood. PRESENT TENSE.. 1.. Vdr -ok thou. I. waitest,. wait,. thou. vdr he waits, he. is. I. am art. waiting, I do wait, vdi'-sz waiting,. waiting,. thou. dost. wait,. he does wait; vdr-unk.

(32) 16. we. we. wait,. you. are. you. wait,. we do. waiting,. nak they wait, they are waiting,. El-ek. live,. I. art alive,. we. he. el. am. I. vdr-tok vdr-. wait,. —. they do wait.. el-unk we. alive;. is. live,. are alive, el-tekjou live, you are alive, elnek. they live, they are. Az. Irunk.. Irok.. emberek. alive.. atya. The. am. The. We. father. I. We. live.. Men. gather.. Animals are. 2.. The boy The animal. gather.. are. FIRST PERFECT TENSE. V^dr-ek. waited,. I. a he waited;. vdr-dnk he. thou. satest, ill-e. sat,. ul-enek they. is alive.. On. the. we. vdr-. vdr-dtok you. Ul-ek. sat; lil-enk. sat.. is. are fighting. *). (Imperfect).. waited,. waited, vdr-dnak they waited.. I. gathers.. vdr-dl thou waitedst,. we. The. live.. (A) soldier. sitting.. The boys. Soldiers do fight.. figlhing.. They. —. The mother takes. alive.. We. sitting.. is. Az. elnek.. waiting.. is. live.. Boys are walking.. sitting.. dllatok. el,. The mother. father writes.. walking.. a walk.. dllat. imak.. fviik. Jdrunk.. Katondk vivnak. Vivunk. Vivtok.. viv.. boys are waiting.. am. jdrnak.. ir; ftiik. Az. setdlnak.. A^ katona. A'. emberek vdmak.. A"^ flu vdr;. I. he. do. el-sz thou livest, thou. alive,. lives,. wait,. you. waiting,. are. sat,. I sat,. ill -el. ul-etek you. use of this Tense,. see the Theoretical part. 3.. SECOND PERFECT TENSE. Vdr -tarn did. ing, *). wait,. I. have. waited,. vdr-tdl. See the Vocabulary.. thou. (preteritum).. I. was. hast. wait-. waited,.

(33) 17 wast waiting, didst wait, vdr-t he was waiting, did. vdr-tunk we were waiting,. wait;. tatok you were waiting,. vdr-tak they were I. was. iil-t. sit,. he was. did. sitting,. thou wast. A' fiuk vartak. tunk.. Fiu. szedtek.. As anya Az dllatok. Emberek. A'. eltek.. Az. berek. Tanuliatok.. tanultak.. The English compound. we have. sat,. etc.. is. tam,'. fight.. walked.. I. writing.. son did write. ting*).. We. Az Em-. irt.. A' Katona. —. Perfect:. I. People did. fought.. The boy has. Mother was. atya. viv-ott. have waited,. means vdr-. eltek.. fighting.. have. Setdl-. expressed by the same form of. they have lived,. Men were did. —. Lednyok. Fiuk jdrtak,. thus, I have waited. the second Perfect;. sit,. sit.. szedtek.. vivtak.. Katondk. (instead of viv-t).. did. did. vart,. flu jdrt.. Tanultunk; a fiuk tanultak.. we were. sitting,. sitting,. Ldny. Hit.. vdrt.. Ul-tem. sitting, didst. til-tiink. sit;. you were. and iil-tenek they were. iil-tek. —. did wait.. did. sitting,. iil-tetek. sit,. wait, vdr-tanak and. did. waiting.,. sitting, did sit, iil-tel. vdr-. did wait,. I. have. sat.. The written. The daughter. were walking.. (A) soldier was. fighting. fight.. The man You have. father did write.. did sew.. The. You were. wai-. and. (a). boy was. *) The Personal Prononns, I, thou, he, we, you, they, are by no means forms of Conjugation in the Hungarian language. The whole of the Conjugation consists in different affixes. These Pronouns are used before the Personal forms of the Verb as. often. as Emphasis. requires. the Subject of the Verb.. them,. agrees with the Latin entirely, as, Csink. hung. gram.. or as. often as they supply. In this respect the Hungarian language. amamus and nos amamus. ^. etc..

(34) 18. We. walking.. father. learn;. were. The bojs have. You were. Thou wast. gathered.. Men. I. the. sitting;. We. I gather.. —. gathering.. writing.. The mother was. Animals were ahve.. did sew.. girl. sitting.. writes.. did. live.. did gather.. COMPOUND FUTURE. vdmi fogsz thou wilt wait, fog he will wait vdrni fogunk we shall wait, fogtok you will wait, vdmi fognak they will 4.. vdmi-fogok vdrmi. vdm wait.. ;. —. A^ nak. fog.. Mi. I shall wait,. fiuk tanulni fognak.. Szedni fogunk.. Az. atya. A^. Az. 16 fut.. Soldiers. Te. were. The boys will. walk.. You. will. and. we. also will. play,. We. Thou. They were. Az. also. dllat. elt.. They. The. will. shall. girls. We. seest.. do walk. We did. play.. We. I. shall. I. shall write.. The boy and. is. sitting. knit.. Girls. shall look.. see.. fight.. and the daughter. sit,. sit.. did. People will run.. did take a walk.. You. You have. will. seen.. looking.. B. Definite The. ledny varni. 6 tanulni fog.. es. We. fighting.. will walk, boys will run. see.. A^. tilt.. soldier will fight.. write.. writing.. ember. iimi fogsz. The mother. will. take a walk.. katondk vivni fog-. elefdnt jdr.. The. shall fight.. Az. irt.. elni fogunk.. A'. Jdrni fogtok.. Definite. Form. Form always relates to in any way whatever,. spoken of which are,. mined, thus. if. of tlie Aetiê Toiee. objects deter-. the Objective Case governed by the.

(35) 19 Voice. Active. be. out,. left. I. vdgom. in. write. understood,. is. (the letter,. it. or it, which. always added to the Verb.. in foreign languages are. Thus,. understood to be. is. it. him, her. represented by the Pronoun. —. I cut it,. irom,. or sentence mentioned).. Mood. PRESENT TENSE.. Indicative 1.. Vdg-om. cut,. I. vdg-ja he. cutest,. am. I. cutting,. vdg-jdtok you cut,. Kot-om. I. am. bind, I. keres-ed. thou lookest. keres-suk*). we. Fiut keresek,. as embert verik.. A'. A' a'. keres-itek you look. —. for.. a' fiut keresem.. a. ledny inihdt var, lednyok vai^jdk. fiuk tanuljdk a. The. Plural. Character k, *). A'. of. En. the. if. leczket tanulok.. Objective. the. bokretdt,. final. Case. of Substantives. preceded. by. See on assimilation above § See on Prolongation §. 4.. the 3.. is. is. t,. consonant of the. Substantive were not easily combinable with. **). ruhdt.. Buzdt kotnek (they sheaf. leczket.. characteristic. preceded by a vowel. The. katondt a'. busdt kotik (they sheaf the corn).. lednyok bokretdt kotnek, lednyok kotik a. A'. for,. Embei^-t Idtok,. Katond-t*'^) veimek ,. Id torn.. bindest,. keres-i he looks for;. for,. ledny varja a' ruhdt,. com),. kot-od thou. we bind, kot-itek you Keres-em I look for,. look for,. keres-ik they look. —. cut.. —. kot'ik they bind.. bind,. vdg-od thou. vdg-Jdk they. binding,. kot-juk. kot-i he binds;. cutting,. vdg-juk we cut, we are. cuts;. it.. marked by the. same vowel. that.

(36) 20 precedes the to. be used,. to. see § 2,. same. the. ember -ek,. a walk;. the. father. also. did read.. (at). t. joined to. is. learn,. I. the horses.. see the soldiers.. Obj. PI. lednyokat. soldier. will. The mother the. You have. We. did. read. and. we. We. have read. (a). We. book.. you see the soldiers?. I. I did. Thou. letter.. have read the. Do you. bind (make a) nosegay,. did look. seen the soldiers.. have written the. (a) letter.. shall. Children play,. walk.. have spoken.. will fight.. We. the girl will sew.. written. The. emberek-et.. work, the. child. writes.. You have. wast writing. will. the. Thus, ember, Plural. Plural. lednyok,. PI.. The labourer will. ones.. soft. Objective. same, ledny ,. book.. This. form by means of the vowels a for hard. the plural. words, and e for. take. and the. 3,. characteristic as the Objective. Case of the Singular Number.. The boys. In regard. The Objective Case of the Plural. Theoretical part.. Number has. —. of the Objective Case.. t. vowels. the. letters.. gather fruit?. Do. We. and you bind (sheaf the). corn.. PERFECT TENSE AND FUTURE. Olvas-tam I have read, did read, was reading (it), ohas-tad thou hast read etc. (it), olvas-ta he has 2.. read; olvas-tuk. have read,. fogom read, shall. I. we have. etc.,. okas-tdtok you. olvas-tdk they have read.. shall. read. olvasjii fogja. read,. read. (it),. he. vill. —. fogod thou. wilt. read,. olvasni fogjuk. we. olvasni fogjdiok you will read,. fogjdk they will read.. Olvasni. olvasni. olvasni.

(37) 21 A'. fiu. az. rertek. tanulta. A* katondk meg-. leczket.. a'. A'. elleiiseget.. Tanito. Tanitok dicshik a' tanulokat.. En. leczket.. tanulok. angol nyehet.. A'. nulta.. Mi. dicseri. (C. Ti tanultdtok. az. angolul.. azt ta-. azt tanulni fogjuk.. Tudom. ledny azt tudja.. a' fiut.. Tanulok tanuljdk. azt.. A'. fiu. tudja azt.. You know the soldier. I know the gentleman. The enemy gained the battle. The soldiers have The enemy was flying, he left the field of battle. The father has written the did leave the camp. have read (a). I. letter.. soldiers.. English.. garian. shall. I. letter.. praise the. You will blame the boys. 1 have learned I know German, I am learning the HunThe Hungarians (a* Magyaiôk) The Hungarians have Austrian (oszt?'dk) army (hadsereget). I. language.. the English language.. learn. beaten the. We. praise the champions.. honour the heroes.. Sol-. diers love their leader (vezeriiket).. C. Subjunctive and Imperative. Indef. form, vdr-iak. p ^ Del.. «. lorm.. ,. .. var-jam. ). \. .. ). ,,. \. that. ,. ,. he may wait; ''. ). vdr-iunk. ). var~juk. ). ,''.,{. .. that. we may -^. vdi'-iatok .r^. that thou mayst wait *'. var-ja. ,. i i, r a shall 1 wait:. ). vdr-ion ,. i. ''. ). ,*'.,[ var-jaa. .. ,. ,. thatlmay wait, and,. Jflood.. J. var-jatok. ). .,. \. that. ). ,. .in we wait. wait, shall. you may wail. '^. "^.

(38) 22. ,.,.. The forms of. that they. [. var-jak. pressed. we. vdrjon;. by:. wait?. The. Number. admits vdrjdl. the others suffer no alteration what-. ,. Thus, he shall wait,. ever.. are entirely. of the Subjunctive mood.. second Person of the Singular vdj'j (wait). wait. *). Mood. the Imperative. expressed by those. and. may. ). so,. him wait, are ex-. let. wait. us. let. are both vdrjunk,- etc.. I. and. shall. In regard to. assi-. milations of the characteristic j see § 3.. Nezsiink.. Olvassunk. of Kotjel).. Hozzdl.. Vdrjunk?. Jdrj!. The boy. Vivjdl.. A'. overcome the enemy.. Read the Wait! The boy Let. book.. bind (make). us it.. speak English.. Let us read.. bind (make. may. the shall. Let him. —. Conditional. PRESENT. \. olvas-ndm. *. olvas-ndd. ). that belong to. sit.. for. He. nosegay.. a). les-. Write!. Let us look. Speak German.. I. would, should read, and that I might read. the. instead of a, in their termination;. iil-Jek I. Learn the learn?. Let us speak Hungarian.. Indef. form, olvas-nek. Words. we. Shall play.. shall. 1.. *). ledny varjon.. the soldier shall fight and. letter.. II.. Def. form,. A'. Elj'en.. fiu vdrjon.. shall write,. son.. Kossel (instead. Irjunk.. class. thus:. of soft ones receive vet'. -Jem. I. may. e,. beat.

(39) 23 olvds - na ,. .. olvas-na. ). he would read;. olvas-nank. ,. ,. we would, should read, and that we might read. \. ohas-nok S ohas-ndtok olvas-natok. u j you would read. \. \. olvas-ndnak) ,,. ,,. ,.. ^. ,. they would read. (. olvas-nak. *. etc.. *'. ). etc.. ''. ). PERFECT. Expressing an action done or neglected because of a condition. pound one and of. perfect. Tense. This. preceding. in. Grammars. it. is. a com-. is. given as the Plu-. Mood,. Subjunctive. the. Tense. as. former. the. given as the Imperfect Tense of the same. is. Mood.. The formation of. this. Tense. easy,. is. it. being. merely a repetion of the Perfect Tense of the Indicative. means, Indef.. Def.. Mood it. with. would be). vdr-tam vdr-tam '. ). ,. ^. i}. ^. \. ,. I. i. (if). I. waited,. had waited. vobia, he would have waited. etc.. etc.. (. vdr-tatok V. ,. ,. >. ,. var-tuk. ). ^. ,. volna,. na. *'^' var tdk. ^^^^^^ '. ,. ,. .. ,. waited. -^. J. j. ,. we would have. volna, you would have waited. vdr -tdiok\. ar-. have. should. (. vohia, thou wouldst have waited. vdr-tunk ,. each Personal form.. ,. S. var-tad). var-ta. to. (which. of volna. the addition. ^^y ^qqU -^. jj^^ye. waited..

(40) 24 Words of 0,. instead of u^ and 6 instead. ii. terminative. their. in. o',. have. the class of soft ones,. that belong to. e instead of a and. Thus. syllable.. el- tern. volna, I should have lived; el-tel volna; el-t volna; el-tunk volna, el-tetek volna, eltek or el-tenek volna.. Az. any dm. atydm (my. A'. tok.. (anyd-m,. father). A' gyermek. ima; az. mother^. En. volna.. irt. Mi. j'drna.. Ti irnd". irnek.. A' lednyok. fiuk tanulndnak.. tak volna.. my. vdr-. (plural). setdltunk volna.. A' katondk gyoztek volna. Mi tisztelndk a' A' Katondk tisztelnek a* vezereket (objective Szeretnek. plural. see B.. iilni.. Szeretnel jdmi.. !.)•. A'. tanulok szeretnenek. Az. tanulni.. A' fiu szeretne olvasni. A' katona A' hadvezer szeret gydzni. Szeretnel. vivni.. Szeretnetek I. should. szeretne tanitani,. Mi. iilnil. would. have. battle.. The enemy. If. written.. have. had fought. left. field. I. My. write.. szeret Idtni?. We. see.. of battle.. father. the. gain. soldiers flight.. You would. the battle.. (a). the. will take to. overcome the enemy.. would. en szeretnek. szeretnenk setdlni.. you would. read,. A'. Idtni.. imi.. any dm. case. Szeretnenk. setdlni.. Szerettem volna. fiuk szeretnenek jdtszani.. host.. should. The enemy the army. If. should Hke to learn.. I. should like to learn English (put: English to learn).. Would you knew (I should. I should like to speak Hungarian. to read? I could).. would. should like,. My write.. like to write.. mother. We I. likes. if. I. the flowers.. should have. My. written.. should have liked to read.. I. like if I. father. should.

(41) 25 E.. The Verb. PRESENT.. 1.. Vagyok he. she. is,. Vagfyok^ I am.. he"*. ^^to. am, vagy thou. I. is,. it. art,. van and vagyon. vagyunk we are, vagytok you. is;. are, vannak or vagynak thej are.. The. often. as. the Substantive and. used. stantive. Tense. third Person of this. sentence as. „the flower. as. is. it. Thus,. Predicate.. and. flower. beautiful,". ssep^^,. instead of „a'. missed in the. Adjective or any other Sub-. its. beautiful". is. is. a mere copula between. there. will. vwdg van. be;. szep,'''. are beautiful flowers, will be:. A' rozsdk. gok,. rozsdk. of. instead. saying:. a'. sentence. the. be translated. will. in „the. „«'. virdg. The. roses. szep vird-. vannak. szep. virdgok.. The Verb „to be", the Adjective the. or. thus,. sentence;. man, thou. art. thou diligent. in. all. forms,. instead of. saying:. we. „I. diligent,. Subject,. art.. its. follows. used as Predicate of. Substantive. say:. „I. (a). Predicate. am. a. man am,. and Copula. agree in Number. 2.. Voliam. I. was,. PAST TENSE. I. have been, Voltdl thou wast,. and hast been, volt he was. etc.;. voltunk. we. were,. voltatok you were, voltak or voltanak they were etc.. A'. fiu. szorgalmatos.. (nominative plural) voltak. tunk. volt.. A'. fiuk szorgalmatosak. Mi. szorgalmatosak vol-. A' katondk hdsok (heroes). A' A' csatamezd terjedelmes. A'. csata veiês. tdbor nagy..

(42) 26. A'. A' gyozedelent bizonytalan. A' fdradsdg mertekentuli.. harcz hosszu.. munka. veghetlen.. (The) Flowers are plants.. The. animal.. tiger. is. cruel.. Tyrants and tigers are equal. are. (The) Lyons. artful.. Nelson. selfish.. Hungarians are. we were,. Men. England. We. —. are poor, they were idle.. politicians. generous.. are. The Hungarians were brave.. valdnk. Foxes and. Hungary was. slaves.. Tâlek I was,. The elephant is (an) The fox is cunning,. renowned.. is. A'. valdl thou wast,. valdtok you were,. kingdom.. (a). were. are free.. is. You. rich.. vala he was;. valdnak they. were *). 3.. Volnek wouldst be. I. CONDITIONAL.. should be. If I were;. If thou. were. thou. volndl. volna he would be. ;. vol-. ndnk we should be, volndtok you would be,. vol-. ,. ndnak they would. ,. be.. There are no more Tenses of the Verb vagyok; all. the others,. Verb. as those. Moods, the. finitive. lenni^. to. of the Subjunctive and Inare supplied by the. Participles,. become.. The Present Tense of. Verb lenni,. is. used as a Future of vagyok,. Leszek. I. shall. be and I become,. leszel thou wilt be, lesz^ leszen. we. shall. will. be.. —. Ha. gazdagok volndnk.. be,. ido szep lesz. *). On. lesztek. you. will. Ha. A' nydr meleg. he. leszesz. the. and. will be; lessunk. be,. lesznek. szabad volnek,. volna.. Az. they. Az. 6sz hives. the use of this tense see the Theoretical part..

(43) 27. Al. less,^. G^m»vg. A'. tel hideg.. m. Az. tesz.. Te szorgalmatos. leszek.. We. Mi. volndl.. As. any dm. En. volna.. beteg. jo. tanulok lesziink.. You will be diligent. They Thou art naughty. The boy. should be rich.. would be naughty.. The. would be good. ready.. The. brave.. Nelson was. Britania. tavasz szep volt.. atydm. is. soldier. great.. is. America. (a). is. be. shall. soldiers will be. England. soldier.. (A) friend. blics are rare.. The. brave.. (a). We. are good.. girls. is. republic.. small.. Repu-. faithful.. is. II.. PossesisiTe forms of tlte lûbstaiitiTe* A. Tlie object possessed is but one.. Ruhd-m my his. and her. ruhd-d. dress,. dress.. — Ruhd-nk. thy dress, ruhd-ja. our dress, riihd-tok. your dress, ruhd-Jok their dress. prolongation of the a, see Introd.. MezS-m my his. and her. field,. field;. meze-jok. field,. mez6-d. mezd-nk our. In regard to the ,. thy field, meze-je*) field,. mezo-tok jouv. their field.. Bardt'Ommj Mend, bardt-od ja. § 4.. thy fneud, bardt-. and her friend; bai^dt-nnk our friend, bardt-. his. otok your friend, bardt-jok their friend.. *). The same. monosyllables and. alteration. of 6. dissyllables,. is. thus. ne-je his wife; erde-je his wood. syllables. do. not. admit. this. to. —. be observed in. no wife,. all. nom my. the. wife,. Words of more than two. alteration;. thus,. levegoje from.

(44) 28. my. Felelet-em. wer;. answer,. felelet-ed thy answer,. and her answer; felelet-iink our ans-. felelet-e his. your. felelet-etok. answer,. felelet-ok. their. answer.. Considering the. her and. j. the. their,. affix. and the. its,. is. missed. mean. ja, /e, which. affix. Substantive. the. if. his,. mean. which. /o A:, jok^. termi-. nates with one of the consonants cs ,. cz , s, sz , z,. v,'ny ,. syllable. ly. ,. ty ,. gy , or. with an abbreviation.. which. sion,. it. the. final. In consideration of the vowel,. may be remarked,. that the. same vowel. which forms the Plural of the Substantives in these affixes as well;. tables,. birds,. meets. be used with these affixes of posses-. to. is. if. is. used. thus, asztal, PI. asztal-ok. my table; maddr, madar-am my bird. asztal-om. PI.. madar-ak. A' Konyvem jo (my book is good. See above Az atydd vdr. Az Anydnk ir. Anydnk ir. Bardtotok hutelen. A' Bdtydm katona (is a soldier). A' hadseregunk vitez. Vezeriink ug)fes. Tdborunk nagy. Ellensegiink kiengesztelhetlen. A' Tdbomagyotok hires. A' kirdlyunk szereti az orszdgot. A' kirdlyotok gyuloli a ncpet. The Objective Case „my friend," my book" etc, sub E).. is. given in the Hungarian language. konyvemet tive,. that. etc.,. by bardtom-aty. and the Objective of any Substan-. may have. the possessive affixes,. given by an affixed. t^. The. third. will. preceded by the vowel a or. be e.. in. a. or e, does not admit the vowel a or e before the. i.. affix. of. the. Person,. terminating.

(45) 29 The terminations of jok. changed. are. often. j. when. takes place. missed, in which case. is. thus,. jiik';. instead of eletok.. especially. of these affixes. juk and. into. eletiik (eletjiik) their Hefe,. This alteration. Jok and. the third Person,. the. may. it. be done for the sake of perspicuity, when otherwise. Affixes. :. any dm -at. Az. As. szereti.. tanulok szeretik. Az. nagy.. Az. Idiom.. bardtodat Idttam.. bdtydmat. A'. be. atydmat. emberek. orszdgunkat. have seen your. I. Az. meghoditd. Thy. small.. forest. is. is fine. (a fine one).. child. do love. my. you wait. my. —. Thou. Our. enemy.. Our Queen is. didst. thou wast looking. large. and. assists rich.. Your. large.. His book. Your. modest.. is. thy brother.. father likes. Do you. elleiiseg.. mother has read. difficult.. is. orszdgunk. az. field is. love your father?. your elder sister?. pected your elder. our. lesson. My. mother.. (for). friend.. friend. Our. Our daughter. naughty.. is. My. friend.. (leveleteket).. letter. a. gyuWlik egymdst,. tanitojiikat.. a!. ke?'esem.. atydmat vdrwm,. Sxeretitek kirdlyotokat (your king).. your. with these. alike. Asstaluk, instead of dsztalok, their table,. as,. Jlz. A'. would. Nominative Plural. the. look. I. am. Do. waiting for. thy. for. I. friend. (thy. Our mother has exOur army has vanquished. for).. sister.. general. is. leading. your. army.. Our realm (kingdom) Your realm was great and cele-. your king.. brated.. Observ. which the. affix. In. order. to. m, d, nk,. find. tok. out the root,. etc.. is. to. be. to. affixed..

(46) 30. may Number. always form the Nominative of the. beginners Plural join. the. formed,. then take. required. affix. „my. to. szomszedok ,. to. which they wish. and join the. For instance,. I. wish to say. szomszed has. in. off. the Plural. word. the. is. Ruhd-im. my. itok your dresses,. The. number immediately, thus. ruhd-id. dresses,. ruhd-ink. ruhd-ik. characteristic. precedes the. The. ssomszedja.. is,. dresses,. his. have. I. required.. B. Xlie objects possessed are tlian one.. ruhd'i. Plural. the. k and joining m,. person ja and je joins the Nomi-. Singular. the. „his neighbour". to. the Plural be. if. k,. which. of the third. of. —. taking. ,^ssomssedom^' ,. native. away. it.. neighbour;". a(fix. Noun,. of that. required possessive affix;. affixal. of. more. thy. dresses,. our dresses,. iûhd-. their dresses.. the Plural. consonants. m,. c?,. is. which. i,. nk,. k. and. the syllable tok.. When to. to. which the. affixes are. be joined terminates with a consonant, as: hardly. asztal, a,. the Substantive. the third Person of the Singular. Number. of. taken as the radical, and the Plural affixes are. is. added. to this radical,. thus. bardtja his friend being. the third Person of the Singular, hardtja-im will be. my. friends,. friends letters,. etc.. bardtja- id thy. friends,. bardtja- i his. my. letters,. levele-id. Levele-im. levele-i his. letters,. thy. levele-ink our letters,. levele-itek your letters, levele-ik their letters..

(47) 31 As to. other vowel,. of any. which. Plural form,. may. i. zV/,. we. be:. will. be joined. easily. without the acces-. themselves,. Substantives. the. sion. m,. the affixes:. a. second. mj. friends,. get. shall. hardt-im. harat-id thy friends, bardt-i his friends, bardt-ink our friends. —. etc.. The. first. form. preferable in. is. familiar conversation.. 6. Substantives terminating with. vowel. the. in. A). (see under. have. therefore. them. given. is. person of the Singular number. third ,. such Substantives, as above mentioned, a double in. form,. plural. considering. the second,. long 6,. abbreviate this. as. the. their. as. of the. radical. their. in considering. first. radical. the short e of the tird Person; thus the Substantive. mez6 forms mez6-im and meze-im my the sanction of the people.. Sseressed a segeiteket. Az. atydm. es a. Szeiêssetek. bdtydm. Tense).. Az. (are) bardtjaink.. nagy ,. szereti. a'. Konyveim. katondit. elvesztek.. olvastam.. A' bdtydm. tanuija. leszkejet;. a'. are).. A'. erds.. A' Tdbornok. szereti gyermekeit.. sziilo. Konyveidet Idttam, olvasta. a. nenyedet vdrtam.. Orszdgok. kereskedesok terjedelmes.,. hatalmuk (instead hatalom~jok). a. Bardtim voltak.. A' Katondink megvertek az. Angolok. (instead orszdgjok). En. ellen-. elutazott. is. minden bardtink hivek (missed vannak^. Ellenscgeink gyiiWlnek. ellenseget.. etc.,. —. felebai'dtodat.. of elutazt, Perf.. (instead. Nem. is.. fields. but the latter has received. both forms are correct,. a. leveleidet. leveledet.. A'. fiu. lednyom a* imhdjdt varta..

(48) 32 Our. honour. soldiers. immortal,. is. children. My. (are). friends. My. powerful.. We. (dear).. pen.. but his. idle,. dress. found read. Albert. his. diligent.. (is). His time. your book. .(the). Your. Your enemies. dear.. is. Our. debts.. mortal.. is. daughter. industrious.. (are). their. body. but our. Your king. leader.. Thej do pay. pays his soldiers. soul. their. (are). valuable. is. Charles found his. The teacher. lesson.. (The) Our father has prai-. has seen our translation.. sed your brother, he has learned his lesson.. C. sive. The. TUe Possessive. Case.. Genitive*. The Hungarian language expresses the PossesCase by means of the possessive affixes. Possessive. Case. always. supposes. two. diffe-. rent notions, the one that of the Subject possessing,. the. of the. other that. receives. the possessive. object affixes. possessed;. of. the. this. latter. third. Person. the. posses-. either Singular or Plural.. With the sor there. is. not expressed the. Substantive. used the ,. relating. nak. or. to 71. ek^ which. is. but indicated by an apostrophe, unless. perspicuity. plain expression.. or. Euphony. Thus, the. as atya' hdza; the vei; the. affix. would. require. father's house,. scholar's books,. we. its. say:. a tamilo kony-. courage of the soldiers, a^ katondk' bdtor-. sdguk; the pens of the scholars,. a'. tanuloK tollaik;.

(49) 33 or. tanulok'tiak. fl*. sdguk. tollaik,. katondk-iuik bdior-. a. etc.. This possessive form, resulting from the representation. of the Possessive Case,. new Nominal. as a. cases of. which. be considered. to. is. root the Objective and Possessive. will. Thus. be formed regularly.. roof of our neighbour's house, will be:- a. dunk. (szo7?iszcdimk'?iak) hdzujiak. seen thy brother's book. Az. szerencsejuk. A'. szep.. A*. (is). (instead of erojet),. a. A'. Idttam.. emberek'. vcghetetlen. BardtjahiU hiisege. Az. szerel-. vigasztalo.. ember' cselekedetcmek forrdsa. vildgnak ot. vildgnak egy. Columbus felfedezte. iêszei.. reszH.. (one). A7?ierikdnak terme-. A'. Azsidnak iermenyei.. kenysegc.. Az. have. I. tehetsegei felUlmuljdk a' testnek erejet. leleknek. a' sziv.. rovid.. (szuldink). szuleink^. fedele;. bdti/dd' konyvet (is). the. A* szomszedunknak hdza. vdltozo.. (szerel-em).. milk. ft'. cmhereknek tlatUk. <i. ,. szoinszc-. nepeknek. te?'-. viesztmenyei.. England exports Englishmen received. sell. my. (kiviszi). its. their productions.. mother's. (The). My. You have. letter.. (The). products.. my. father. written. The The reason of men. The The fate of people (nedestiny of humankind. peknek Plur.). The wisdom and goodness of (the) The power of (the) kings. The desires of God. (the) nations. The commerce (kozlekedes) of na(the). your. instinct. letter.. shall. write. letters.. of the animals.. tions enriches the their. I. wealth.. mind of the people and increases. The commerce. Csink Lung. Gram.. (kereskedes) of. 3. Ame-.

(50) 3A. The. rica if extensive.. The. Typography.. The. invention (feltaldlds) of (the). of Watt.. (taldlmdny). inventions. The wars of the middle. History of France.. ages. 2.. Whose. is..?. The which. that. It is. —. Is that. of.. of?. other languages. in. sessive Case,. given. is. is. expressed by the Pos-. by the. e. afflx. Hun-. in the. garian language; thus „whose is...?" means Kie?. „is. means a. of the merchant,. that. is. house that of our. this. szomszedunke ez. expression,. latter. often annexed to. is. father,. will. and. it^. —. to. sister,. them as. it. is. etc.. the. instead of. d. szom-. is. being con-. Gases, the affix. added. thus, az atydme that of. Definite Article az or a. to radicals. my. father.. never missed before. Substantives of this form; the Demonstrative ez. az that,. a. The expressions atydm. many new Nominative. be added. of Substantives;. The. hdz.. nenyed thy elder. sidered as so e. a. ez. It. and. means. neighbour?". „a szomszedunke ez a hdz ,'' we may say szedunke -e. —. kalmdre,. a' hdz.. In consideration of this interrogative e. my. etc.. interrogative sentence relating to possession,. this,. precedes the Substantives representing the. Objects possessed.. Az Kie ez. a'. A*. ax. irds?. a*. hardtome.. hdz as atydme.. Ez. Ez. Az. a'. Ez. a*. jdszdg. nagynenyhn jdszdg a,. ocseme. (that. Kie. a^ toll a' tanitoe.. A' nagybdtydme.. kert?. a' nagynenyeme,. 9M. Ez. atydm' hdza.. ez a' konyv?. of. my. Kie. younger.

(51) 35 brother) Ldttuk az. Az. ruha? a*. Ezek Ezek a. a'. nagy-. Kie ez. En. Ldttad az ordmat?. enyem.. bdtyddet.. anydmh, (those). atydd' hdzdt de item a. Kie ez a kocsi? az anydme.. bdtyddet.. az. keztyuk (pair of gloves). a. tollak. Kiei azok. hdtydmei.. a'. A' Herczegei,. rf. Idttam. grofeit. nem. consider the preceding sentenses,. we. shall. the. a Nomi-. lovak.. a'. dsme?'em.. we. If. Gnd,. that. native Case. which. is. the. for. The. Kiet^ Plural. atydme,. the. —. new. horses?. aunt. I. garden. like. these gloves).. Is. this. the. atydmet.. the Plur. Obj.. it).. are. my. of. those. Whose. my. my. your. like. aunt.. book thy. that. is. —. of. my. (whose are. Do. teacher.. residence?. book?. My. Similar sentences as:. are to. the house of our father?. father's. I. do. friend's.. or not (Thy friend's this. friend's. book, or not)?. house our father's?. teacher's. fathers. that. (I. these. They are those of my. Whose. My. my. Whose. uncle's.. brother.. are. gloves. those. fathers (that of. Do you. new.. you know (tndja-e) our. know. az. be. and whose are,. my. is. that of. is. one). like.). (I. The same of az. will. az atydmei,. that garden,. It. this.. is. reallj. the Objective Case. Kieit.. is. Case. and those houses. father). (a. is. This. houses.. is. the Objective Case of. copulative Verbs „is" and ..are" are missed.. Whose. is. Number. Plural Nominative. The. „Kie^'. the Plural Kiei,. Objective. az atydmeit.. hat. expression. of the Singular,. be resolved. etc.. 3*. in:. Is this Is. this.

(52) t. 36 3.. Mine, Thine etc. of mine, of ours belongs to me etc.. etc.. ,. As. often as the possession. similar. when. indicated by forms. is. which. ones,. representing. whose. sentence is. i. the. is. case. the Personal Pronouns are used instead of the. Substantive. it. premised. the. to. ,. raj book). the. book?. that. is. possession. (as. —. mine. the Hungarian language. ,. the. in. instead. of. makes use. of affixes, which are identical with those given under. ti. These. A. B. (p.26, 29). II.. Personal Pronouns. En. :. I. affixes are joined to the. thou. te. ,. ,. o he. mi we,. ,. you, 6k they. Their complete forms are:. The. 1.. mine,. ovek. tietek yours,. The. 2.. possessed. object. ove his,. tied thine,. objects possessed are. mieink ours,. Ez kie ez. a'. tieid thine,. tieitek yours,. A. whom. tollkes. az ove. belongs to him).. mienk.. A'. hdz (does. szomszedunke. konyv. ez. a'. (it. ovei his, hers,. toll a!. a. tied,. 16?. A*. hdz^ to. a'. a'. papiiws?. tietek -e. you)? nem,. belongs to our neighbour).. az. tied volt.. de az erdd. «'. de tied. belongs this penknife)?. Kie ez. house belong. az enyem^. seta- hot a. mieink,. (to. tietek. this. ours,. oveik theirs.. Kie ez. mienk.. Kie ez a (it. enyem. more than one —. konyv az enyem, az a. az irds?. —. mienk. its;. theirs.. enyeim and enyim mine, its;. but one. is. her,. keztyii. Kiei. a' tietek.. azok. —. a. tied.. a'. a'. ez a' (no) a^. Ez Ez. retek?. a' a'. A'.

(53) 37 The The. med. have sold mine. I. is. my. —. garden whose. pen. This. is. We. Your book. not yours. are. not theirs.. this. inkstand)?. Whose. Yours.. Have. meadow?. thine. garden. this. is. and. (whose. is. that?. is. They belong. and those gardens?. is. this. is. His. Whose To whom belongs this (ours). To whom belong. belongs to us. this. and our pens. walking -cane?. Hers.. That belongs. them. is. It. houses. these. is. inkstand. but. theirs,. Whose copy-book. Mine.. those?. are. gloves. Whose. have seen. not ours,. is. that. These houses. are yours and those (azok) are your uncle's.. you seen our gardens.. It. ours,. is. Whose garden. It is ours.. it)?. is. forms,. book)?. that the. bdtydme).. (a. brother's. but those writings are yours. (that. of similar. az enyem-et eladtam.. book yours (yours. that. Is. of both Numbers are for-. of Substantives. those. like. thus:. are, are missed.. copulatives is and. Objective Cases. to. me and. his.. yours and the. are thine and the horse. this. to. to. That. you.. The house is ours, the meadow is his. The Gelds mine.. is. III. Afflxe^ relative to place^ directions^. and. expreissioiiis. of. tlie. Dative. Caise*. 1.. The. affixes. mentioned here are. in. foreign. guages expressed by means of Prepositions, the reason,. why most of. lan-. this. is. the Hungarian Grammari-. ans mention them as Conjunctive Preposition$ whilst.

(54) ,. 38 a. few. them as Postpositions. classified. In examining them. merely. we. closer. used hke. affixes. all. find,. (utdljai^dk).. the different relations of place,. are. they. that. other affixes. to. directions. express. and com-. Such are:. binations of objects.. ba into, relating to movement, motion,. ban. relating to quietude,. in,. rol from, relative to directions downwards.. from of,. tol. bol out. hox. to,. nak. to,. relative to removal,. of,. by the side of,. expressing:. or next to,. towards,. which. in. the. pressed by the. ndl by,. German and Latin Dative Case,. is. ex-. —. on,. at,. val with, ert for,. w, with. vowel. or without a. o or. o,. e.. upon, at; at the question where? ra on, upon. (at);. at the question. where to?. ert for, ig. till,. kep. untill,. form of. in the. kent like,. .... ,. in the. shape of. .... as,. ul as,. vd to, into, expressing a transformation.. The words either. vowels to those. added ;. of. hard or soft,. thus. ,. we. the. of the shall. Hungarian language the affixes. all. word. to. being. assimilate. which. have as many. they. affixes. their. are. of the.

(55) 90. The. etc.. rol instead. be instead of ba^. e instead of «; thus,. of rol. and.. having the vowels 6 instead of d,. iame kind,. kox gives hoz and he» for. affix. soil words.. A*. A*. have put. konyvben.. on the. it. szobdbol. A' falhoz^ ax En as asztalra tettem (I A' templomban voltunk,. A*. templombol.. asztalon.. table).. Az. oskoldba megyiink (we go).. Az. atydmndl voltam.. En. es a'. A' konyvbe bdtydm mi. (we have been. bdtydnk* ke?'tjeben voltunk. irtam.. nagy*. a*. in. our. A' bardtomhoz megyek (I go). A* nenyemnek adorn, En az atydmnak adtam. Az anydmtol kaptam. A' hugom (my younger uncles garden).. sister). komjvet adott (has given). bardtnejdnak. a'. aj'dndekba (for a present).. dekba kaptam az anydmtol.. En ezt a' konyvet ajdnA' kertbSl jovilnk.. A. Az. A' hdzban vagyunk. A' konyv az asztalon van.. szobdba megyiink.. ra. tettem.. The Verb. follows. We. (j'dvunk) from (out of) church.. come. go (mentek) I. have been. You I. at. my. sister.. I. We. friend's.. He. write with (a) pen.. mother. Substantive.. to (ba) school.. have received. My. its. (a). gave. book. I. have carried a. learn with pleasure.. learns out of (a) book.. (a) letter. my. from. book to. my. son has given flowers to. my. father.. her. to. elder. We. uncle.. have received flowers from our gardener. dener's. You. go into the garden.. for a present. (adott). asztal-. Our. younger. gar-. «i§tor..

(56) 40. He. has put. on the. The. went (ment). ther. (vetteni). on the. (tette). it. table.. horse. (a). mj. (some). for. (lovat). The book. table.. letter is at. flowers.. two. for. is*). Mj bro-. fathers.. bought. I. (kH. hundred. sziis) guineas. 2.. the. All tions. other terms,. representing the Preposi-. of foreign languages,. immediately. placed. are. which thej belong, but they. after the Substantive to. are not joined with the Substantives;. means as asztal. the table". As (under. felett.. the Possessive Pronouns mine,. thine,. etc.,. likewise. affixes. possessive personal. with the. II C, 3). were. his etc.. expressed by means of possessive afGxes the Prepositional. „over. thus^. m, d,. affixes.. ja,. joined. are. Instead. of joining ben to the Pronoun en, as enben^ in me,. m. the possessive affix. ded. to. the. Prepositional. becomes bennem,. and so. teben. j. in. him,. in. ,. in. j. in. it,. in thee,. form-. benne. benniink in us,. bennok. the question where to?). in them.. belem in me,. beled in thee, bele or beU^'e in him, her,. beUnk. "). benned.,. irregularities in. me, benned. in her,. bennetek in you, (to. enben. thus,. becomes. ad-. scheme:. bennem gives,. ben;. thee). is. therefore they are subjoined. expressions,. in the following. ,. affix. (in. There being some. on.. ing these. with the proper vowel. in us, beletek in you, belejok in. it,. them.. In similrT constructions the „is" ran, must be expressed..

(57) 41 ra) , , a. ream (ram) on me, read (rad) [on (where to?) . ^ r, / 7êank on thee , rea (ra) , reS. —. •. ,. (rank) on us, rdtok , rdjok.. n on (where?) rajtam on me, rajtad on thee,. iâjta^. rajtunk on us, rajtatok, rajiok.. hoz. to (towards?). hozsdm,. me, hozsdd. to. to thee,. hozzd, hozzdja to him, her,. zdnk nek. to (to. to us,. whom?) nekem 7ieA7. to. hoz-. it,. hozzdtok, hozzdjok.. me, neked. to. him, her,. it,. thee,. to. nekunk. to. us,. nektek, nekik. b6l out of,. helolem out of. me, from me,. beloled,. from. out of us,. beloliink. belole,. us,. beldletek , belolok. tdl. from,. tolem from me,. toled from thee,. from him, her,. it,. toletek from you,. toliink. fo/wAr. I'olad. from. me. of and from thee,. and from him (her,. us,. from them.. rol of, from, (motion downwards) 7'6lam of. me,. t6le. it),. ,. from. rola of. rolunk^ rola-. tok, roluk.. ndl by ,. at (relative. to. place). ,. ndlam. at. my home,. by me, with me, ndlad, ndla; ndlunk, ndlatok, ndlok. ert for,. irtem for. me. ertiink,. vel with (in. (for. my. sake). erted,. erte;. htetek^ ertok,. company with), velem with me,. veled,. vele, velunk with us, veletek, velok..

(58) 43. Az. Isten igazsdgos bizzunk (instead of bizjunk,. benne. see § 3). ndlam. atydm nekem adta az ordjdt, neked adorn.. meg. (tell). Ez. nyerct.. I). konyvet. Mondanydm neki azt mondta. En. Az A'. new,. kerteszunk. rajtam. all. Hazdnk. kapja. tdliink. ke-. does not depend. (this. tdliink hdladatossdgot kivdn,. kotelessegiinket. all. (and. a'. Rolam. azt mondjdk (people say that of. on me). me).. Az. nektek adtam a' ruhdmat.. neki.. kaptam.. tSled. pedig. en. ocsem. voltak.. Nekiink ajdndekoztdk ezt. En. book).. (this. Az. us trust in him).. (let. Tegnap ndlunk vendegek. volt.. tesznek (do). A* gyermekek nem. ertiink.. rajtunk. mindent. Sziileink. telyesiteni.. iesznek. mindent ertok.. He (to. told. me. me) a very. apples,. pears. me). (to. I. figs.. pictures (I present to. I. have been. you these. been with you. go) ?. No,. to. (a). pen and. your home.. me. you). (to. (to. present of these. pictures).. Will you go to him. we have. you. Did you give him. make you a. received from you (a) book,. book.. parents gave. 1 shall give. and plums*).. him) grapes and. My. that.. fine book.. We. have. (a). copy-. Our brother has (to. him. will. you. received (a) letter from him (from. him we have received letter). Did you say that of him? We have not spoken of him (of him not we have spoken).. you. *). (If of. The. If. me you. collective. you speak of me, speak. nouns arc. ,. to. I of. you. I shall. speak of. shall speak).. be used in the Singular Number..

(59) 43. IV.. Expression of tlie Verb ,,To liave^S ^^to be III possession of..>^ 1.. Nekem van dram. I. have a watch,. ordd thou hast a watch,. van. ?ieki. neked van. drdj'a. he has a. watch, nekiink van drank we have a watch, nektek van ordtok jou have a watch, nekik van ordjok they have a watch.. The. past. Tense. is. formed by using volt and. voltak; thus:. watch nekem volt ordm,. had a. have. I. hast. had a watch neked volt ordd^. The Future:. have. shall. I. ihou. etc.. a. nekem. watch,. thou wilt have a watch neked. less. ordm,. less. oi^dd etc.. Thus the Verb „to have". is. expressed by means. of nekem, neked, neki, nekiink, nektek, nekik, the third Persons of the. Moods and Tenses, its. Verb. throughout. to be,. all. its. the object possessed with. and. relative affixes of possession.. The „to. me. watch. litteral. is. is. my. translation. of jiekem van. watch," which. belonging to me".. ordm,. in. is. the reason. ordm. is. „my. why. is. the. nekem van ordm is shortened into van which the nekem is neglected entirely.. Thus, the shorter expressions are:. van. ordm. derived from:. This expression really. a pleonasm and this pleonasm expression. is. ,. thou. hast. a. watch. ,. I. h^. van. vvatch,. he.

(60) 44 and she has. way. van. watch,. a. oi'dja. The same. etc.. the other Tenses are shortened.. all. Pronoun: En,. If instead of the Personal. —. nak or nek. the affix. must be joined with the. to. A'. used:. Substantive. te, 6,. any other Substantive be used,. I, thou, he, she etc.. van. tanitonak. ordja,. the. teacher has a watch.. Az van. atydmnak van hdza^. kdd?. have you. Mi. dolgozni.. Nekem. do)?. to. papirosa. lesz. Van -e*) mun-. Van-e hdzatok?. Nekiink van kertiink.. kem van kedvem nak. nagybdtydmnak. a'. nekiink van konyvUnk.. kertj'e ;. es. konyvem. volt. Ha. Lesz-e nektek iddtok? him have apples. as well).. Ha. volna iddm.. Legyen neki. Volna iddm.. pen-. lesz. Lesz-e idodl. ziink nektek pedig lesz gyiimolcsotok.. volna.. bdtydm-. a'. Nekiink. tolla.. Ne-. dolgod van (what. iddm. almdja. is. (let. Legyen neked ordd (thou. mayst have a watch).. had. I. garden.. book, you had money, they had. (a). My. dress.. We. him have. My. would *). The. e. Substantive,. kdd?. to. ha«< thou. writings.. is. if. sister. grapes, but. If. have. watch,. (a). had a book.. I. had a master. very often added the. to the. Verb be missed. which the question got. You had. I. (tanito),. Hungarian (Hungarian she would. learn. letter. aunt had a. brother will. my. If. rogative sentences;. fruit.. (a). my. house,. penknife.. (a). should le^rn. she. (a). may have. they had pears. let. had. father. work;. relates.. kiinyv-e. vagy. it. Verb. is. in inter-. added. to. the. Thus van-e munirds. ,. a book or.

(61) 4S learn).. My. had a teacher of languages.. 1. and he gave. of languages had a book,. me. (and that to. and she gave. he gave).. horses (lovait). received a. me.. to. it. We. —. letter.. me. to. My mother had a ring My brother has sold his. have said that to you.. I. teacher. it. have. 2.. If the. objects. possessed. mor^. are. the affixes. of plurality are used and the copulative Verb to is. used in. the. Number. Plural. as. watch, means nekem van dram;. well.. have watches,. I. be. have a. I. will. mean nekem vannak ordim, thou hast watches neked vannak diHiid. The same way all the other Tenses are formed.. Personal Pronoun. If the. Emphasis,. in: „I. the Personal Pronouns en,. are. ,. had a watch. I. nekem. te,. as. and not. ,. etc.. neked, neki. etc.. my. friend. ,. means. dram nem pedig a' bardtomnak. The Personal Pronouns are used expres-. often. as. there. thus,. no other one. we. else),. (in opposition. az en koni/vem,. etc.. put. is. personal distinctions;. my book. thou, he. I,. 6,. volt. Obs. sively. used with any. is. put before the words nekem,. Thus en. I,. have, and not, Thou hast," then. „I. say,. any Emphasis on have done. it". en. azt,. tettem. (and. —. of some one else's) we say The same is to be observed ,. of other personal distinctions.. Nekiink van kertunk. jeitek.. Az. Ti nektek. atijdmnak vannak lovai.. vammk kertA' vdrosnak..

(62) 46 vannak. A^. lakosai.. hadvezemek van is. katondnak van. A'. an able man).. van. A'. ntrpnek van szabadsdga.. Anglidnak van gazdag-. kirdlyoknak van hatalmuk.. Britanidjiak van hajoserege.. sdga.. A'. bdtoi'sdga.. (The leader of the armj. tehetsege. A' Magyamak A' Brittek-. Ameincdnak van szabadsdga.. hire.. nek van kirdlynSjok. Europdnak vannak zsarnokai.. Men The. have. (a) soul.. instinct.. has strenght).. (The). (The) Plants have. My. gardener has flowers.. have trees. had apples have. fine. piano.. in ,. our garden.. The. father has. You. fine. The. fruit.. younger will. horses.. We We. sister will. have. (a). fine. Our uncle has. generals have soldiers.. land has brave admirals. shall. have. Our. (The) kings have (the) power. large (nagy) houses.. (The) People. trees. My. you had grapes.. My. roots.. aunt has (a) garden.. (szep) dresses.. over the people.. will. Animals have (an). lion is strong (translate:. Birds have wings.. —. Nelson had brave. have their. liberty.. The. Eng-. soldiers.. righteous. have their reward. 3.. I. have. not.. Negations are expressed by nem.. I. have. not,. The nem van and nem vannak, are contracted in nines, nincsen and nincsenek. The Past Tense is: nem volt, the Future nem less. Tn the Subjunctive Mode the nem is changed into ne,- thus, ne legyen, means may not have. will. be nekem nem van and nekem nem vannak.. expressions. :.

(63) 47. Nekem. dram. nines. nincsen ruhdd,. konyve.. A*. tanitonak. atydmnak nincsen. lova.. Nekiink. tollaitok.. nekik. Nektek nincsenek. nines kertiink.. Neked. have no watch).. neki nines. Az. nines ideje.. (I. A' tanulonak nem volt tentdja. A* fiiinak nem less kedve. Nekem ninesen kedvem Nektek nincsen kedvetek (I am not in the humor for). tanulni (you are not in the humor for learning). A' Ne legyen neki hugomnak nines kedve jdtzani. Ne legyenek a' fiunak konyvei. Nem lessoi^dja. nincsenek kojiyveik.. Nincsenek- e neked tollaid?. nek lovai as atyddnak.. Nem. As. nagynenyemnek. nincsen.. do. I. anydmnak van. (nekem van kedvem). like. brother likes to learn.. I. ing.. We. have got. (a). Your. parents have. (a). Our. fields.. Your. my. we. have none.. my my. I. has a. I. shall. My. •) nektek. My. nem. little. house and large. and bayonets.. brother has books,. father has money, but. (kis) dog.. my. You. = you. ,. Our aunt has sister a. ruby,. and fine. and. The king has many (sok). crown.. les». for read-. have a new dress, but you. have a diamond,. in his. My. play.. brother has a fine bird. brother an emerald.. diamonds. to. de a'. had no pocket-handkerchief.. I. have none.*) sister. muskets. Our. kocsija. humor. (ssep). fine. anyddnak nem. you have no garden.. house,. has none.. have no cravat.. jewels.. in the. have swords.. soldiers sister. am. have. soldiers. but. "will. As. volt-e a' fiunak lecskeje?. volt-e kocsija?. will. have none..

(64) 48. V. Attributes of Substantives (Adjectives and Numerals). 1.. Any precedes before. term of a Substantive whatever. attributive. Substantive immediately and. its. if. it;. the Substantive. is. invariable. missed, the Adjective. is. receives the afflxes of the Substantive.. Jo. Jo ember. jo. a. fiut szereti. fiunak konyvet. ember'. A'. tanito.. As. adott.. action).. (his. tette. konyvemet. nagy. en*). az edes**) (dear) anydmtol kaptam ajdndekba. jo Istenben bizzunk 6 mindenhaio. Az. edes. A'. ssorgalmatos. tanito a. A*. es kdnyoriiletes.. atydm nekem sztp kepet adott. (gave).. As. en konyvemben vannak szep kepek, de a te konyved-. ben nincsenek (are none:. A' mi nagy. see above).. magas fdh,. kertilnkben vannak. nincsenek fak, de szep virago k.. a. kis. Van. kertiinkbert. nekiink nagy. retXink, sok szdntofdldunk es szep hdzunk. I. have a. from. his. watch, and you have (a) beautiful. fine. My. gold -chain.. good. brother has received (a) fine picture. uncle.. books for a present.. many cannons, and England ships. the. is. us two {ket). Our Queen has a. large army,. a great. extensive,. of the. Our dear aunt gave. its. merchants.. fleet.. The commerce of. fleet protects. the far-sailing. The great ocean separates. savages of Australia from the civilized nations. of Europe. *). en precedes the substantive konijvem. emphasis, see IV. •*) edes,. sweet,. my. book, because of. 2. is. a. common. attribute of persons belored to us..

(65) 49 2.. Comparison of Adjectives. Magas. ritka. highest;. leg-ritkdbb. leg-magasabb. magasabb higher,. high,. ritkdbb. rare,. red,. veres. rarest;. more. scarce,. veresebb. redder,. rarer,. leg-veresebb reddest.. The Comparative is. formed by means of bb, which. is. preceded by the vowel « or e,. if. the. Adjective. terminates with a consonant.. Words ending. Obs.. in. u,. and s receive the. i,. termination of the Comparative either with a preceding the vowel « or e. vowel,. or without. after. then only a single b. s,. if. it;. of the Comparative.. more ancient;. siiril. dense; vildgos. light,. is. is. missed. used as the termination. Regi ancient, regibb and regiebb dense, siirubb and suruebb more vildgosabb and vildgosb lighter.. —. In compounds the latter part of which has a final. u ov Uy only the. first. part of the composition receives. the termination of the Comparative:. nagylelku^. na-. gyobblelku.. Az. oroszldny. nagy. dllat. a'. nagyobb,. vizilo. Scotidnak vannak magas Olaszorszdgnak «' hegyei magasabbak, a'. az elefdnt legnagyobb, berczei.. svajczi. hegyek. kegyetle?i,a'. legmagasabbak.. A^. hyena (van) kegyetlenebb, de. (vannak) legkegyetlenebbek.. A'. kiuzi a^ jo hazafit a' hazdjdbol.. tigris. a'. (van). zsamokok zsamok. kegyetlen. Az. eziist. drdga,. Minden. az arany drdgdbb , a' gyemdnt legdrdgdbb.. embemek van esze, de nem minden ember haszndlja az eszet. A^ jo munkds tudja haszndlni a' rosz Csink.. hung. Gram.. 4L.