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TtX I

r í \

х^ч

o l v a s ó t e r m i

í P é l d á w

KFKI-1981-39

I , LOVAS J, ZIMÁNYI L 1P , CSERNAI W. GREINER

AN ANISOTROPIC THREE-FLUID MODEL FOR HEAVY ION REACTIONS

'H u n g a r ia n 'A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s

C E N T R A L R E S E A R C H

I N S T I T U T E F O R P H Y S I C S

B U D A P E S T

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2Ш7

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K F K I - 1 9 8 1 - 3 9

AN ANISOTROPIC THREE-FLUID M O D E L FOR HEAVY ION REACTIONS

István Lovas and József Zimányi Central Research Institute for Physics

H-1525 Budapest 114, P.O.B. 49, Hungary

László P. Csernai and Walter Greiner

Institut für Theoretische Physik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität D-6000 Frankfurt am Main, West Germany

Received on May the 26th 1981

HU ISSN 0368 5330 ISBN 963 371 820 1

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A B S T R A C T

The nucleons taking part in heavy ion reaction are considered as a three-fluid system. The first and second components correspond to the nu­

cleons of the target and the projectile, while the thermalised nucleons produced in the course of the collision belong to the third component.

Making use of the Boltzmann-equation, hydrodynamical equations are derived which yield also the anisotropy of the momentum distribution. The equation of state for anisotropic nuclear matter is derived from a field theoretical model in the mean field approximation.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Нуклоны, участвующие в реакциях тяжелых ионов, рассматриваются как трех­

компонентная жидкость. Первая и вторая компоненты содержат нуклоны мишени и бомбардирующего ядра, а третья - нуклоны, которые рассеиваются в процессе столкновения. На основе уравнения Больцмана получаются гидродинамические урав нения, которые учитывают анизотропию импульсного распределения. Выводится уравнение состояния анизотропного ядерного вещества из теоретико-полевой моде ли в приближении среднего поля.

K I V O N A T

A nehéz-ion reakcióban résztvevő nukleonokat három komponensü folyadék­

nak tekintjük. Az első és második komponens a target illetve a bombázó mag nukleonjait, mig a harmadik az ütközés során termalizálódó nukleonokat tar­

talmazza. A Boltzmann-egyenlet alapján olyan hidrodinamikai egyenleteket származtatunk le, amelyek anizotrop impulzus eloszlásra vezetnek. Az anizot­

rop maganyag állapotegyenletét átlag tér közelítésben, térelméleti modellből származtatjuk.

(5)

1 . I nt r o d u c t ion

T h e a n i s o t r o p y o f t h e m o m e n t u m d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e n u c l e o n s is o n e o f t h e m o s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e s o f h e a v y i on r e a c t i o n s . T h e a n i s o t r o p y is d e t e r m i n e d

b y t h e r e l a t i v e m o m e n t u m o f t h e c o l l i d i n g n u c l e i . In t h e c o u r s e o f t h e c o l l i s i o n t h e a n i s o t r o p y -is d e c r e a s i n g . It d o e s n o t d i s a p p e r c o m p l e t e l y , h o w e v e r , s i n c e a g l o b a l t h e r m o d i n a m i c a 1 e q u i l i b r i u m is n o t r e a c h e d u n t i l t h e f i n a l s t a g e o f t h e c o l l i s i o n p r o c e s s . S i n c e t h i s r e s i d u a l a n i s o t r o p y h a s a n e s s e n t i a l i n f l u e n c e o n t h e m o m e n t u m d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e r e a c t i o n p r o d u c t s , it s e e m s t o b e d e s i r a b l e t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e a n i s o t r o p y . T h e c o n v e n t i o n a l h y d r o d y n a m - ical m o d e l s o f h e a v y i on r e a c t i o n s 1 - 2 ) a r e f o r m u l a t e d in t e r m s o f e q u a t i o n s e x ­ p r e s s i n g t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e n u m b e r , t h e m o m e n t u m a n d t h e e n e r g y . T h e s e e q u a t i o n s d e t e r m i n e . o n l y f o u r o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e m o m e n t u m d i s t r i b u t i o n , n a m e l y t h e t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e f l o w v e l o c i t y a n d t h e t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e p a r a m e t e r c h a r a c t e r i s i n g t h e a n i s o t r o p y o f t h e m o m e n t u m d i s t r i b u t i o n r e m a i n s i n d e t e r m i n a t e .

It s e e m s to b e d e s i r a b l e t o c o n s t r u c t a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f t h e h y d r o d y n a m i c a l m o d e l , in w h i c h a l s o t h e a n i s o t r o p y is d e t e r m i n e d . In t h e p r e s e n t w o r k t h e o u t l i n e o f s u c h an a n i s o t r o p i c h y d r o d y n a m i c a l m o d e l w i l l b e g i v e n . T h e m o d e l is b a s e d o n t he B o l t z m a n n t r a n s p o r t t h e o r y . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e b a s i c a s s u m p t i o n s o f t h e B o l t z m a n n t h e o r y a r e r e g a r d e d to b e v a l i d . T h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s , h o w e v e r , Is n o t g r a n t e d in t h e c a s e o f h e a v y ion r e a c t i o n s . T h e e r r o r s i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s , w i l l b e c o m p e n s a t e d in s o m e e x t e n t b y a p p l y i n g a p r o p e r e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e . T h e b a s i c e q u a t i o n s o f t h e a n i s o t r o p i c h y d r o d y n a m i c a ! m o d e l w i l l b e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e B o l t z m a n n e q u a t i o n b y t a k i n g t h e m o m e n t s o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n . T h e s e e q u a t i o n s w i l l b e g e n e r a l i z e d t o a m a n y - f l u i d s y s t e m . T h e a n i s o t r o p i c p r e s s u r e t e n s o r o c c u r i n g in t h e e q u a t i o n s , w i l l b e o b t a i n e d f r o m W a l e c k a ' s m e a n f i e l d t h e o r y o f n u c l e a r m a t t e r 5 ). F i n a l l y t h e o u t l i n e o f a s i m p l i ­ f i e d t h r e e - f l u i d m o d e l w i l l b e g i v e n . F o r t h e s a k e o f s i m p l i c i t y o u r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d in n o n - r e l a t i v i s t i c f r a m e w o r k . T h e r e l a t i v i s t i c g e n e r a l i z a t i o n

c a n b e c a r r i e d o u t w i t h o u t s e r i o u s d i f f i c u l t i e s .

by

2. T h e e q u a t i o n s o f t h e a n i s o t r o p i c h y d r o d y n a m i c a l m o d e l

V e b e g i n o u r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w i t h t h e B o l t z m a n n t r a n s p o r t e q u a t i o n 3 ), g i v e n

( 3 t + i V i3 i )f = C, (i x, y, z) , (l)

(6)

2

. -*■ -* .

w h e r e the o n e - p a r t i c l e f u n c t i o n f (r v t) d e s c r i b e s t h e s p a c e a n d v e l o c i t y d i s t r i ­ b u t i o n o f t he n u c l e o n s . T h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e o f t h i s e q u a t i o n g i v e s the c h a n g i n g r a t e o f the d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n p r o d u c e d by n u c l e o n - n u c l e o n s c a t t e r i n g :

C = i / d 3 v 1d 3 v ' d 3 vj [ f ( v ' ) f ( v ; ) w ( v ' v j . I v v 1 ) - f ( v ) f ( v 1 ) w ( v v , | v ' v j ) ], (2) w h e r e w d e n o t e s t h e t r a n s i t i o n p r o b a b i l i t y o f t he n u c l e o n - n u c l e o n c o l l i s i o n .

F o l l o w i n g t h e us ua l p r o c e d u r e , w e m u l t i p l y th e B o l t z m a n n e q u a t i o n w i t h m, m V |

a n d imv.v. a n d i n t e g r a t e o v e r t h e v e l o c i t y s p a c e to o b t a i n : J K

ä t P + ± ри.± = 0 ,

jk

• •) = o ,

1J . (u.

1 1 <*p jk +ÍPUjUk ) +

. p. .) - = / Cv-v d 3v

к l j 2 J к

(3) W

. jk

(5) w h e r e th e m a s s d e n s i t y , p ( r t ) a n d f l o w v e l o c i t y u. (rt) a r e d e f i n e d by t he r e l a ­

t i o n s :

P r m / f d 3 v , (6)

u .l 3 — J f v . d 3 v .

P 1 (7)

T h e p r e s s u r e f o l l o w s :

t e n s o r P j j (rt) a n d th e h e a t f l u x t e n s o r Q . j ^ ( r t ) a r e d e f i n e d as

P. .ij = m / f с . c .d 3 v ,

1 J (8)

^ i j k = i m / f c ^ c j d 3 v , (9)

w h e r e c .

l s v . - u . .

l l (10)

T h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e s o f t h e e q u a t i o n s (3) a n d Й ) v a n i s h , b e c a u s e o f the p a r t i c l e n u m b e r a n d m o m e n t u m c o n s e r v a t i o n . T h e s e a r e th e us u a l e q u a t i o n s o f c o n ­ t i n u i t y a n d m o m e n t u m . T h e t r a c e o f t h e t e n s o r e q u a t i o n (5) y i e l d s t he e n e r g y e q u a t i o n :

3 t ( e + i p u a ) + Eg . (e + i p u 2 ) + q . + E u . P . . ) = 0 , ( l l )

i i J J

w h e r e the e n e r g y d e n s i t y c{r t) a n d t h e h e a t f l u x v e c t o r q . ( r t ) a r e d e f i n e d as:

e = — J f c 2d 3v , (12)

2

q. • = — /f c •c 2 d 3v .

l a l (13)

(7)

T h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e o f e q u a t i o n (11) v a n i s h e s b e c a u s e o f t h e e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n . T h e r e m a i n i n g l i n e a r l y i n d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t s o f the t e n s o r e q u a t i o n (5) f o r m a

t r a c e l e s s , s y m m e t r i c t e n s o r e q u a t i o n . T h e f i v e i n d e p e n d e n t q u a n t i t i e s d e t e r m i n e d by t h i s e q u a t i o n a r e t h e e l e m e n t s o f the a n i s o t r o p y d e n s i t y t e n s o r . T h e c o l l i s i o n i n t e g r a l s o n the r i g h t h a n d s i d e d o n ot v a n i s h n o w s i n c e t h e r e is n o c o n s e r v a t i o n law fo r th e a n i s o t r o p y . T h e a n i s o t r o p y c h a n g e s d u e to t he c o l l i s i o n s . In the g e n e r a l c a s e o n e h a s to k e e p all e l e m e n t s o f t he a n i s o t r o p y d e n s i t y t e n s o r . In the c a s e o f s y m m e t r i c , c e n t r a l c o l l i s i o n o f h e a v y ions, h o w e v e r , the a n i s o t r o p y d e n s i t y is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a s i n g l e q u a n t i t y . T h e r e f o r e in s u c h a s i t u a t i o n the usual s e t o f h y d r o d y n a m i c a l e q u a t i o n s h a v e to be s u p p l e m e n t e d o n l y b y o n e m o r e e q u a t i o n :

<3 [ a . . + £ p ( u . - 3u 2 ) ] + L 3,- [ u . ( a . . + i p ( u ? - 3u 2 ) ) +

t J J J ^ J J J

+ ( Q . . . - i q . ) + ( u . P . . - I Eu. P • . ) ] = — / C v ? d 3 v .

1J J 3 4 1 J XJ з к к i k a J ( 14)

T h e a n i s o t r o p y d e n s i t y aj j (r t ) is d e f i n e d as:

a . . 2 P • • ~ — с

JJ 2 , 1

- 1

JJ 3

(15)

T h e i n d e x j c o r r e s p o n d s to the c o o d i n a t e a x i s a l o n g w h i c h t h e h e a v y ions c o l l i d e . F o r the. i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h e d i s c u s s i o n a b o v e , let us a s s u m e a M a x w e l l - - B o l t z m a n n typ e d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n for t h e n u c l e o n s :

f Э/2

Ф

e - ( c 2 + ( - - l ) c ^ ) m 20

(0 = k BT ) , (16)

w h e r e a is the a n i s o t r o p y p a r a m e t e r a l o n g t h e z a x i s . In t h i s c a s e t he e n e r g y d e n s i t y » th e he a t f l u x , t h e p r e s s u r e t e n s o r a n d t he a n i s o t r o p y d e n s i t y a r e g i v e n by the f o l l o w i n g e x p r e s s i o n s :

£ as 9(2+ a ) , (17)

4 = o , (18)

p . .

i j = £ 0 6. . ( 1 + ( a- 1 )6 ) ,

m l j i z ' (19)

a z z ~ 0(a -1) •

3 m ' ' (20)

T h e s e e q u a t i o n s s h o w , t h a t all p h y s i c a l q u a n t i t i e s d e p e n d o n the a n i s o t r o p y p a r a m e t e r a. O n e o b s e r v e s a l s o t h a t the q u a n t i t y a zz is r e a l l y a m e a s u r e o f the a n i s o t r o p y , b e c a u s e it v a n i s h e s f o r a = 1 , t h a t is f o r a n i s o t r o p i c v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i.on.

(8)

4

3. T h e t h r e e - f l u i d m o d e l

T h e t r a d i t i o n a l h y d r o d y n a m i c a l m o d e l s o f t h e h e a v y ion r e a c t i o n s b a s e d on the o n e - o r t w o - f l u i d a s s u m p t i o n 1 - 2 ) d o n ot p r o v i d e a n a d e q u a t e d e s c r i p t i o n for the t h e r m a l i s a t ion p r o c e s s t a k i n g p l a c e d u r i n g t h e c o l l i s i o n a n d the p r o d u c t i o n o f h a d r o n s d i f f e r e n t f r o m the n u c l e o n s . T h e r e f o r e it s e e m s to b e d e s i r a b l e to c o n s t r u c t a m o d e l w h i c h is a b l e to a c c o m o d a t e t he d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s e p r o c e s s e s . T h e f i r s t s t e p s a l o n g th i s line w e r e t a k e n by M o n t v a y a n d Z i m á n y i w o r k i n g o u t the h a d - o n - c h e m i s t r y m o d e l “ ). T o d e s c r i b e th e t h e r m a l is ing p r o c e s s t h e n u c l e o n

d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n f is s p l i t t e d i n t o t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s : f = E f S (s = 1 ,2 ,3 )

s

(2 1)

a n d a n a n i s o t r o p i c t h r e e - f l u i d h y d r o d y n a m i c a l m o d e l is c o n s t r u c t e d . It is a s s u m e d t h a t the n u c l e o n s o f t h e t a r g e t a n d t h e p r o j e c t i l e b e l o n g to t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s = 1 a n d s = 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y , w h i l e t h e t h i r d d i s t r i b u t i o n ( s = 3 ) is p o p u l a t e d b y the n u c l e o n s s c a t t e r e d o u t f r o m the t w o p r e v i o u s d i s t r i b u t i o n s . If h a d r o n s d i f f e r e n t f r o m n u c l e o n s a r e p r o d u c e d in the c o l l i s i o n p r o c e s s then a d d i t i o n a l c o m p o n e n t s m u s t be i n t r o d u c e d . H o w e v e r , t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y is n o t d i s c u s s e d in this p a p e r . Du e

to the d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f the d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n f th e Bo 1 t z m a n n - e q u a t i o n c a n be w r i t t e n in th e f o r m o f a c o u p l e d s e t o f e q u a t i o n s :

( 3k + ? v.a,)fs = Cs , L 1 1 1

w h e r e

(22)

C = iL Jd^-dsv'd^v1 [f (v1 )f (v! )w

, , 1 1 1 sr

rs'r'

(v'vj |vvn )-f°(v)fr(vj )v"\ , (vvi Iv'v-/)]

о i

(23) w h e r e th e t r a n s i t i o n p r o b a b i l i t y f o r t w o n u c l e o n s f r o m the d i s t r i b u t i o n s (sr) into

t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s ( s ' r 1) is d e n o t e d b y w | f r ,. T h e d e f i n i t i o n o f th i s t r a n s i t i o n p r o b a b i l i t y w o u l d be u n i q u e if t h e p a r t i c l e s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n s w e r e d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e . H o w e v e r , th i s is n o t th e cas e. T h e t r a n s i t i o n p r o b a b i l i t i e s c o u l d be d e f i n e d u n i q u e l y a l s o if th e d i s t r i b u t i o n s w e r e e x t e n d e d o n l y o n n o n - o v e r l a p p i n g r e g i o n s o f th e v e l o c i t y s p a c e . In o u r c a s e this c r i t e r i o n is f u l f i l l e d o n l y

a p p r o x i m a t e l y a n d t h i s fa c t s h o u l d be t a k e n in t o a c c o u n t p r o p e r l y c o m p u t i n g the c o l l i s i o n i n t e g r a l s . M u l t i p l y i n g t h e e q u a t i o n (22) by m , m v a n d i m V j V ^ , a n d i n t e g r a t i n g o v e r t he v e l o c i t y s p a c e , t he e q u a t i o n s o f t he a n i s o t r o p i c t h r e e - f l u i d h y d r o d y n a m i c s a r e o b t a i n e d in t h e f o l l o w i n g fo rm :

a)t P S + E % p S u f = i

m J C S d 3 v , Uk)

ó t p S U j - £ a ^ p 5 “ - i

u .s

J + P S . )

1 J = m / C S v . d 3 v ,

J (25)

v * p 0s k +

p ) k + * p ' “K > +

* a i j k + i u j p i k i u * P S .]

к 1 J ■ f ; c “ v j v k d:’'' • (26)

T a k i n g t h e t r a c e o f t h e t e n s o r e q u a t i o n (26) o n e g e t the e n e r g y e q u a t i o n s for e a c h c o m p o n e n t . T h e r e m a i n i n g l i n e a r l y i n d e p e n d e n t e q u a t i o n s f o r m a t r a c e l e s s , s y m m e t r i c t e n s o r e q u a t i o n f o r t h e a n i s o t r o p y d e n s i t y . D u e to the n u c l e o n - n u c l e o n c o l l i s i o n s

(9)

n u c l e o n , m o m e n t u m a n d e n e r g y e x c h a n g e is t a k i n g p l a c e a m o n g th e v a r i o u s c o m p o n e n t s . C o n s e q u e n t l y the c o l l i s i o n i n t e g r a l s s t a n d i n g o n the r i g h t h a n d s i d e o f th e

e q u a t i o n s do no t v a n i s h . T h e s e c o l l i s o n i n t e g r a l s r e p r e s e n t t he c o u p l i n g s a m o n g t h e c o m p o n e n t s . If a s u m m a t i o n is p e r f o r m e d o n th e c o m p o n e n t i n d e x s t h e n , o f c o u r s e , the o v e r a l l c o n t i n u i t y , m o m e n t u m a n d e n e r g y e q u a t i o n s a r e o b t a i n e d w i t h v a n i s h i n g rig ht h a n d s i d e , e x c e p t f or the e q u a t i o n s o f t h e a n i s o t r o p y d e n s i t y . T h e a n i s o t r o p y o f t h e c o l l i d i n g t w o n u c l e i h as its m a x i m u m b e f o r e the c o l l i s i o n . T h e a n i s o t r o p y d e c r e a s e s in t h e f r a m e w o r k o f t h i s m o d e l v i a t w o m e c h a n i s m s :

n u c l e o n s ar e s c a t t e r e d f r o m t h e t a r g e t a n d p r o j e c t i l e c o m p o n e n t s in t o t h e t h i r d o n e , o n th e o t h e r h a n d the a n i s o t r o p y o f the t h i r d c o m p o n e n t is d e c r e a s i n g f u r t h e r d u e to s u b s e q u e n t n u c l e o n - n u c l e o n c o l l i s i o n s .

- 5 -

1*. E q u a t i o n o f s t a t e f o r a n i s o t r o p i c n u c l e a r m a t t e r

<SA -

a v F U V

A 4

m s 2 ) Ф = - ™ . (27)

+ m 2 V = i g т у v , (28)

v p 3 v p

i g , r g .

v )

n c p + 3 ►<= II О (29)

w h e r e t h e f i e l d s t r e n g t h F^ ^ Is d e f i n e d by

fpv

= a

U p V v

- a

“v pV (30)

a n d t h e i n v e r s e C o m p t o n w a v e l e n g t h o f th e s c a l a r m e s o n , v e c t o r m e s o n a n d n u c l e o n is d e n o t e d by m s , m v a n d m, r e s p e c t i v e l y . W i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c h o i c e o f the c o u p l i n g c o n s t a n t s g s a n d g v a n u c l e o n - n u c l e o n p o t e n t i a l c a n b e d e r i v e d , w h i c h

is r a t h e r s i m i l a r to th e p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l s o f t - c o r e p o t e n t i a l s , e x c e p t f o r the o n e - p i o n tail. In t h e m e a n f i e l d a p p r o x i m a t i o n t he m e s o n f i e l d s a r e r e p l a c e d by t h e i r a v e r a g e v a l u e s w h i c h a r e c o n s t a n t f o r h o m o g e n e o u s n u c l e a r m a t t e r :

Ф - < Ф > = Ф 0 ( 3 D

VX < V. > = 16

X* V . о

(32) In o r d e r to s p e c i f y c o m p l e t e l y the e q u a t i o n s o f th e a n i s o t r o p i c h y d r o d y n a m i ca 1 m o d e l , d i s c u s s e d in t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n s , in a d d i t i o n to t he t r a n s i t i o n p r o b a b i l ­

i t i e s , the p r e s s u r e t e n s o r P . ^ ( r t ) a n d the h e a t f l u x q . ( r t ) m u s t be p r o v i d e d , ^ f t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s a r e g i v e n t A e n t h e e q u a t i o n s c a n be s i l v e d f o r the d e n s i t y P ( r t ) , f l o w v e l o c i t y u . ( r t ) , e n e r g y d e n s i t y e( rt ) a n d a n i s o t r o p y d e n s i t y a . ^ ( r t ) . F r o m t h e s e f u n c t i o n s the e x p e r i m e n t a l q u a n t i t i e s c a n be c o m p u t e d . T h e t r a n s i t i o n p r o b a b i l i t i e s w , , c a n be e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s o f t he n u c l e o n - n u c l e o n d i f f e r e n t i a l c r o s s s e c t i o n , m e a s u r e d as t h e f u n c t i o n o f e n e r g y . T h e p r e s s u r e t e n s o r P .^

a n d t h e h e a t f l u x q. d e p e n d o n t h e e n e r g y d e n s i t y e a n d o n t he a n i s o t r o p y ■*

d e n s i t y a . ^ t h e r e f o r e a m o d e l o f t he n u c l e a r m a t t e r is n e e d e d w h i c h is a b l e to p r o d u c e P -!, a nd q. in th e f u n c t i o n o f e a n d a. ^ . Fo r th i s p u r p o s e the m e a n f i e l d t h e o r y o f ^ W a l e c k a ^ o f f e r s an e x c e l l e n t p o s s i b i l i t y . T h i s t h e o r y in its o r i g i n a l f o r m u l a t i o n is a r e l a t i v i s t i c , r e n o r m a l i s a b l e f i e l d t h e o r y , in w h i c h t he

i n t e r a c t i o n a m o n g n u c l e o n s (f) is m e d i a t e d b y i s o s i n g l e t s c a l a r ( Ф ) a n d v e c t o r ( V A ) m e s o n s . T h e c o u p l e d f i e l d e q u a t i o n s a r e g i v e n by

(10)

6

By m e a n s o f the in t e r m s o f th e

f i e l d e q u a t i o n s de n s i t i e s :

t h e a v e r a g e f i e l d s Ф a n d V

o o c a n be e x p r e s s e d

< Ф v> g s

m 2 c 2 P s * s

g v

--- <Фу*Л>

mv

m

(33)

By s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e s e c l a s s i c a l f i e l d s in t o t h e D i r a c - e q u a t i o n an e x a c t l y s o l u b l e m o d e l is o b t a i n e d . T h e H a m i l t o n i a n d e n s i t y in t h i s m e a n f i e l d a p p r o x i m a t i o n c a n be e x p r e s s e d as f o l l o w s :

H = g V p +

a v о hí Z (k2 + m * 2 )*

“ Í X b k X } +

m 2 c 2 s

2 (35)

w h e r e Í1 s t a n d s f or t h e n o r m a l i z a t i o n v o l u m e , t h e e f f e c t i v e m a s s m * is g i v e n by m -,—9 C Ф

h e о (36)

th e c r e a t i o n a n d a n n i h i l a t i o n o p e r a t o r f or n u c l e o n a n d a n t i n u c l e o n w i t h w a v e n u m b e r Í a n d s p i n - i s o s p i n q u a n t u m n u m b e r s X is d e n o t e d by a j ^ , b j ^ a n d a ^ , b-*^ , r e s p e c t i v e l y . F o r m a l l y this H a m i l t o n i a n d e n s i t y c o r r e s p o n d s to a n o n - i n t e r a c t i n g n u c l e o n - a n t i n u c l e o n s y s t e m , T h e i n t e r a c t i o n v i a t he s c a l a r m e s o n s is r e f l e c t e d by t h e e f f e c t i v e m a s s m * , w h i l e th e i n t e r a c t i o n v i a t he v e c t o r m e s o n s g i v e s r i s e to a c o n s t a n t e n e r g y s h i f t o f t he o n e - p a r t i c l e e n e r g i e s e x p r e s s e d by the f i r s t t e r m of t h e H a m i l t o n i a n d e n s i t y . S i n c e f o r m a l l y w e h a v e a n o n - i n t e r a c t i n g s y s t e m , the n u c l e o n a n d af n ti nu cl eo n a s s e m b l i e s c a n be d e s c r i b e d by F e r m i - D i r a c d i s t r i b u t i o n s :

n ( T a ) = ( e x p ( ( k 2 + ( 1/ a - 1 ) k 2 + m * 2 )^ у - v ) + l ) ' 1 , n ( T a ) = ( e x p ( ( k 2 + ( V c t - l ) k 2 + m * 2 )* Ц- + v ) + 1 ) - 1 ,

z и

(37)

(38)

w h e r e t h e a n i s o t r o p y p a r a m e t e r is d e n o t e d by a a n d th e q u a n t i t y v is r e l a t e d to th e c h e m i c a l p o t e n t i a l . It is w o r t h w h i l e to n o t e th a t a t t h e a v a i l a b l e e n e r g i e s o f h e a v y ion r e a c t i o n s t he c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e a n t i n u c l e o n s is n e g l i g i b l e . T a k i n g th e e x p e c t i o n v a l u e o f t he e n e r g y - m o m e n t u m t e n s o r o f t he s y s t e m by the h e l p o f the d i s t r i b u t i o n s g i v e n a b o v e the e n e r g y d e n s i t y a n d t he p r e s s u r e t e n s o r c a n be o b t a i n e d as th e f u n c t i o n o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t he a n i s o t r o p y p a r a m e t e r :

e = e (p T a ), (39)

P,j = P.j (p T a ). (M>)

By e l i m i n a t i n g t he d e n s i t y p t h e d e s i r e d e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e f o r a n i s o t r o p i c n u c l e a r m a t t e r is o b t a i n e d 7 - 8 ):

P. .U (e T о ).

(^D

(11)

7

5. A s i m p l i f i e d m o d e l

T h e s o l u t i o n of t he e q u a t i o n s o f t h e a n i s o t r o p i c h y d r o d y n a m i c m o d e l in its full c o m p l e x i t y se e m s to b e a h o p e l e s s l y d i f f i c u l t t a s k , s i n c e 30 c o u p l e d p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s s h o u l d be s o l v e d . T h e t a s k is f u r t h e r c o m p l i c a t e d by the f a c t tha t the c a l c u l a t i o n o f the p r e s s u r e a n d the h e a t f l u x is v e r y c o m p l i c a t e d in the g e n e r a l case. F o r t h e s a k e o f t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f the m o d e l a s e r i e s of s i m p l i f y i n g a s s u m p t i o n s s h o u l d be i n t r o d u c e d .

F i r s t o f all the t a s k is s i m p l i f i e d in a g r e a t e x t e n t if t h e t r e a t m e n t is r e s t r i c t e d f o r c e n t r a l c o l l i s i o n o f i d e n t i c a l n u c l e i . In this c a s e , as it w a s p o i n t e d o u t e a r l i e r , o n l y o n e r e m a i n s r e l e v a n t o u t o f the f i v e e q u a t i o n s f or the a n i s o t r o p y d e n s i t y . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f the p r e s s u r e a n d the h e a t f l u x c a n be p e r f o r m e d a l o n g the l i n e s d i s c u s s e d in the p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n . T h e s e c o n d a s s u m p t i o n c o n c e r n s the f o r m o f the d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s f s . T h e e x p l i c i t p a r a m e t r i z a t i o n o f the d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n is i n e v i t a b l y n e e d e d fo r th e c o m p u t a t i o n of the c o l l i s i o n i n t e g r a l s . S i n c e t h e h y d r o d y n a m i c a 1 e q u a t i o n s d e t e r m i n e o n l y s o m e o f t h e m o m e n t s o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n , it is not

m e a n i n g f u l to i n t r o d u c e m o r e i n d e p e n d e n t p a r a m e t e r s a s the n u m b e r o f the e q u a t i o n s . K e e p i n g in m i n d this r e q u i r e m e n t , t h e s i m p l e s t f o r m is a s s u m e d f o r t he d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s :

2 n 9 1)) ('TTs 1 )* p"* e + (a s ' D c ! )

2 0 ! Й2)

T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s s = 1 , 2 a r e c o n s i d e r e d to be i s o t r o p i c in t h e i r o w n f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e :

aS = 1 , (s = 1,2 ). (M)

T h i s c h o i c e , o n o n e h a n d f a c i l i t a t e s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f the c o l l i s i o n i n t e g r a l s by m a k i n g u s e o f t he s a d d l e p o i n t m e t h o d , o n the o t h e r h a n d the e r r o r c a u s e d by the

t h i r d a s s u m p t i o n , t o be i n t r o d u c e d b e l o w , i s c o m p e n s a t e d in s o m e e x t e n t . T h e t h i r d , r a t h e r d r a s t i c , a s s u m p t i o n is the f o l l o w i n g : in t h e c o u r s e o f t h e c o l l i s i o n the v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n r e m a i n s u n c h a n g e d b o t h for t h e t a r g e t a n d f o r the D r o j e c t i l e . T h e n u c l e o n s s c a t t e r e d o u t f r o m the d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f the t a r g e t a n d the p r o j e c t i l e

i n c r e a s e t h e n u m b e r o f t h e n u c l e o n s o f t h e t h i r d d i s t r i b u t i o n b u t t h e r e is no r e s c a t t e r i n g f r o m the t h i r d d i s t r i b u t i o n into t he o t h e r o n e s . T h i s a s s u m p t i o n is v e r y w e l l j u s t i f i e d in t h e f i r s t s t a g e o f the c o l l i s i o n p r o c e s s w h e n the n u m b e r o f n u c l e o n s in the t h i r d d i s t r i b u t i o n is a l m o s t z e r o , h o w e v e r . i t is r a t h e r q u e s t i o n a b l e in the l a t e r s t a g e s . T h e r e f o r e to d e s c r i b e the t a r g e t a n d p r o j e c t i l e n u c l e o n s by M a x w e l 1 - B o l t z m a n n d i s t r i b u t i o n s , i n s t e a d o f F e r m i - D i r a c o n e s , s e e m s to be m u c h m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e o n the t i m e a v e r a g e o f t h e w h o l e c o l l i s o n p r o c e s s . T h i s t h i r d a s s u m p t i o n c an be f o r m u l a t e d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y in t he f o l l o w i n g w a y : all o f t he t r a n s i t i o n p r o b a b i l i t i e s w | f r , a r e z e r o e x c e p t f or t h e c a s e s w h e n (sr) = ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 3 ) , (23) a n d ( s ’r 1) = (33). f u r t h e r m o r e b o t h t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t he f l o w

v e l o c i t y f o r t h e c o m p o n e n t s s = 1 a n d s = 2 a r e c o n s t a n t :

U S = c o n s t , T s = c o n s t , (s = 1 , 2 ) . . D M

On th e p r i c e o f t h e s e s i m p l i f y i n g a s s u m p t i o n s o n l y 8 i n d e p e n d e n t e q u a t i o n s r e m a i n o u t o f the 30 o n e s n e e d e d f o r the d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e g e n e r a l c a s e . T h e d i f f i c u l t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e c o l l i s i o n i n t e g r a l s a n d a l s o the e r r o r s

i m p l i e d by t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s can be d i m i n i s h e d if t he m o m e n t u m a n d e n e r g y e q u a t i o n s ' a r e s u m m e d u p f o r the i n d e x s. In this w a y the r i g t h h a n d s i d e s h o u l d v a n i s h e x a c t l y a nd t h e r e f o r e it is n o t n e c e s s a r y to c a l c u l a t e s o m e o f the c o l l i s i o n

(12)

8

I n t e g r a l s . T h e d e t a i l s o f t h e m o d e l o u t l i n e d a b o v e a n d t h e r e s u l t s o f c a l c u l a t i o n s a l o n g t h e s e l i n e s wil l be p u b l i s h e d in t he n e a r f u t u r e .

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T

T h e a u t h o r s a r e v e r y m u c h i n d e b t e d f o r v a l u a b l e d i s c u s s i o n s to P. D a n i e l e w i c z , B. L u k á c s , J. N é m e t h a n d A. R o s e n h a u e r .

R E F E R E N C E S

1. H. S t ö c k e r , J.A. M a r u h n a n d W. G r e i n e r , Z. P h y s . A 2 9 3 (1979) 173 2. A . A . A m s d e n , A.S. G o l d h a b e r , F.H. H a r l o w a n d J . R . N i x , Phy s. R e v . C l 7

(1978) 2080

3. S.R. d e G r o o t , W. A . v a n L e e u w e n a n d C h . G . v a n W e e r t , R e l a t i v i s t i c K i n e t i c T h e o r y , (Nort H o l l a n d , A m s t e r d a m , 1980)

1*. I. M o n t v a y a n d J. Z i m á n y i , N u c l . P h y s . A 3 16 ( 19 79 ) 1*90 5. J.D . W a l e c k a , An n . P h y s . 83 ( 1 9 7 M ^91

6. J.D . W a l e c k a , Phy s. L e t t . 59JB (1975) 109 7. I. L o v a s , Nu c l . P h y s . (in p r e s s )

8. I. L o v a s , В. L u k á c s a n d J. P o l o n y ! , (to be p u b l i s h e d ) .

(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)

Kiadja a Központi Fizikai Kutató Intézet Felelős kiadó: Szegő Károly

Szakmai lektor: Révai János Nyelvi lektor: Perjés Zoltán

Példányszám: 395 Törzsszám: 81-321 Készült a KFKI sokszorosító üzemében Felelős vezető: Nagy Károly

Budapest, 1981. május hó

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