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(2) ISj,«GaS5«e©Bea3G30. The. Robert E. Gross Collection A. Memorial. to the. Founder. of the. i Business Administration Library. Kniverii/u. c/ âMor-tua. Los Angeles.

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(7) TRAVELS THROUGH THE. N. A. B. N. A. T. TE MESWAR, O F. TRANSYLVANIA, AND. HUNGARY, In. the ,p. A. Series of. Year. ESCRIBED. LETTERS. MINES Of. By. and thefe. IN. PROF. FERBER,. to. '. THE. ON 9. 1770.. MOUNTAINS. different. Countries,. BARON INIGO BORN, Counfellor of the. Royal Mines,. To which. is. in. Bohemia.. added,. JOHN JAMES FERBER's MINERALOGICAL HISTORY. TRANSLATED With fome. from. the. explanatorj' Notes, and a Preface on. Art of Mining, and. By. R.. its. of. G. BOHEMIA.. E R. M A N,. the Mechanical Arts, the. prefent State and future Improvement,. E.. RASPE.. In nc-va fcrt animus mutatas dkcre format.. LONDON: No. 6, OLD BAILEY; J. MILLER, K EARS LEY, No. 46, FLEET-STREET. MDCCLXXVn.. PRINTED BY FOR. G.. *.

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(9) iii. (. ;. PREFACE. JLTAV ING. mtrodticed. Mr.. Ferber's. etc counts. of. with fome gejwal views of thofe parts zvhich have of late been improved^ Mineralogy^ of Italy ^. and may. be further by a nearer examination of the. Volcanoes and their various produBions. it is. •,. jufl that thefe accounts of the Hungarian. but. and Bohe-. mian mines ßould be accompanied with fimilar views en the art of mining metallic mountains. the nature of the different. \. and of their various. veins. and. productions. 'This fcience. has been the fcience of riches ever. ftnee the ufe of metals. and of other fojfds have been. difcovered.,. and turned. Though that. difcovery be a very old one^. to. account. by. and. of mining and of fmelting be handed down. a. long feries of ages^. and by a. mankind. the art to us by. different nations^. fome cf.

(10) PREFACE.. IV. parts are^ hozvever^ brought. its fcientifical. üf. we. certainty than. lefs. Was. to. a. might have expcufed.. that. it^. Mammon,. the leaft erected. fpirit,. that fell. From Heaven, was. lefs. adored^. and. his worßoip lefs folloiüed. that of the fairer Mufes ? JVas. That. grow. riches. in Hell,. that. Deferves the precious bane Indeed. have been. was. it. not. ;. than. it. foil. which beft. ?. for gold andßher^ and riches. in every age^. every clime^ adored and. in. which had any claim. purfued by all the nations^. to. with fuch a zealous eagernefs as would. ingenuity,. have done. credit to any divinity.. It is the. common. fate of the mofl ufeftd and practical arts, to have been, in every age. of infancy,. and. and. of impoßng quacks. the wife. and. in every nation, left in afiate. in the hands of. working people, or. Sovereigns have encouraged, and. learned,. zvith prefumptuous attempts,. piirfued hazardous flights into the. lofty regions. of. fcholaßic divijiity a7td metaphyfcks, beyond the reach. of human in this. abilities,. and. ai'med at fuch ohjcuis,. world do not make us. pier, or. richer. phanomenon. or. better.. in the hiflory. It. is. a very ßngular. of mankind, that the arts. cf fortune-telling, of rhiming, of finging, rcafoning,. which. either wifer or hap-. fidling,. and fpeaking, ßjould have been reduced into.

(11) PREFACE. fcientifical forms. \. nay^ that they ßjoiild have been fo. highly improved^ before any friend of. fenfe. V. men and good-. thought of reducing the better arts of. bandry,. huf. of phyßc^ of navigation, and of mining into. the forms of fciences. -,. of fixing them for ever, and. cf eflablißing them upon the evident and confiant. But fiich. principles of nature.. of human nature!. Wants and. is. the perverfenefs. accidents. operated to invent ajid to introduce the. and ingenuity of. by the fidll. forne men,. have. co-. iifeful. arts. whom. the. Savages in the infant flate of fociety have jußly revered as their great eß benefaäors, andas fuch have. ranked and forgot them. in the croud. of their heroes a?id. Ceres and Triptolemus,. divinities.. Pomona, Mi-. jierva and Efculapius, for being the inventors, im-. provers,. or introducers of hußandry,. gardening,. weaving, and phyßc, have been by the favage Greeks i:'ufcans, or. Latins, confecratedto pofierity by the fame. fpirit of gratitude and veneration, which hasfanEfified. the Evangelifts, the Apoßles,. the Chrißians. but Poets, time, and. what have. gruity, glory,. :. and the Saints amongß. they. made. human. incon-. in after-times of their. and of the arts and fciences which they tauo-ht ?. Let any one judge, who knows fomething of the hiftory of mankind, whether the well-deferved reputation of their. and whether fciefices. names has ever ßone their popular. in its pur eß lußre,. and falutary arts and. have ever been praîfed in that public^ ^. fpirited.

(12) Preface.. vi. fpirited lenevolent manner^ in which they. delivered them to mankind.. have been involved. hifiory .. and. legends^. their arts. the inheritance of felfißo. Whether. determine. -,. left. names and their. 'Their. in clouds of darknefs. and. of. and. fciences by their will,. have been engroffed by the. This happened in a very natural man-. few.. ner.. all,. had. it. happened. neceffarily^. 1 will not. obferving only, that making an exclufive. trade of fciences and of arts, has never anfwered,. and never will anfwer,. the great. and univerfal. in-. ter eft of mankind.. The. mnft ufeful arts areprecifely thofe which ft and. in an immediate connexion with the moft generaly. moft natural, kind.. and moft. Their objeB. is. indifpenfable. wants of man-. food, drefs,. and. felf-prefer-. They muft of courfe have been invented or. vation.. pra£lifed by every family or fociety of. men. -,. and. be-. ing on this account coeval with the firft origin of. mankind, their invention falls into the remoteft antiquity. of the primitive world, when a. wants of a few families,. making. individuals,. or of. few natural a few fcattered. could be fatisfied by co?nmon ingenuity,. ufe of the moft obvious gifts. nature, fiich. as. primitive ftate,. and. every climate afforded.. we. in. effetJs. of. In that. fee the arts of the Pecherais in. Terra del Fuego, and of many. little. wandering. of ?nen in almoft every part of the world ;. tribes. and even. the arts of civilized nations would be lowered again,. and.

(13) PREFACE. and turned down. vu. nearly to the fame fiat e^ if by fomet. fudden revolution they ßould happen. to he at once de-. prived of the advantages of their. and. climates^. expofed to the hardßjips and luants of other climates.. Conrmodore Byron. and. Chili^. and. by. left. and preserved on. the Ruffian failors for. their ingenuity. \. many years. left^. and perfeverance preferved,. on the coafi of Spitsbergen^ will tion. the coaft of. make good. the affer-. and prove moreover^ that wants and climate^. going handln hand^ are the natural and firfi teachers. of men^ who for their vigour^ ingenuity^ ayid perfeSiibility^. mufi. be. alloived. to. be. lords. of the. world,. (and. 'The felf4nvented arts of different nations^. and why ßjould not a. fimilarity of. wants or. caufes. have produced a fimilarity of arts and remedies ?) mufi for thefe reafons have been very ßmple^ rude^. and. local in the begimiing. climates^. different. modifications. hollowed. of timber. is,. they mufi^ under different. the canoes of the Greenlanders,. \. and. thofe of the. South-Sea., being poorly. of little. that. The canoes offome Indians^ made of fpeak a climate which produces plenty. .. trees^. feal-ßins,. ;. have appeared under. bits. made of. Eafier-Iflanders in the. made up, and fown. together,. of wood, fpeak a difmal vjant of wood.. The form of. the. Chinefe buildings and columns,. is. plainly that of the original tent of favages, wander-. ing in. warm. which produced. climates,. a. 3. light. and. fiendev.

(14) PREFACE.. viii. ßender hamhoo-trees.. 'The. form cf. the Egyptian. zvonders of architetlure feem plainly to. that the. tell,. had. ßrfl inhabitants of that fcorched climate, rock- caverns to refort to for fhelter-,. numbers attempted. their increafing. by art,. had. they. little. The. rock majfes.. and. that,. to imitate. old Indcos.. nature. being nearly under. Pagodas upon the fame principles.. and Romans. when. or no wood, but -plenty of large. the fame climate, feem to have built their cient. cool. moß an-. The Greeks. allow, that the Prototype of their. magnificent marble palaces was the original hut,. moß made. of timber, and even yet ufed in the milder climates The drefs of the Turks, Perßans, Poles, of Afia.. and Hungarians,. is. of a different cut, but trimmed. becaufe they. with fur,. are offsprings of different. nations in the northern parts of Afia, where dr effing in fur. fame. is. the advice. and claim of. The. the climate.. original locality or nationality. may be traced. in. the manipulations a,nd technical words of the various arts of huffandry,. and as by fo doing the may be fill more afcertained, and. curing difeafes tions. hunting, fifmng, fighting,. -,. of fome arts purfued. beeil to. our. climate. ;. ccft. origin of na-. the invention. to their firft beginning, it. likewife help us to feel, that. and. many foreign. arts. will. have. introduced amongft us, infpite of the. and what here I am. chiefly to infifl. upon,. that the arts in the beginning muft have been very. ßmpie and very. rude.. Wants.

(15) PREFACE.. i:<. V/ants in that infant fiate of fociety of hun-. and ßßjertnen,. ters. preßntly and. ix/cre. removed hv. heft. fhe ßmpleft application of thofe natural effects or pro-. duHions^ which men experienced and faw before them.. The. of things^. caiifes. their. metho-. inveftigation^. dißng their accidental inventions^ and ßxing them. for aftertimes^ 'were then ahfolutely out of the qiieftion i and fo they were even when the encreafing. numbers and wants of. made. the improvement of their original arts^ or the. new. iniroduîion of ceptable gift s^. and ignorant. '. people^. from abroad^. when. have. he fiippofed to. the ?noft ac-. Romans^ and. and heroes. their gods. So were. inftriiUed them.. and Germans^ when. the Britons. the. ones. which friends of mankind could beftow. The Greeks were indeed but a very raw. upon them.. may. wanderers. mifettled. thefe. their conquerors,. the ßirft Chriftian mißfionaries or. apoftles^. acquainted them with the arts of making. their life. more comfortable.. as a treafure^. Each family. and handed them. to their. mere traditional manner.. in ci. therefore.,. that. old tradition. Princeffes ßilful in. held them. defcendants. It is no wonder^. and. hiftory. fpeak. the arts of the loom., cf Sove-. reigns dr effing their dinners.^ guiding the plozv^. tending their herds.. ßcaa went linen are^. •,. of. Her Highneßs. to the river. Priucefs. and. Nan-. waßjing and fcowering her. nay^ even Reverend Abbots. and Holy. Priefls. celebrated in the firft ages oß Chriftianity amcngfl. a. 4. tbs.

(16) PREFACE.. X. Northern European nations^ for having heen. the. ßilful and laborious plowmen^ gardeners^ vintners,. hußandmen^. joiners^. carpe?iters,. and. painters.^. phyficians.. This traditional fcience of the arts. was a. natural. confequence of the fcattered, paßoral^ and rural. and. was attended with. it. and. families^. circumflances which proved. Being confined. them.. no advantage to their. life,. wants alone^. to ftngle. their praîce. would. but accidentally improve them^ and thefe improve-. ments %vere. muß. drudgery. many. ages,. Moreover^ their. liable to be forgotten.. of courfe be. left to. the fiaves^. even in the politer nations,. carry on the. manual. arts.. ployed liberty. and property, they were the more. ä. dull,. flubborn,. were em-. "Deprived of. to. drudge on in. who for. inclined to. habitual tnanner,. without any mind for improvement. 'That neverthelefs, the. manual and mechanical arts. emongfl the Phenicians, thasînians,. Egyptians, Greeks,. and Romans,. have been brought. remarkable degree of perfeäion, indeed to their f,av es,. Carto. was owing,. a. not. but to the fuperior good fenfe. cnda5iivity of their mafiers. ;. to circumfiances. which. produced a nearer connection of mankind in general-, to. wide extended navigation, commerce, and con-. oiiefis. ',. and finally,. to. a mercantile fpirit and a cul-. ture of fcience, which have. and. diftinguifhing. bleßngs. ever been. of. human. the refults fociety,. cr. govern^.

(17) PREFACE. brought. government. to. the. XI. highefi. deg?'ee. of. refcued the. ma-. perfection.. Some of. thefe reajons. have at. laß:. mial and mechanical arts in Europe from the handi. of bungling ßav es, and brought them into the hands but that happy revolution has in meß offree people -,. parts of Europe ferved the arts only by halves. has' been a great. more. advantage. to. them. •,. but having. or lefs excluftve trades of them^ they. It. mads. have been^. and fome of them are fill kept as jobs and fecrets^ by ßort - ßghted and narrow-minded mercantile felfßonefs.. This plainly appears by the ill-digeßed ßatutes and. cußoms of many profeßons and trades, which, if pcffible, would be independent patent companies, at the expence of the whole. and. my fiery. barbers,. ;. the very names of the art. of apothecaries, of clothworkers,. of cordwainers, and ether trades,. preffed in the charters of their corporations at. don, are ßr iking inßances to. what. of. as ex-. Lon-. lengths that tin-. patriotick felfßonefs has been carried informer times. and. even, if the. be conßdered blunder,. word myiiery. only as. an equivocal^. inflead of meftier,. \. in thefe charters ßjould. othographical. or metier,. there are. thoufands of proofs that this old fpirit of felfißmefs is. yet alive, ever willing to take advantage of the. knowledge of others, and never willing it.. Let. tis. add the abfurd i.ontempt. to. in. promote. which the. proud.

(18) PREFACE.. Xü. felf-conceited. proud Barons and the. the greater part of. held formerly^ and even yet hold,. and low mechanical. the pretended fervile. cannot 'wonder,. nioe. ment has been. arts, and^. that the progrefs and improve-. fo ßow, and. that. many of them are. a ftate of infancy.. flill in. It is only. that. have. fcholars. we. in the wifeft. and moft enlightened. ages,. find foyne philofoph ers and wife men,ftepping. down from. the giddy heights of their exalted ftation. of learning, into which the barbarous ignorance of the vulgar. order. and. their. own. conceit. and. to fix, to re5iify,. had placed them, in improve the arts.. to. Such ages produced amongft the Greeks and RomanSy. what. Euclides, Hippocrates, Galen,. lumella, Cato, Pliny, Hheophrafttis,. have left us on the arts. ;. and. Vitruvius,. and foine. Co-. others,. in the true fpirit. it is. of. thofe glorious times,. that after fo. of. fcholaftical dullnefs. and mercantile. many. loft. ages. felfifhnefs, the. Royal Academy at Paris, Mr. Chambers, Dr. Lewis, the Authors of the French Encyclopedy,. and many. friends of mankind in fev er al parts of Europe, have. undertaken of lute. to fix the. for aft er-times, and ciples. various arts of mankind. to eftablißo. them upon the prin-. of nature and mathematicks, better known at. prefent than they ever were before.. But various. is. their prefent ft ate in different parts of Europe. "The. Art of. War. is. in thefe. laft. two hundred. years reduced in France, and efpccially in Germany,. upon.

(19) PREFACE. upon fo evident and. fc'ientifical theories^. Xlll. afcertained. muß be the now and then. by praîce^ that thefe powerful empires moft happy of all^ if tremendous ar?nies^. and the ambition of Sove-. methodically butchered^. reigns, flattered by conqueft,. did. enfiire. of peace, or any other Uejfing at. blejfings. them the There. all.. has been in thofe countries too much occafion for the. improvement of this. trary, is brought in. and. neceffary. The Nautical Art. terrible art.. in all its branches, on the con-. England. perfeElion, becaufe it is the. to the highefl degree. of kingdom of the feas-, fo. are hußandry and numbers of mechanical arts and. manufaBories, becaufe. any other.. Tu. the advantages of a. it enjoys. and offreedom Sed. plentiful foil,. in. a higher degree than. regere Imperio populos Britanne. (HaeTibi erunt Parcere fubjedis. But. the. memento,. pacique imponere morem,. artes). & debellare fuperbos.. Art of Mining, and its many fub ordinate. branches, are in Germany,. and. its. dependent countries^. for various reafons, fo highly improved, that for thefe laß ages. the. moß. Tacitus, the. Germany has been jußly. ancient. and. befl. fchool for miners.. in his romantic account of. Romans, that the Gods,. either by. care, or by their diflike of the nation, left the. coyifidered. as. Though. Germany, told a providential. feemed. to. have. Germans unprovided with mines and metals, or.

(20) PREFACE.. XIV. or rather to have kept them. with. their ufe. wondroußy. fince. mines, and. and. and. fcience. then unacquainted. things have, however^. ;. changed,. till. both. in. richefl chains. •which jtiflly. may. and. with. thofe in. Hungary, have been difcovered there. the. 'The great efl. tracts of metallic. he ranked. to. refpe5l. in refpeî of their fcience.. mountains^. Peru and. in. a very re-. in. mote antiquity,. 'when the other kingdoms of Europe. had fcarce any. idea of that kind of inland riches. and. -,. have been ever ftnce, and there are more. there. mines and mountains yet a5lually working in Germany (done^ than perhaps in all the other parts of. put. together.. nube,. in. Some mines on. Lorrain,. Alface^. the. Rhine and Da-. Brifgow, Suevia, and. the ancient Noricum, feem to have been. of the. ancient. worked. Roman. ready. in the decline. Many. in the interior parts are reported to. Rammeißerg near. Gofslar,. have been. and fome cf. in. the ad-. jacent ones in the Harz-mountains, belonging. Eleäorate. al-. empire.. The mines. opened under the race of Charlemain. the. Europe. to the. of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunf-. wick, are fairly proved to have been difcovered and. worked. to. advantage as early as the middle of the tenth. century (between A. C. 950.. Haßa, Mifnia,. difcovery of thofe in. ravia,. Franconia,. and 1000.^. Tyrol,. and Carniola, cannot. Steyermark,. he fuppofed to. And. Silefta,. the. Mo-. Carinthia,. have been much. poßerior in time to that of the former.. Tq.

(21) PREFACE. ^0 judge. xt. hy the technical language of the. German. miners,. waßjers, affayers, and melters, they do not. feem. to. have. from. the. had. learnt, or. their different. Romans, or other foreign German.. downright. have ßortly hinted old ftanding. It proves. nations.. at leafl. pleat in every refpe^f,. ;. and as. and almoft. dißant provinces of Germany,. it is. It is. 'what. before, thatthefe arts are. Germany. in. arts. I. of very. very com-. the fame in the mofi it. proves, that for. a long feries of ages thefe various arts have never been difcontinued, and on that account they may be confidered as national.. Being by their very objeEl. and remarkable fuccefs. naturally recommended to de-. fpotic Sovereigns,. they. have been very. early. fa-. voured and taken notice of by the many legißators of. Germany. -,. and. it. mufi be owned,. that the metallic. general and particular lazvs of Germany,. having. been foon refined, have greatly contributed to thefe. mining arts alive, by keeping the above mining. countries. And. keep. in. happy has. uninterrupted fuccefsful employment. it. proved fer Germany, as the inland. parts of that extenßve and pcpulous country, without the working of thefe numerous mines, mufi. have. lofi. thoufands of unemployed hands, andflandworfe in the balance of trade than. it. hitherto is found to do.. The. mathematicks, mechanicks,hydraulicks, and the principies of chemißry, have been pretty early applied in Ger-. many, to the traditional and empirical art of mining, as every.

(22) PREFACE.. XVI every one. may judge. by the valuable writings. Georg. Agricola, (born 14^4. of. ^555) ^^^^ excel-. of immenfe and pra5iical erudition^ who for thefe laß 250 years has fiood unparalleled and lent author. amongß. foremoft. as during thefe. the claffical authors on mining left. 300. years,. dnced a Copei-nlcus, Purbach,. \. and. Germany has proKepler, Sturmins,. Leibnitz, Wolf, Kaeftner, Meyer, Segner, Euler,. Lambert; Albertus Magnus, Paracelfus Theophraftus,. mann,. Juncker,. Newmann,. 1493. other. hiftory. — 1541J Sen-. Glauber, Hof-. Marggraf,. Lehmann, Poerner, Spiel mann,. Waiz,. Jufti,. Vogel,. 12^0). Model,. Cartheufer, Ercker, Cramer, Schliit-. Geliert,. many. C<^^r«. Beccher, Kunckel, Stahl,. nert,. ter.. (born 1193. unmonumented. Pott, Gerhard,. and Meyer,. befides. but great names in the. of mathematicks and of chemißry. ;. it is. not. without fome jußice that foreign nations have confidered the Germans as their maßers in the art of 7nining,. and not ivithout fome good. reafon,. that the. Germa'ns have firß endeavoured in their writings and academies to give this art that fcientifical form which capable. it is. of,. Swedes,. lißj,. and. to keep pace in it. and French, who. Italians,. have begun fuccefsfully. .. is,. The working and building of the mines. they are found. of late. to emulate their example.. 'The ohje^ of this art I. with tht Eng-. in. which. 2.. Their. j.

(23) PREFACE. 2. T'heir extracfion. mid fuhflances mineralized. The. 3.. -,. in. XVI). and feparation from. which they. are. the ores. involved. and. and and. invefligatjon cf fofftl. metallic fuh-. fiances or ores.. Accordingly. and may I.. eftallißed upon different fciencesj,. he divided into different -parts.. The Art of working and. building the Mines. of a ßilful application of yiatural philofophy. confifts. and. it is. the mathematicks to this particular obje^. •,. it is. therefore to be divided into the following fubordinate. parts a.. b.. and. The art of furv eying and drawing mines. The art of breaking and blafiing the rocks. veins.. c.. The art of timbering and building the works. under ground. d.. The art of. correcting the airy. ground^ for many reafons, unfit e. f.. is liable to. which under be damp,. and. for refpiration.. The art of hydraulicks. And, At lafiy the art of mechanicks, for draining. the mines of the fubterraneous water, clearing them. from. the rubbißj. and for. or ore by the va-. rious forces of nature, or various engines.. The. old Egyptians,. allovjed to. Greeks,. have not been. parts cf the art of. and Romans, mufi. deficient in thefe. jniniyig.. Many. be. mathematical. of their fubterraneov,i.

(24) PREFACE.. xviii. raneous buildings yet extant^ and many of their great. works of archite£iure^ which ever will he ohjeÎs of intelligent admiration, prove it beyond exception, and give credit to the ingenuity of their engines, which certainly. we know. but very imperfeäly by their It. written accounts.. would be extremely unfair. fuppofe that they had no engines cerned about. whom. {and. to. that, uncon-. the wretchednefs of fentenced ßaves^. they employed in the mines as. many Europeans. employ the unfentenced innocent blacks^ they. unaßfled by their ingenuity ßjip,. own. which of. courfe. muß. left. them. every danger and hard-. to. befall the. workmen, if. they are led in the dark without intelligent guides,. und condemned the. mines by. do the various hard bußnefs of. to. the flrength. of their. hands, which. ive fcarce are able to perform with the animated. powers of nature enßaved by judiced mathematicians, rarians,. it. art.. For unpre-. or for intelligent antiqiia-. would be no hard. tajk even yet to deter-. mine what degree of perfe5iion they had actually attained in the above mathematical arts of mining.. The Cloaca Maxima. Lago Albano duäs and in. at. Rome. at Caßel Gandolfo. cißerns. ;. the Emijfario of the. -,. -,. their various aque-. their colojfal granite Obelißs cut. Upper Egypt, and thence tranfported as far as. Rome fome mines in Tranfylvania fuppofed to be Roman works, and the watering engines, ever ßnce the moß dißant antiqiiity^ ufed in Egypt, would by ',. an.

(25) PREFACE. an analytical examination^ do jußice. and iinconquered fpirit. inay appear to. lis. to their ingenuity. But however. aftonijhing they. works, and in the accounts. in their. who would. Archimedes and Euclid^. o.nd writings of. that the wcdcrn. ferioußy pretend. xix. invention of the. magnetical needle has not made the art of furveying. under ground actually more certain and more eafy. than. it. was. before ?. Who. and the art of hlafiing, has. invention of gunpowder,. made us which ii;ith. were. their. can deny, that the modern. maßers ?. 'fhcfe. powers of nature^. und:r ground, and arm us. refpettively lead us. the earthßjaking ßrcnth of Pluto ahfolutely. unknown. them.. to. and Neptune^. So zvsre perhaps. ollr 'Various. drawing and pump-mills, and our ven-. tilators. was. moß. \. fo. the fire-engine,. which. is. one of the. glorious 'monuments of Engliß ingenuity^ as, in-. dependent of the. known powers of nature,. a very aîve principle, in. all the. it. goes by. former ages fearce. fo much as noticed. II. l!he. tals,. from. isihich they. art. <?/. extra(5ling. and feparating the Me-. the various heterogeneous fubßances,. are contained and mineralized,. on hy water and fire,. or. is. in. carried. by waßjers and fmelters.. It is therefore to be divided into the following fitb-. ordinate arts a. I^he. h.. art of pounding the ores in mills.. The art of waßoing them.. b. c.. Tht.

(26) PRE. XX. Tbe art. c.. <?/. A C. y. E.. metallurgy, zvhid\ by the agents. cffire and acids ^ feparates^ purifi.es^ and refpeBivcIy produces and deßroys thofe "various metallic and. mineral fubßances^ -which are contained. and. ores. fojjil bodies^. many. necejfary to fo. ivanis of. human foci ety.. The Art of allaying or docimafy,. d.. is. rather. a part of metallurgy, teachings by fmall and affays. of. acids, fire,. mixture,. the value,. raw. ores,. the. in. and are fubfervient and. and weight, and. contents,. or of the metals. to. nice. determine. yiature cf the. and mineral fubfiances,. produced by the greater operations of metallurgical furnaces and manufaElcries.. If the Ancients,. efpecially the. and Romans, mufi be allowed good empyrical appears by. metallurgifls. many of. their. Egyptians,. to. Greeks,. have been pretty. and fmelters, as. works and accounts,. plainly it. mufi,. however, be allowed on the other fide, that they have not left us any other, but perhaps a few traditional. praäices and proceffes, which, in refpeä. and chemiftry, are more vague and upon, arts. We. can make but very. Hermes and Theophraftus, and. Archimedes or. make. be depended. than in other more determined and evident. and fciences.. their. to metallurgy. lefs to. Euclid for chemiftry. ;. they. little. had no. nor did they. ufe of it either in the preparation of their. dicines,. of. me-. or in the examination of the elementary fub-. ftances of nature.. Their medicines were mixtures or decoäions.

(27) PREFACE.. XXI. decoUions of grofsßmpks and fuhßances, fiich as the Vegetalle^. them. and. j. animal^. and. mineral kingdoms. their natural pbilofophy was,. hut an ingenious gueffing. the elementary parts,. to. and reafoning. in the dark,. without the. miift he,. as. it. ajfifiance. ever has been,. many. and hy. of their properties,. make. ufe. plifiedflate,. aconaintinp-. unohfervahle and. itnohferved in their former combination, to. and. of chemißry, which. refolves nature into its elements,. us with. offered. in refpeä. teaches. how. of them, either in their concentrated ßmor in their. new. It is to the Arabiaiis that. modelled comhinaticns.. we. are indebted for the. advantages which philofoph ers, phyficians, ccconomißs,. and tradefmen, have reaped, this fcience, miflry,. or. rather from. and may reap, from that fcientißcal. which we are at prcfcnt. pcff'effed. Many. have fo much improved.. of. its. names audits ufual characters would prove. che-. and. of,. technical it,. if the. writings of Geber, Rhazes, and many others, had left. us. IVe mufi not,. any doubt.. hozvever,. de-. prive our anceßors in Germany or England of their claim to the invention or ufe of more ancient metallurgical proceffes. difcovery. I have mentioned. already,. and working of the mines. that the. at Gofslar falls. between the years 950 and loco, after the age of. Geber and Rhazes,. zvho lived in the feventh. and. tenth century, but before the introdu6lion of Arabian learning in Europe,. which. coincides. b. with the cruifades,. 2. andf I.

(28) PREFACE.. XXll to. our hiowledge, has -produced no European. chemifis. but in the beginning of the thirteenth cen-. and,. when Albertus Magnus,. tury,. Bollilaedt, {horn. {born. 1. 2. 14. Albert von. or. 1193-- 1280J and Roger Bacon. — 1294J. The metallurgical. appeared.. operations at Gofslar Jecm, therefore, in thcfe earlier. have been efiablißed upon traditional pro-. times, to. which were. ceffes,. Roman. either. on account of the mixed irony thefe operations,. ores,. or. German and ;. as,. and xincous refraäory. though ever fo much improved. at prefent, are extremely various, compound, hard,. and. there. tedious,. is. good reafon. to fuppofe,. that. even the traditional and empyrical fcience of the an^. German. cient. fiderable.. metallurgifls. IVe have fcarce. fixed for poßerity, ciples,. by no means incon-. any credible. art ßjould have. this traditional. that. was. account. been properly. eßablißjed upon fcientifical prin-. and remarkably improved by chemißry,. earlier. than the times of George Agrlcola, {\SSS) '^^0 for his valuable books De Natura FoiTilium and De. Re. Metallica, d.eferves. many. excellent. many and. I. to be called the. chemical. other. countries. father of thofe. metallurgifls. whom. Ger-. have produced ever fine e.. will not enlarge upon the dates and refpeäive merits. of Agricola, Schlütter, Jufti, r,Gr. Encelius,. Cramer,. Henckel,. Pott,. upon their many. Erker,. Geliert,. Becker,. Stahl,. Lehman, Vogel,. Marggraf, and. excellent difciples. in. others. ;. Sweden, France^.

(29) PREFACE. and England,. France,. fiich as. XX HI. Bacon, Rob. Boyle,. Barba, Hcllot, Macquer, Blake, Lewis, Woulfe,. Beau me,. and. Sage,. others. but. \. heg leave to. that metallurgy, being, upen the zvhole, and. ohferve,. for the praäical. ufes. having attained. reduced upon. of the fmelters,. pretty evident principles^. is. its highcfl. however very far from. degree of perfeclion in re-. Many. fpecl to philofophical chemifiry.. mineral fub-. and fofpds, are fill very problematical;. fiances, ores,. but the general fpirit of bids fair to improve. that in which. new. I. it. enqîiiry. a quite different ratio from. in. it. fpread over Europe. Mr. Cramer's. proceeded formerly.. and Mr. Dehus's propofals for. metallurgy,. copper-refining in. Hungary, inferted in. cation, prove, that. many metallurgical. this publica-^. operations are. capable of improvement by the principles of chemifiry duly applied. \. and the very principles of chemifiry are and of being. at the eve of being better ascertained, confidered in. a new. light.. At. have opened within. profpeois. I)r. Prieftley's. leaf very promifing. thefe. late experiments. few. on air,. years from. and from. and fagacity of Mcff. Pott and Marggraf and of Mr. Beau me and Mr. Sage at. the ingenuity. at Berlin,. Paris.. The former have feemingly acquainted us. with new. qualities. and new forts of air. •,. but, properly. fpeaking, they have exhibited to us only the. of a new, aSlivefuhtile,. phenomena. elafiic, and poiverfulfolvent or all,. or but imperfe^ly, made-. b 3. ufe. menftnium hitherto not at.

(30) PREFACE.. XXIV. ufe of in our chemical analyfes. they its. muß. and. Ho''jjever,. ajfays.. and. of courfe continue to enrich chemiflry^. dependent arts^ fciences, and trades^ with. I. valuable difcoveries.. le the cafe zvith theory and. Mr.. am. confident. the. fame muß. Sage's late arid very ingenious on. eâperiments. jnineralization,. being above the underßanding, or againß. many chemical. ditional creed of. many. Virtuofi^. which. the tra-. have opened. in France a new and ample field of abufe, and every where elfe an amp'le field of fpeculation^ and of difIt is. coveries.. with the new principles and difcoveries. in natural philofophy exa^ly as with the noßrums in. phyßc.. At firß. they are good for every thing. after old Method cries them. down. •,. foon. as good for nothing j. hut experience proves them at laß to be good for fomethino;. III.. The Art of invefligating, difcovering, and. purfuing the metallic and mineral fubilances un-. dec ground,. is. eßablifhing. upon certain principles.. it. uponfuch terms as allow feme hopes of. Baron Pabfl. v.. Ohain'j idea of a fubterranean. geography^ feems to imply that he thought of. it. the mineralogical accounts of Meff. Ferber,. Born, and. others^. prove. to. ;. Baron. me^ that fuch an art. be invented^ and likewife that. its. and. invention. may is. in. fome forwardnefs^. I ßoall. not fpeak of. Chance, that great difcoverer. of mines, formerly worked and yet working. -,. nor ßoall.

(31) PREFACE. ß?all. I. enlarge upon. XXV. virgula divinatoria,. the. cr. divining rod, tried by philofophers in England^ even fo late as the times of Robert Boyle,. hundred years ago jcrioußy applied difcovering. of. mines,. We. and murtherers. the former,. in. France for the rcbbers,. wells,. treafures,. do not knozv. and net an. how. to. methodize. and we are fully convinced tha't the. latter. has never anfwered any purpcfe but that of mak'ng I'hey. dupes.. are,. therefore,. meyided to ignorant people,. bcß. who. left. and recom-. delight in darknefs. vifible.. which. 'The only principles, upon. may and muß. art. be eßablißjed,. this very interefiing. are Mineralogy and.. Oryctoiogy.. Mineralogy, cr a of the fcjfil bodies,. and. to the learned.. name, form,. is. fußdent of abflute. hißorical knozvkdge necejfity to. It acquaints the former. colour,. texture,. and other properties of. and. fcience intelligible by fcientifical, determined. fcience,. quantities of rich. ores. with the. appearance,. the foffils,. their chara5lerißic properties.. the miner. it. value,. makes. names of. For want of this and foffil fubftances. have been formerly thrown amongß the rubbiß of the bingßcads. \. and there. is. fcarce a mining ccunt'ij in. which they have not fome time or other paved highways with ßones and rocks of value.. from. very refpeoiable authority, that that. their. I know, zvcks. for-. merly the cafe of the Cobalt-cres in Heffe, which at. b 4. prefent.

(32) PREFACE.. XXVI. prefent produce an annual revenue of about 14,000/. 'That the deficiency of languages.. clear of expences.. in that part of the art. of minmg, which treats of. fojils, has been hitherto a great obftruElion to its im-. provement^ will not be denied^ and has been feverely felt by every one. ßruBed,. who. in minings. tural hifiory.. wißoes to. chemißry^ and na-. metallurgy^. Only a very. or to be in-. i?ifiru5t^. few foßlfubßances have. determined names in common Ufe^ and in the lan-. guages of the. and finer infinite. metals^. fome. mineralization,. and. falts^. variety of their. and. The. fonie fiones.. mixtures,. different ft ate,. chemical properties and. their colour, form, hardnefs,. tive place. Such are the purer. politefi nations.. weight, fituation, na-. origin, if tinderft ocd or noticed by the. miners and metallurgifts, are exprejfed either by 7tical. tech-.. or by provincial nameSy which, to the generality. cf men, or. to foreigners, are. was. Monks.. to the. what formerly. I beg leave. the Greek. to obferve, that they. have not been hitherto taken fufficient thofe. of. affinities. notice. of in. numerous mineralogical fyftems, which have. appeared thefe. laft fifty. years.. Their authors con-. fider mineralogy under too confined points cf view. -,. and many of them have indulged themfelves in new and very often arbitrary names and idle claßfiications ; fo that an egregious and nearly Babylonian confufton. has been added to the old. deficiency. of languages. that fcience, upon the whole, has been. -,. and. lefs benefitted. by. them.

(33) PREFACE.. XXVll. them thanjufily might have been expelled.. It. however, that the chemical. he acknczvledged,. ßcation, and the iicmenclatiire of. fojfils,. introduced. ever ftnce the firß appearance of. into mineralogy. and. Pott's Lithogenefy,. and Cronftedt,. have. the fyflems of. great. been. Wallerius. advantages to. Being eßahlißed upon their conßituent parts,. fcience.. and upon. they may, under certain allowances^. reality,. prevent further ohfcurity and confußon,. and per-. views of chemifls and metallurgifis.. fectly anfiver the. But. muß clajfi-. as they fland at prefent, can they fully anfwer. the expeäation of miners, of natural philofophers,. and of friends mineralogy. ;. will difpute. They mufl be the. to fcience 7. no competent judge, it. ;. guage, which. is. own. of. and no man of fenfe,. but to benefit the miner,. he explained in his. hafts. they ßjould. technical or provincial lan-. generally negkuled. the natural fhilofopher, they. ;. and. to fatisfy. ßould be eßablißed omy. upon evident principles of chemißry, and never pre-. fume. chßfy. to. foffil. fubßances^ which are not hi-. Moreover, many. therto fußciently examined. avê. fo compound. may make any. in. their mixtures, -,. as they relate rather to a future. raw and them.. that a chemifi. and mofi part of their are fo far abßrufe and ohfcure,. thing of them. chemical char alters. foffils. natural one, in which. A chemical miner alogifi. S^hat foffils are good for, or. fate than. we. fee. to that. and difcover. will at mofi. tell. you. what you may make of themj.

(34) PREFACE.. xxvlii. He. them, or of what they are compofed.. make you guefs they in. likewife by. will thence. what natural. operations. may have received that raw and natural form. which we find them.. alembics, acids,. and. But. fire, crucibles,. touchflones,. retorts,. are infufiicient to. teach with certainty by what natural operations they. which. che-. mical principles and good reafoning will and. muß. really. 'Thefe are fa5is,. were produced.. explain. ;. their reality mufi be afcertained by hiftorical. by. or. evidence,. ocular. infpe£lion. and experiment,. for the fame mixture of foffils can be produced by fire and by water, by melting and by folution, by fublimation, by precipitation, and by other operations, 1'his. we. plainly experience in our laboratories. and. •,. as thefe operations are really different from each other,. produäive of particular forms and. ü7id generally. cumflances. ;. it is. but. juß. to fuppofe,. that the. cir-. fame. orfimilar, operations in the great laboratories of Na-. and mufi be productive offtrnilar forms and circumfiances, and that the particular forms and. ture, are. circumßances in which the he nicely. foffils. noticed by mineralogifls,. are found, fhould. who pretend. give full information and aAequate ideas.. to. 'They. mufl henceforth examine, rank, and defcribe them not only as individual fubfiances by their chemical properties, ccnfider. colour,. them. texture,. likezvife. and form, hit. they mufi. under the more extenfive point. of view of their former natural ßtuation,. firatificationy.

(35) PREFACE. tion^. and. conneäion^. By fo. are found. tude, of. which. and. veins. in. hitherto has been deprived. it. in. which they. doings mineralogy receives a lati-. appear in their only is. with other foßls. vicinity. heds^. the native places^. XXIX. and true natural. order.,. ;. foßls. which. that of their chemical properties and of their na-. turalfituation. thefoffil beds. •,. ments of former. and veins become monuof natural chemical. revolutions.^ or. operations-, and,. in. the. (hort,. art of difcovering. or purfuing them under ground will be reduced into. probable rules. I do not indulge a chimerical fondnefs. for a favourite. I have. idea.. traced the outline of. mineralogical fyßem upon thefe principles fay.y. a fyflem. iJohich. goes hand in. principles of chemißry. muß nefs. if,. for an. and modcßy, I ßould not. and recommend. volcanoes,. and. is. hand with. ill-placed. to. the. I. baßful-. publicly acknowledge. Hints of this new. advantages.. mineralogy are thrown out in. man. that. and of ßratification-, and. be falfe to truth,. its. j. a. my. efpecially in. account of the Ger-. my. preface and in-. dex to Ferber'^s Letters on Italy, and to this publication.. I hope. they will. fußce for the. and make good the aßertion,. ". intelligent,. that the invention of. the art of difcovering mines is in. good forward^. nefs."^. Philofophers,. ancient. and modern, have. hitherto. confidered mountains in general from a point of. view. which was. from. too confined,. or entirely different. that.

(36) PREFACE.. XXX. that of mineralogy ajid mining.. proved by the. For being unim-. light of volcanoes,. and. by that exten-. five knowledge which they might have reaped in the deepefi mines. of the highefi mount ains^ and from the. inßru5iion of unfcientific miners,. felves,. had. they. pleafing. (quarries. to. they fluck only to. the uppermofl cruft of. without any great trouble. earth, which,. moß. and. libraries,. their. a,n. to. the. them-. opportunity of examining in the. countries,. and. in the mofi fuperficial. of fand-flone, limeflone,. We. and ßate.. are. not to wonder, therefore, that orology, or the fcience. ef mountains, is fo little underßood amongfi the learned; and that the defer ipticjis cf the higher mountains in Peru, Teneriffa, Switzerland, and different parts of Europe are generally filled with me^ teorological obfervations, botany,. which leave. unknown. as they. were. and. before.. was. plain, that general conclufions. too raßoly. drawn from a ßngle kind of. confequence. have been. accounts,. their very rtature in a minerological. orological refpe£l full as. The. and other. mountains, and that the pretended fyfiems of the ori-. gin of the mountains in general are, for the greater part, fo very romantic and fuperficial.. Experience and hißory prove the mountains and. ßrata of the earth to origin, and antiquity. divided by. be of a. very different nature,. They have been accordingly. Mr. Giovanni Arduino,. at Venice, into. primitive, fecundary, modern, (Tertiarii) and volcanic. mountains.. Iß all not repeat from Mr. Ferbefs Fetters what..

(37) PREFACE.. XXXI. *what characters he has given of thefe various mountains. ;. hut. I mufl. primitive mountains,. have been fpoken of very. or fir at a ^. and that. philofophers^ to confift. netice^ that. of ßmple. early by. other. they are generally underfiood. rocks, lefs firatified than the in-. cumbent fir at a, and never containing in their pafte. and mixture any petrefaolions, of adventitious, organic bodies. other animals. of ßells,. hecaufe they are. found. That. or plants.. there are fuch mountains and fir at a ^. is. unquefiionabky. either at the bottom of the. deeped mines, or hare appearing through a variety. of incumbent other firata at. the. fummits of the. higher mountains.. But. fumptuciis to. upon their being true primitive. mountains.. infifi. The. it. zuould be extremely pre-. only confequence. which fairly can. drawn from Mr. Ferber's and Mr. Arduini*s Obfervations in his Raccolta di Memorie Chimicobe. mineralogiche. :. Venezia lyjs). granite (granito. roffo. ^^•>. ^^'^^. the reddifh. d'Egitto) and the micaceous. and horn-ßate, for being every where found below a variety of other incumbejit firata, muft, in refpeut to. time and origin, he anterior and different. and. that,. for. this reafon, they. may. from them^. jufily be called. the mofi antient rocks hitherto known.. The Iccundary. ftrata. and mountains,. ßfiing of limefione and argillaceous ßate,. chiefly con-. are. accu-. mulated on the former^ and the more modern ones are incumbent on thefe.. They owi their origin. to. a. variety.

(38) PREFACE.. XXXll. may. variety of canfes. and. accidents^ as. even hy. Nor. are even the volcanic. tains. hiftory.. and. preface. ,. as fußciently. to Ferber''s Letters^. German. hinted by 7ne in the. is. and. Of courfe. volcanoes.. for chemical and of. moun-. produced by and under the fame. flrata. circiimßances. proved. he. in. my account of the. they mufi all of them,. hifiorical reafons., offer a. circumfiances in the. cf their pafie and. variety. form^ mixture^ and fuhfiance the fituation. in. rocks.,. of their. ßratdj in the nature and direElion of their veins,. and. in the nature. and mixture of the paraßtical rocks,. •which are produced in their veins 'The miners in. caveiiis.. Germany, whofe ideas have been. generally confined to their. nature of the. and. main. 'objeSi,. mountains, in which. and. they. to. tht. worked,. have, inßead of the above divißon of the mountains, divided them into. flat. and. into. gang mountains,. (Flots, and gang-geburge.). By. the. former they underßand ßratified modern. mountains, which generally furround the higher and. more ancient. ones,. and are worked not for. their veins,. hut for the contents of their ßr at a, which are dipping,. and more. horizontal.,. mountains. Such are the fiat e copper-works in field, the coal ?nines in general,. By gang-mountains, lic. they. lefs. than thofe in the higher. Mans-. and ?nany iron mines.. underßand higher meta-. mountains, which are working for their veins or. ftocks,. and conßß. in. Germany, Bohemia, and Hungary,.

(39) PREFACE.. XXXUl. gary, ofgranite or micaceous and hornßate^ or of 'what naturalifts. would. callprimitive. rious fubfianccs tified rccks^. which. By gang,. mountains.. or gang-geburge, they underßand. like-wife thofe. va-. either do never appear in fira-. but in veins (or gaengen) only^ viz. the. whole tribe of parafitical fiones^ of quartz, fpar., fluor, i^c. or thofe, which in particular cafes are. veins, joints,. found. to fill. and flocks, as granite, fiate, zinnopely. and other matrices of metals a7id minerals. fenfe^ it is ufed to dlfilnguiß them from the. grit, clay,. In this. rocks of the mountain on both fides of the ftock. ;. and. it is. abfolutely a relative denomination^. fince the fame fubfiance. lar to the vein,. and. In. may he feme. Father George Agricola. I dare fay,. and,. peä. till. of very. to fome fclentlfical. and. run,. vein or. their rules.. in fome places particu-. others to the mountain. Is. undoubtedly the firfi^. late, unparalleled in ref-. knowledge of the veins, their. What. he knew from the miners. -,. knew and drew of it^ but as everßnce they have he. by phllofophers. who. attempted to create and to dream mountains. and. worlds, and fyfiems of mountains and worlds.. It Is. fcarce been. confulted. at. all,. no wonder that hitherto the learned ßould have fo little. The. added to that fiock offdene e^ which he has. beft. general accounts, b ef.des his, are. left us». Lehman's. two German Treatlfes on the Flat Mountains the. a-nd. Metallic Matrices, and fome general princi-. ples In thofe valuable elements. of the art of mining,. which.

(40) PREFACE.. xxxlv. which have been publißjed by the academy for miners. ßnce ij6^^. we. eflablißed at. But. Freiberg in Saxony.. are very far from being thoroughly acquainted. We. 'with their nature.. good obfervations made. By. Hungary.. kiio'u;. in. them. a. few. S-iveden^. and. only by. Germany^. thefe it appears. 'That the veins of the fame mountain^ nay^ of. I.. very extenfive trails of land^ are fubjeä. to the. fame. and. crofs-. rules in refpeci to their direBion^ dipping. joints^. ores. tents.,. direîon.,. rocks ^. ccii-. and fcffils.. That veins of the fame mountain., running. II.. fame. and. of the fame nature in refpeSl to their. and through and under. in the. fame. the. are loaded iznth the fame ores andfvffds^. accordingly feem to have been produced. and. and loaded by. the fame natural revolution^ III.. That. direSfions^. different. which. thofe. crofs. them in contrary. feem very often to have been produced in. times^. and by. different revolutions,. when. they are loaded with different fuhflances.. IV. That the veins of the incumbent mountains^ for example., of calcareous or fate mountains, have their particular rule of direElion, dipping, crofs-joints,. and. contents, very often unaffeäed by. the different. rule of thofe veins,. which are. in the lower. of fate or granite. whence. appears, that theß. ;. it. rocks. latter were, in point of time, anterior to the former.. V. That.

(41) E F A C. F.. *That the veins commonly turn quicker. V.. XXXV and richeß. in the crojfings.. VI. 'That ores and metals are produced in thi. which did not. crojfings^. main. either in the. af)pear before. vein^ or in the crofs-joints.. VII. That they are generally quick when running or dipping along^ and between the limits of different or incumbent rocks. adjacent limits. •,. for exaraple^. in. the. of granite and incumbent ßate^ or in thofe of. ßate and incumbent limeßone. VIII. That their contents or loads of rocks^ parafitical fiones^. and. ores,. and chemical. natural. and under which. they. metals^ generally relation. to. the. are runtting'\ that. •. have a racks. in. is to fay,. that veins in granite carry tin, wolfram-, pyrites, black-lead, quartz,. and granite grit. limeßone carry fpar and metals. •,. ;. that veins in. fiuor, befides lead. and other. that veins in the Hungarian metallic rock. are. filled. with quartz,. fieldfpath, gold. and filver. \. that veins in hornßone produce gold, ßlver, and zinnopel ; that veins in ßate are loaded with argillaceous fubfiances, quartz, ßlver, lead, copper,. and. iron. ;. and that thenaturalprodublions of limeßone, ßate, perphyry, trapp, and volcanic beds, if incumbent on deeper veins, appear in them, or produce modifications offoffils,. which. their. own. matrix, rocks, or ßdes, would C. r.

(42) PREFACE.. xxxvi. net have produced by tkcmfelves. ferticns^. I. 'To verify thefe af-. refer the intelligent reader to a tabellary. übfiräB of fame mines defcribed in this publication^. und beg leave. •uühich. to obferve^ that^ by fimilar abfira£ls. good mineralogical and. all the. are come to. my. hands.,. a new edition of my Syfiern. 1. orological. am. of. accounts. enabled to give in. of the Earthy fomething. more fatisfaäory about orology and the metallic mines in general than. hitherto has been given to the. 'They are the. lic.. labour. •,. pub-. work of many years., and of great. and with the various improvements of the. above Syßcm., not undeferving that generous fupport. and encouragement. make bold. and from. fcience.,. hifinefs. cwn and. it. which.,. from. to expe5i. ground.,. thofe gentlemen.,. to fee. is. and. though. to. a foreigner., I. unprejudiced friends of. fomewhat. whofe intereß and clear under their. prevent thofe ma.ny impqfiticns. difappointments., to. which adventurous., unprinci-. pled miners arefubjeci.. This Syßetn of the Earth and Mountains. I.. appear in two volumes in 4to. and II.. and. An. is to. to contain. e>ca^ defcription of the furface of the earth. its fir at a. \. with an appendix of my. own.,. and va-. rious of the beß crclcgical cbfervations reduced. into. tabellary forms.. III.. Hiß.

(43) PREFACE.. xxxvii. Authenticated accounts cf the various revo-. III.. which have produced^ changed^ and. hitions. and. the mountains^ ßrata^. veins.. IV. Candid andliterary accounts of the. hefl orologi-. cal fyflems^ efpecially of that of the Greeks^. who. the late Robert, Hooke^. affe£led. and of. did not live to give. it. due extent.. its. V.. A ßoort. furface of the. explication of the phcenomena on the. earth.,. by the above hifiorical accounts^. Jupported by the principles of. An. VI.. cheniifiry.. ampleßetch of a new fyft em of mineralogy. for miners, hid dozen upon the principles of metallurgy. and. ftratificaticn,. to the technical. with a conftant reference. and provincial language of the miners. and fm ehers.. W\.. Some. fcicntifical feîons,. plans ^ and maps,. leßde feme irfiruftive and ornamental drawings of unnoticed. fcjfils. and as I miift. and petrifanions ^. of Great Britain and Ireland. I can put the laß hand to. work under. the. work^which will not. I dßre the friends offcience to. he wiihciiifome expence.,. take this. their proteäion, to leave their. names and orders at Mr. George Kearßefs., Icr.,. in Flcet-ftrcet;. their. \. be at the expence of foyne enquiries in. the mining countries before. will be added. cor,i;nanJj. and. who. likezvife will take care. enquiries,. c. boookfel-. 2. of. dirccled to me, in. whatever.

(44) PREFACE.. XJtxviii. whatever I may he lar. More. ufeftd to them.. particu-. propofah will be ptiblißjed as foon as the fubfcribed. Mean-. or ordered copes amount to a certain number.. while. Current. utillter. NuUo cum and I ßall. mei. ftrepitu dies. continue the publication. luable mineralogical and. for the better convenience. orological. Letters.. next. I. which,. of the furchafers^ will. appear in the fame form as In the. of other vatracts^. this^. intend to. and as Ferber's lay. before. th&. Englifh public 1.. Supplements to the Mineralogical Letters. Baron Born, taken from an improved which. lately. 2. Ahflra5ls. of. edition^. has appeared in Germany.. from Gio. Arduino's Raccolta. di. Memorie Chimico-mineralogiche, Metallurgiche e Orittografiche, publißed in. 3.. lyyât. Venice.. Ferber's Accounts of the Mines in Derbyßire,. publißed in iyy6 in Germany. 4. Ferber's Accounts of the. Minos. in. the Pala-. tinate. 5.. Ah-.

(45) PREFACE. 5.. xxxix. Ahßrncfs from Mr. Col'mV s Adineralogical Travels in the Palatinate. ;. referring for other fu-. ture publications the hefi rmneralcgical accounts. of the. inincs in the Ilarzforeß^ Saxonia, Hejfe,. Tyrol, Sweden,. and. R.. Italy.. E.. RASPE.. London, Sept. 1776.. P. S. The ounce fpoken of in this publication. is. equal to one half ounce Englißj, and the annexed orological tables are. given only as. abflraols of the. accounts contained in this volume.. Moreover I beg fize would not ore,. effay,. compkat. to obferve, that the fmallnefs. of the. flllow to fpecify the different fpecies. nor to give forne other minute. pienti fat. not as. details.. Sed. of. la-.

(46)

(47) APPENDIX TO THE P. R. E. A. F. C. E,. OROLOGICAL TABLES. MINES OF SOME. DESCRIBED IN. FERBER's LETTERS FROM. ITALY, A N D. I. N. T H. I. S. PUBLICATION. Thofc of the '. MINES. Bohemia,. to be. at. JOACMIMSTHAL, M A P». compared with the. in.

(48) Käme. of th Mountain, Place a/ia Sides. Mine.. Pegaw,. Limeftone. Steyer-. blue argillaceous. mark.. flate.. in. E. I. Rock.. and Spar quartz.. Ore.. LtrcEii'jn.. Lead^lnnce,. with. filvc. Ferber's Ital.. Jdria,. ii'. Crain. Ferb. Ital. Limeftnne blue. ilate.. innabar. and quick-. arg.. Hate.. filver.. Lett.. Teltr'ino. Limeftone. .. in. Schio,. Cirickfilver.. Üate.. Ferb.. Moite. LimeOone. Spar.. Silver,. lead,. alternatinr. copper,. Tnfa.. with. vol-. manga-. Ferb.. canic. ftra-. ncfe.. ta.. FaUe. .-n. Lead. Gor- Limeftone. no, in Bci-. and. and. blende.. lava.. ganiafco.. Ferb.. Montieri.. Feib.. N.. r.ß. the Vein.. Fatfl rix-, ncz. V. or. Limcflone and lla-e.. Spnr and quartz.. Silver,. lead. copper, iron.. Dlpfwg,.

(49) CROSS VEINS,. er. Rock.. Ore.. Dircaicn. CROSS JOINTS. Cutting. Improving. Dlpp'irg. \. Rock.. of, Ore.. or striking DEAf« DheBlonX. Di-pîitjf,.

(50) Moufta'w, cA. flace ana Mine.. Sides. Red iJuin.. cf^. the Vein.. clay,. Koch. Feldfpath. fandfione,. and. metallic. quartz.. fat. rock.. Direüicn.. Ore.. and. to South North. ralized All the auriferous quick. jold. fil-. Dij-fir. A'eft to Eafl.. ver mine;. antimony. veins. arfenic. rallel.. ;. pa. cinnabar.. TojUtza. Born.. Clay. flate;. Qâru-. metallic. rock.. Fuezcs. Buin.. Clay. Gold, red fi! ver ore,. South to North.. lead.. flate,. Quartz.. Gold.. Zinnppel.. Gold and. South to Nofth,. metallic rock.. Felfo. Eanya.. Born. Borkul. Homftone.. mine.. Great Mine. Hornftone and metal lie. Smoirt».. Born.. fil. ver.. Zinnopel.. Gold and. fil. ver.. rock.. Micaceous Clay nnd quartz. and blue flate.. ,opper riies,. filver.. py Eafx toWefijin 75desre: and in hour 6.. Three quick veins pa rallel..

(51) CROSS VEINS,. er. Ore.. JJof*.. Quartz iluor.. Sc. Sulphur,. antimony,. Dnecikn. In. CROSS JOINTS. Cutting. Improving. |. Dipftng.. the. Roc\.. 1. of, or strikiko deaf. Ore.. \. DheS2ion.. Dlppng.. the hading,. III. hanc;-. cro'fing. mam. manga-. the. nefe.. vein in an acute angle. F.afl:. In 75'. to. Well.. I. ^rinj; the veins in ihr. •lading,. hem.. and quicken. Weft. to. Weft to. South in Eaft, hour 9, or or Co North. hour 2 I Bring the veins in the liauging, and fti'ikc I. hem. deaf..

(52) 'Name of. th.. Flaci and Mine.. N.. Mounra'i», or Sides. cf. the fêin.. Rock.. Ore.. DircFiioit.. Dijfwg.. Slemnix, Born.. Clay. 'Spitaler. Vein.. flate,. metallic rock.. S. John's.. Metallic rock.. VVefttoEall, Quartz and Gold, (ilver, North to lead. South, or between zmnopel. South to 30' and North, be70'. tween hour 12 and 4.. In the hanging of tht former. clay Silver.. vVhite. and quartz the. in. hanging. and. zinnopel. rallel.. pa-. the. in. hading Beaverftoln Metallic rock.. Quartz,. zii. nopel, fpar. Gold,. filver,. lead.. Nonh. Weft. t<. Eaft,. above, be-. tween 30' and 70'.. tween and 4.. rherefia.. Metallic. Zinaopel.. Gold,. filver. lead.. rock.. to. South. N'orth. to. Eaft. be-. to. Weft;. South,. then tical lart. ver;. at. Well. to Eaft.. Cathar'inahergy. Gneiff.. in. GneifT grit. Bohemia.. or. of. granite.. Gneiff.. Maria K.irchbaw.. per. ;. and native. Ferber.. Ferb.. cop- South to Between 60' miNorth, o and 90', neralized North t(. Silver,. Gypfeous Ipar.. Silver.. South, hour 2.. North. in. to. South,. i. hour 12 and I..

(53) CROSS VEINS, Improving Ore.. itccl.. White. Silver.. Dinclkn. Iti. Dipping. er. CROSS JOINTS. Cutting Rock.. the. hansjins. clay, fpar,. quartz.. White. I. clay,. I. -aO to Welt,. quart?, fpar.. Quieten the veins. roarfe clay, fpar. 1. of, or striking deaf. Ore.. I. D'irerÜBn.X Dipping..

(54) VEIN.. iâvie of ih. Place. anc.. Mine.. Sides. 0,'. the V,hi.. On. Rod.. in Kohemiii ,. GoWrofe. grey micacüjus. )late,. hading. lay. ;. red. Silver,. hornftone or lliut clay (late ;. feiiic. ores,. f|)ar;. quartz. ,. Gold-. yixxa.. rofe. hanging.. •,. Fund- Ditto,. Ditto.. Ditto.. :îtto.. Ditto,. Ditto.. Ditto.. Ditto.. grub.. >. ).,. Raker":. Vein.. 5,. Gediieber.. c ;,. Rofc from. Jitto.. Jtrit'ho. "j,. S'.veit-. Oitto.. zer.. 7,. You lit Svveit-. zer.. "»itto.. Ditto.. lead,. ci.'balr, ;. a. nt.

(55) CROSS VEINS, I. M. P R O V. Edft to. Weft.. joiith. Reck.. Ore.. DireBion. to. North. Trapp.. Diito.. Ditto.. Trapp.. Ditto.. Ditto.. Povfihvry,. Siuth to. fat clav. CROSS JOINTS. TTIN-G OF, OR STRIKIXC DEAF,. Dipfmg. iiock.. Trapp.. a-. INC.. North. All the above Nurllitrni veins are befiji-t co.illaatly improviJ bv ihc croffing-; of| liic E.iiVtru ones, which run from Eali to vVcil.. Porph_^,. ôuth to. Noah. Porphyry. •'outh. to. North. hj'pm^..

(56) hiames of. Place. tit. arii.. Mine,. Mountain, Siiies. N.. o.. of. the Vein. Roth. Ore,. Dipping,. Dircclion.. jfcachimßhal,. Bohemia. in. I,. Lawrence.. 1,. gray micaceous. Slate. Sufan- Ditto.. -lay,. clay. Silver,. lead. coi-.alt,. ar-. and. arfenic. :. quartz.. rich ores.. flate, fiiar,. •:afttoWeft, South h. 5.. i|. p,. 60. 73'.. Ditto.. Ditto.. h, 6. h. Ditto.. 6Jp,. Ditto.. 3,. Vrfula. Ditto.. Ditto.. Ditto.. h. 6. \,. Andre- Ditto,. Ditto.. Ditto.. h. 7^1. Ditto;. Ditto.. Ditto,. h.. 7.. Ditto,. as,. ^,. Cow. Ditto,. Vein. anc na-. fjlver. tive. glal:. ore,. lead. glance.. Rofe Vein. Ditto,. Ditto.. Ditto.. 7, Elias-. Ditto.. Ditto.. Ditto,. 1^. Ir. Ditto,. 8, George. 3itto,. Ditto.. Ditto,. h. 6 3I p. Ditto.. 6,. .. ftoln.. N,B. Th jres. and th. richer. one;.. jhiefly in th croffes of the above Nor thern veins.. to. North, hetwec«. h. 6. 7. Ditto,.

(57) CROSS VEINS, 1. R^ck.. M. P R. Ore.. V i. I. N G. or. CROSS JOINTS. Cutting. .. DireSion. D^ppwg.. Ro. of, or stkiking deaf. Or DWcSiitn Dihtil ijtptn^.. EafttoW I. X, E.. The above Northern and. imj-vov»; the. veins. Eaftsrn ones.. crof. Porjihyrv. S-)L!t'UoN. I'rapp.. SouthioN.]. Tnpp.. EailtoW. t'^rphyvy. SsuthioN. f'oruihvrv. ôuilaoK.. ioiithtoN.. lEall Co J'. W.. >ut!itoN..

(58)

(59) I. [. ]. TRAVELS THROUGH THE BANNAT. M. T E. E. W. S. A. OF. R,. LETTER. &"€.. I.. Temcfwar, June 14,. Y. journey from Shemniz to. fcarce offered. make. letter. this. Had. caft.. fcience,. I,. me. me. has. any obje6t that might. my. befides. in. to I'emefwar^. mineralogical. little. Botany,. travelling over barren heaths. cured. this place. agreeable to a naturalift of your. fome knowledge. and thence. 1770.. my. three days. from Ofen to. Segedin,. might have perhaps pro-. an opportunity to entertain you at. Icaft. with the names and defcriptions of fome plants. But. am no Botaniil, tho' You well know how fond. alas. !. tory.. I. But. I. that I. am. is. not. my. fault.. of natural. hif-. never met with any proper oppor-. B. tunity.

(60) TRAVELS THROUGH THE BANNAT OF. 2. tunity to improve in this part of fcience. at Vienna^ ftates,. Vienna^. For. there. no academy is. in all the Auflrian. taught. nay, even at. ^. is. no Profeffor of Natural Hiftory.. reafon. you need not be aftonifhed that. there. this. is. which Botany. in. Except. natural hiflory. entirely unnoticed. is. and negle6led. the EngJißj^ French^ Swedes and. in Aufiria^ Vv'hile. Ruffians^ for the fake of ufeful fcience, examine. own and. their. But. what purpofe thefe complaints. to. guefs by. me on. theremoteft countries of the world.. them. the difiatisfadion,. which will attend. and part of the Carpathian. All the riches of Flora^ during the. of the year, dilplayed. I. all. am. able to do, and. I. you. fhall. former pro-. and the working of the mines,. From Shemniz. to you.. to Ofen the. argillaceous. quarz, fherl. do what. have a fhare of the minerals. which perhaps may be new the fame. my. I. be fcarce. and accounts of the nature of. colleft,. the mountains,. 1. However, repeat. hills.. fineft feafon. in thefe parts, will. enjoyed by me.. mifes, that. which. You may. my journey through the mountains of Ban-. nat^ Tranfyhania,. at. ?. mountains. rock, which. is. confifl:. of. mixed with. and mica, and compofes the whole. mafs of mountains about Kremniz and Shemniz. In fome places, and efpecially at Beutfch-Pilfen^. they have likewife difcovered fome copper and filver-veins,. drained fome old and drove fome. new.

(61) T E. MESWA. LETTER. R, &c.. o. I.. but to no great advantage.. new. galleries. thefe. mountains are covered with argillaceous. ;. All flate. and limeftone.. Near. JVrJzen^ a. handfome. on the. little city. Danube^ begins the plain, which uninterruptedly ftretches thence to T'emefwar,. and to the. left. hand. to Debreczin, and the limits of TrafiJJylvama. three hours. came. I. Peß, where. I. to. This. fpent a day.. with magnificent fcruftures. in the. entirely built of petrifaftions.. they fetch the ftones,. is. city,. neweft. adorned tafbe,. near Ofeff, a city. amined thefe calcareous. fbone,. which. is. hills,. They. wine oiOfen.. filled. is. The quarry, whence dire(51:ly. oppofite on the other fide of the Danube.. befi:. In. I. ex-. produ6live of the. confifl:. of a porous lime-. with innumerable quantities. ofchamites, turbinites and pedlinites. OurlVaicFs, Schröders and Hupfches, with feveral other gentle-. men. of that kind,. who. are afFraid. of coal duft, and. the horrors of fmutty mines, and hunt after petrifadlions only in. this. place. on the furface of the. make. rich crops. perhaps, from this immenfc. up known undefcribed. •,. might. earth,. nay, they m.ight. Hock of. pick. fneils,. fome chamites or pedtinites, \vith fome un-. and points. •,. .. warts. ilripes, wrinkles, folds,. and then, mercy upon our ears. they would indulge themielves. analogy or fimilarity,. B. in. 2. in. !. how. God knows what. forming. far. fetched. names..

(62) TRAVELS THROUGH THE BANNAT OF. 4. names, and finging forth the praifes of their important difcoveries it is. To us fimple mineralogical. !. folks. fußcient to have found here marks of an an-. cient fea's covering this part of Europe.. The. hot baths at Ofen are fpoken of by. Mr, Laurentius. graphers.. geo-. all. them. Stocker defcribes. Accord-. at large in his 1'hermographia Budenß.. ing to his account, their conflituent parts are ful-. phur, lime, and iron.. Beyond Ofen begins the famous Ketßemite-heath. It. is all. naei). over covered with grit fand (glarea Lin-. mixed with broken. The Hones. fea fliells.. which now and then appear ftraggling, ruminated by. this. fand.. I. are fer-. often fix. travelled. hours and longer without meeting with any tree. However. or houfe, except the ftage houfes. plain, fifty tities. of. German miles fquare,. Near. cattle.. many. years. feeds vaft quan-. JOebreczin they dig out. fome fwampy grounds of minerale nativum,. this. this. heath the Sal. mixed with fome. made of. they have. which. it. of. alcali. For. clay.. the excellent. over. the whole. Debreczine. foap,. kingdom.. In former times they confidered this. as a. com.mon. faliter.. fells. Mr.. Stephen Wefzpremi, a. celebrated phyfician at Debreczin, and. John Torkos^ were the former fpoke of. it. firft. who examined. Mr. it.. Jufl. The. in his. I'entamine de inoculanda pefie, Londini, 1755.. and.

(63) TEMESWAR, and the. LETTER. ^(.. I,. ß. latter in his treatife. De fale minerali alcaltno nativo Pannonico.. Pofoniiy. 1763. I. heard lately from Vienna^ that a young phy-. Mr. Gabriel Pazmandi, from Comorra. fician,. Hungary^ has publillied a new its. treatife. on. in. this fait,. native fituation, qualities and powers. I. obferved on this heath fome flocks of large. and fome birds. eagles,. unknown. to. in the. fwamps, which were. me, and may be perhaps for want of. a proper defcription, or a fcentifical zoologifl to. obfcrve them,. uninferted and unnoticed in the. fyftematical catalogues of birds.. Beyond left. the Theijfa (T'ibifcus) and as foon as I. Ttirkiß Canißa^. the. Here. and more entertaining. trees,. corn-fields,. appeared. foil. richer. are plantations. of. and plenty of colonies, whofe. eftablilhment cods to our imperial queen immenfe. fums annually.. The. upon. villages are built. houfcs, for. want of wood,. a regular plan. -,. the. built of unbaked bricks,. and thatch'd with reed (arundo.). They have. nerally a parfon, a fchool, a corn magazine,. an accountant or infpeftor.. Every. ge-. and. colonift re-. ceives at his arrival a fuitable houfe, the tools of. hufbandry, the houfhold implements, fome horfes,. and. a piece. of ground.. After fome years he. gives the tithe of his crop as a contribution, and. B. 3. then.

(64) TRAVELS THROUGH THE BANNAT OF. 6. then he. may pay. every year what he can afford of. the whole property.. A. good hufbandman. Perhaps. them. it. There are fome every colonift is. to profper here.. fure. might have been made more eafy to. if the villages. which he. is. had been planned. that contain 3 or. is. 400. fmaller.. houfes.. As. polfefled of a large wafte ground,. to cultivate,. many of them have an. hour's ride before they can reach. it.. LETTER.

(65) TEMESWAR,. CSV.. LETTER. LETTER. II.. IL. êmefwar^ June ij, i770'. YO U know. that. country. this. I. fylvania.. ;. two years ago befides. I. I. travelled in. was born. in 'Tranf-. have therefore materials for a. which may for the want of natural. letter,. hiitory, if not. pleafe, at lead entertain you.. in. The Bannat of. Temeßivar. Hungary^ which. in the. under the It. is. title. is. that tra6l of land. Homannian maps. is. found. of the Cfanader or êmefer county.. under the 45th degree northern latitude,. German. is. 22. miles in length, and 15 or 16 in breadth.. boundaries are to the north the river Maros, to. Its. the weft the Theijfa^ to the fouth the Danube, and to the eaft. feparate. it. JVallacbia.. tinent fula.. ',. tremendous chains of rocks, which. from. But on. in refpeft. It. is. v/icks, viz.. T'ranjfylvania this fide. it. of the other. and the greater joins to the confides. it is. a penin-. divided into eleven diftri6bs or bailithat of. Cfanad, of Czako'oa, of Szent Anäraßj, of Szent Mikloßj, of Beczkerek, of. Uy. Palan.ka,. of Verßjez,. of Or[ova, of Caranfebez^ of Lugoß, and of Lippava.. Every. diftridl is. fubdivided into fmaller ju-. B 4. rifdidions..

(66) TRAVELS THROUGH THE BANNAT OF. 8. which are called. rifdidions,. wick. confifts. of the. A. procefles.. baili-. a comptroller, two or. bailiff,. three under bailiffs, a fcrivener,. and npper-knefes, which. fome advocates of national. are a fort. All thefe bailiwicks are immediately. magiftrates.. under the country-adminiftration, and. this. under. the royal court chamber-deputation at Vienna.. Bannat being a domanial is. entirely. The. eftate. The. of her majefty,. independent of the Hungarian. flates.. chief town and the center of the country. êmefwar^ a regular,. and flrong place, but. fine,. imwholefome on account of. Agues and inflammatory. is. its. fwampy. fituation.. fevers of all kinds rage. here every feafon, and procure to the phyficians. uninterrupted bufmefs.. Here. is. the. general governm>ent, the country. adminiflration, the provincial court, the chapter. of Cfanad, whofe bifhop. mus. is. by. inter pares in this country,. his. own. right pri-. and two patentee-. commercial companies for the Auflrian fea-ports. The whole. in Italy. is. eaftern part. of the country. mountainous and beft inhabited. part. is flat. andfvvampy.. tivated plains,. ;. the. weflern. In this are large uncul-. which government takes care to. plant with German colonies from the Szvabian and Rhinißj circles. try. are. On the. four corners of the coun-. fome flrong places,. fuch. as. Canißa., Semlin,.

(67) TEMESWAR,. LETTERII.. &c.. Semiin, Mebadia, and Lippa.. fituatedon the other fide of the are. g. Szegedin and Arrady. Maros. (tndTheiJJaj. None of. Hungarian dependencies.. thefe four. However, they. places are remarkably ftrong.. are celebrated in the hiltory of the Turkifi) wars, as are likewife Vanfoisja^. The. rivers in the. Uy-Palanka, and Orfowa». Bannat are of no importance,. running only through a fhort traft of land the Temes and. Nera deferve. being made navigable. an expenfive canal,. down. notice,. the former. to Peterwardein,. drawn from. as. but. •,. by. Ltigojh to 1'emef-. war.. The foil is extremely many places excellent.. The wine. fertile.. It. is. is. in. generally of a red. Peach, cherry, and plum trees are very. colour.. common.. Large plantations of that kind. fkirt. the villages and provide the inhabitants with their drink.. The. filk. the whole country. plantations fpread almoft over •,. they might, like. many. other. manufaftories of the bannat, be in a more flourilhing ftate, if that great general. Count Mercy. d' Argenteaii^. and politician. had lived. to fupport. them.. Of late. there has been. national-militia,. which. military ftate goes. regiment.. It. is. railed in this. country a. in the imperial. and royal. under the name of the. commanded by. Illyrian. the lieutenant-. colonel.

(68) TRAVELS THROUGH THE BANNAT OF. lO. colonel Baron de Sezugafi^ order^. Not. a.. man who. fatisfied. l^m^toi thtTherefian'. has greatly ferved his country.. to have correfted the rough beha-. and. have habituated them. our of. his. to-the. German manners, he endeavours. officers,. humanize. his private. to. He eftablifhes. men.. and mafters, and the. foldier. children fent there.. If. litical faints,. the. title. The. is. Illyrian. fchools. obliged to have his. we had. a calendar of po-. Baron Sezugafs would ihine. of the. likewife to. in. it,. under. Reformer.. Plajaßes are another fort of national troops,. polled on the limits of Tranjfyhania and the greater. from Marga towards Orfowa^ to put a. IFallachiai. flop to tranfmigrations, and to prevent the efcape. of the. 'Turkißj. der the. in the laft. They. and inland robbers.. command of captain. who. Hurkiß war was Haran-hajfa^ or chief of. a numerous gang of robbers, and fortune for having in. emperor. are un-. Peter Vanßa,. at. the laft. war. deferved. his. faved the late. Cornua from the imminent danger of. being taken prifoner by the. This nation. is. remarkable for having produced. many brave men of great for examble, a. "Turks.. defert.. man of eighty. Captain Ducc&. years of age, has in. the late Turhiß war been of eminent fervice to the court. ;. however, he never has. folicited or re-. ceived any preferment, happy in the confcioufnefs. of.

(69) TEMESWAR, of. LETTER. i^c.. his honeft fervices,. and of. 1 will in. one of. difpofition.. at large the character, the. abftrad of. my. his mailer's grateful. my. defcribe. letters. manners, and the. At. gion of the inhabitants.. n. II,. prefent. I. reli-. add only an and bufi-. yefterday's tranfaflions. nefs.. Soon. in the. mal and. morning. I. frig;htful rattlino-. all alone;. the ftreet where. was awakened by a. of chains, which founded I. have. lodo-ings.. It. condemned. occafioned by the malefadlors,. was. to the. who, by couples chained together,. fortifications,. went. dif-. to work.. did not fee in the ftreets any. I. but bleak, yellow-coloured, decayed faces, peeping and ilTuing forth from the. The women, left. lies,. even the. them by the. girls,. fineft. buildings.. had thick fwoln. fevers.. fancied myfelf in. I. the realms of death, inhabited, inilead. by. carcafes in fine tombs.. At. dinner. befides. me. fever. fome freezing, gnafned. ;. In. could not. the afternoon. fpoke of before.. I. I. where the bees are. Each. vifited. of men,. the guefts, fit. their teeth. of their ;. fome. afTuaq-e their thirlt.. the. canal which. I. faw there fome hundreds of bee-. hives conveyed to the. fummer.. all. and fome foreigners, had a. burning; for heat,. bel-. meadows, and. left for. fet. to the heaths,. pafture during the whole. of fixty hives has a bee mafter. to take care of them.. The. hives are conflruded. of.