Arpad Debrecaeni rTKR,"‘ AND T WTO NATION IN HINDI

Arpad Debrecaeni

rTKR," ‘ AND T WTO NATION IN HINDI

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19 72

I . IK’i1 ift)i)UCTION /problem s and method/

'treso and in ton ation play an important part in

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Hindi. In s p ite o f th is we see that the opinions o f the ce r ta in Indian and fo re ig n authors are vez*y d i f ­ feren t au regards the judgement o f che ch aracter o f Hindi s tre s s and in ton a tion . This i s hown well also by .. . in .on*^'^ ax*ticle, in which the author

quotes f iv e statements from p ro fe s sio n a l lit e r a t u r e regarding the character o f stre ss in Hindi, d if fe r r in g

from each oth er. v

In choosing my theme I waw guided by the endeavour to p o s s ib ly elaborate such a uniform and comprehensive system* which x-eraoves arid explains the contra ,)i: to be found in p ro fe ssio n a l lit e r a t u r e regarding the

su bject and which comprises Hindi s tre s s and in ton ation in to a uniform whole.

In my work I have u t iliz e d the valuable ohserva-

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tio n s o f in v e s tig a to r s dealing with the ;ubject pre­

vious to me, as. well as my own observations and ex­

periments wade in India, My statements are based mainly on Hindi as spoken in Banaran. because in uy opinion

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the Hindi language spoken there has more or le s s pre­

served the o r ig in a l phonetic c h a r a c te r is tic s and sing­

ing character o f Hindi.

Janaras i s situated in the -eastern h a lf o f the Hindi language t e r r it o r y . l*t was a cen tre o f Endian cu ltu re alx'eady about the l l t n century >*!)., that i s

it the ti;ue o f the development o f Hindi. Here et uiie s c ie n t is t s , philosophers and grammarians o f the d i f ­ feren t regi ons o f the country, as w ell as the masses

<f Hindu p ilg rim s. On account o f i t s central geogra­

p h ica l d tu a tion i t was, on the one hand, the place * o f contact o f the various d ia le c t s o f tendi, and on the other hand i t regained rather apart from fo re ig n cu ltu ra l and lin g u is t ic in flu en ces, and thus i t could preserve more purely the c h a r a c te r is tic s o f the llindi language, including a lso the o rig in a l ch a ra cter o f s tr e s s and in ton a tion . In th is respect Bananas was in a more favourable p o s itio n than f o r example Delhi, which became the centre o f the Moghul ru le rs and in respect o f the language was stron gly in flu en ced by Persian. Later on i t was chosen a lso by the B ritish c o l o n t ^ forr**- as th e ir cen tre. The ca p ita l of th<>

country i s a ffe c te d a lso today by more foreig n /e s p e ­ c i a l l y Knglish/ lin g u is t ic in flu e n ce , while Banaras situated fa rth er to the east i s le s s exposed to th is

/ : v

in flu e n ce .

-tudying the h is to r y o f the ievelopiaent o f the Hindi language, we ;>ee that i t always had to struggle against the h o s t ile surroundings and fo re ig n p o l i t i ­ ca l in flu e n ce . I t did not enjoy the support o f the

ru le r s . However, being the language o f the people and thus having great v i t a l i t y , i t .‘succeeded to overcome the ob sta cles and to ensure i t -3 fu rth er levelopraent.

P r a c tic a lly the whole o f the Hindi language t e r r it o r y was in the hands o f fo r e ig n conquerors. Thus th e po­

l i t i c a l and cu ltu ra l in flu en ce had an unfavourable

e f f e c t on the Hindi language. The Hindu r e lig io u s .r.ove;»:enta played a very important part from the

viewpoint o f counterbalancing the fo re ig n in flu e n ce . These r e lie d upon the language o f,t h e p eop le, strived f o r c l a r i t y and thus they also promoted the spreading o f the use o f Hindi. E specially important i s here

the r o le o f Banaras as a Hindu cu ltu ra l and pilgrim age cen ti’e. The d iffe r e n t eastern and western d ia le c t s o f Hindi /KhurT SolT, Brajbhaaa, lvadhT, HhojpurT, e t c . / also wet here and broade;ned the p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f the use o f Hi,ndi. In s p ite o f the fa c t that Banaras i s situated in the t e r r it o r y o f the JhojpurT d ia le c t , in the c i t y i t s e l f the Hindi language, the Hindi l i ­ terary language i s dominating and i t s in flu en ce era -

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d ia tes a lso to other parts or? the Hindi language te r ­ r it o r y •

In she course or the ce n tu rie s .several such fattou■! w riter.; and poets were b o m , or acted here, whose in flu en ce »pi*ead p r a c t ic a lly over the whole t e r ­ r it o r y o f India, ^lch was f o r example KabTr /born about 1400 US)./, the great r e lig io u s re fo ra e r, who preached h is d octrin e s not in .Sanskrit but in the

simple language o f the p eop le. He spent a con sid era ble part o f h is l i f e in Banaras. After h is death h is Hindu fo llo w e rs wore oi'ganiaed by Surat Gopal in to an order, whose centre va» ianaras. T ulsidas, the famous poet o f the 16th century, author o f the rfamcaritmanas, the Hindi /AvadhT/ ver ion o f the Kamayana, a lso s e ttle d down in Banaras. The Hindi <iamayana has a great in­

f lu snce on the M illion s o f Hindus even today. Bharatendu Hariscandra /18i?0-188V» the founder o f modem Hindi prone w ritin g, was a lso bom in Banaras and liv e d there in the la s t century, ju ;t lik e Jay ;ankar Prasad /1 8 8 9 -1 9 5 7 /, by whom Hindi p la y-w ritin g wan fu rth er developed on European models, bast but not le a s t ,

Premcand /1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 /, the eminent fig u r e o f Hindi no­

v e l w ritin g , wa, al jo bom in a v illa g e near Janaoas.

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Banaras, the in t e lle c t u a l c a p ita l o f In d ia , where the flow o f p ilg rim s ;treamed throughout the whole y ea r,

lik e some other c i t i e s o f In dia, developed at the same time also to a great in d u stria l and commercial cen tre.

It bee an: e famous e s p e c ia lly on account o f i t s s i l k - t e x t ile indu -try, coppersm ith’ s work, e t c . Be I d e 8 th is pilgrimage al so con tribu ted to the strengthening o f the fe e lin g o f national u n ity,

ill these f a c t s promoted the amalgamation o f

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the d iffe r e n t d ia le c t s , the preservation o f the l i n ­ g u is t ic tr a d itio n s and thus a ls o the development o f Hindi as a connecting language. A ; Banaraa .«as a Hindu p la ce o f pilgrim age, th erefore i t was v is it e d

t

f i r s t o f a ll not by fo re ig n e r s but by Indians. This circumstance also decreased fo re ig n l i n g u is t ic in flu ­ ence and contributed t o the preservation o f the o r i­

g in a l c h a r a c te r is tic s o f the Hindi language, \

The f a c t s enumerated above have j u s t i f i e d my de­

c is io n to base my s tu d ie . f i r t o f a l l on my observ­

a tion s ca iT ied on in Banaras,

In my observations I applied the d ir e c t method.

‘Vith the ce r ta in experimental persons I ca rrie d on conversations on the problem I wanted to c l a r i f y , bo

that the rnllies could be concluded from the sponta­

neous m anifestations o f 't h e experimental persons, I adopted th is method, as I have observed that in case I d e f in it e ly asked the experimental persons f o r ex -

ample where the accent i s in a given word, immediate­

ly doubts arose in them and th e ir answers beeawe un­

c e r ta in . Therefore* in most o f the cases I in it ia t e d

;.iuch conversations in which the problems to be c l a r i ­ f ie d were included without t e llin g th is to the expe­

rimental persons. Then X tr ie d to check up my observ­

a tion s gained th is ,vay in everyday l i f e , in the s t r e e t , in ahops, in the cinema, the th ea tre, at the univer­

s it y and in s o c ie ty .

To my knowledge, the su bject has not yet been

discussed in such a d eta iled and comprehensive '|<r4Twi e ith e r in India or outride In d ia, In case I have >uc- ceeded in bx'inging the su b ject nearer to i t s f in a l

s o lu tio n , i t i s due in many resp ects to my Indian and Hungarian collea g u es to .vhom I extend my g r a t i­

tude a ls o from th is place#

Arpad Debreczeni

0 . -H ' iAL VIEWPOINT ■

*

r. tr e s s i s an important property o f language. Ac- cording to Jjagjcaius ? / , when we speak about the s tr e s s o f a language, we Bust always; think about emphasis, because the changing o f the strength o f the emphasis

,iv es the essence o f stress# C la s sica l ph on etics d if ­ fe r e n tia te s between word s tr e s s and sentence s tr e s s , This standpoint i s represented by L a zicziu s^ and by5 / u.any oth ers. A new conception i s follow ed by L. Deme.

when in connection with the Hungarian language he sta te s about word s tre ss that 'in r e a lit y there i s

no word s t r e s s ''.^ He fu rth e r sta te s that in the course o f Hungarian speech any o f the words can be stressed or unstressed. " I f a word receiv es stress in the course o f speech, i t does not receive i t as a *ord, but as a part o f the sentence to which f o r some reason p ro- mlnence i s given . b/ The standpoint o f b. le.ne in con­

n ection with word s tre s s i s held by us import .ant be­

cause, as we shall see la t e r on, we a lso represent a sim ila r standpoint in connection with Hindi word .tress

The importance o f s tre s s i s supported by L. Blooia- f ie ld * s b / tatement on the phonemic ch a ra cter o f s tre s s

According to him stress i s a secondary phoneme. H. I.

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G rierson ,J r. ' draws th is con clu sion from the exarai-

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nation o f the so c a lle d minimal p a irs o f words. In connection with Hindi we only state here that the phonemic ch aracter o f stress can be pointed out also in Hindi, but i t s explanation i s not e x a ctly the same, what i s f o r example shown in English and German on the

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b a sis o f the usual examples /Flnglishs permit - »erm it;

i i

German* iibersetzen - nbersetzen/ .

iccox’ding to Laziczius 8/ q u a n tita tive and <uali- ta tiv e d iffe r e n c e s , as well as d iffe r e n ce s in the

p itch le v e l a lso go togeth er with s tr e s s . This is a lso supported by the a cou stic in v e s tig a tio n s ;jf I . Vona*

on the b a sis o f recordings i.ade by him on the iungari- French, I ta lia n , Rumanian, German, Russian and N Knglish languages. Ke sta te s that there i s a p o s itiv e

re la tion sh ip between the s t r e s s , on the one hand and loudness, p itch le v e l and len gth , on the oth er. Length

i and p itch le v e l are c lo s e ly a ssocia ted with stre< s a lso in Hindi. However, i t i s noted th a t, while fo r example in 'Russian within a word only the stressed s y lla b le i s pronounced long and a ll the other sy l­

la b le s are .\;horb, in Hindi every long s y lla b le o f the

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word i s pronounced lon g , whether they are stressed or not.

1. • .VIi'?J/ OF PROFS- 1IQHAL LITERATURE ON T..}5., IN HINDI

I .

1 .1 . ,r .yllablficafcion

The problem o f the c h a r a c te r is tic Hindi stress has been discussed by many in v e s tig a to r s , although we can hardly fin d any work which expounds in d e ta il a ll problems connected with s tre ss in Hindi.

The opinions o f the ce r ta in authors agree with each other in fi«any resp ects, however they freq u en tly a rrived also at d iffe r e n t and even con tra stin g con- c lu s io n s .* 0/ One o f the reasons f o r t h is i s that in determining the number o f s y lla b le s in a c e r ta in word .they very often did not sta rt out from the spoken

language but regarded the ch aracters o f the devanagarT s c r ip t , the aksaras, as s y lla b le s . This i s c o r r e c t in the Sanskrit language, but not in Hindi. In f a c t , in Hindi the inherent a /u su a lly pronounced ^ / , which i s to be pronounced a ft e r the ce r ta in consonant akraras without any fu rth er marking, frequ en tly i s s ile n t at the end o f the words and a lso in sid e the words, t’hus the number o f the aksaras does not always correspond to the number o f s y lla b le s .

The authors o f the re ce n tly published more im­

portant -vorks already observe more or l e s s the re­

duction or e lis io n o f the inherent a / £ / and the even-

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tual changes o f the s tr e s s resu ltin g from t h is . However* th ere Jti 11 occur ,uch explanations which - • s p e c ia lly fox* those whose mother tongue i s not Hindi - distu rb the s y lla b ific a t io n and the e s - tablishment o f s tr e s s . Thus f o r example* according to

Kara tap rasad Guru*1^ the consonant preceding a reduced a i s pronounced somewhat lon ger and i f at the word end there is a reduced a , then s tre s s f a l l s on the penultimate sy lla b le , -".g. xin the words ER /g h a r /

’ house*, '3-£Tff / j h a r / *bush*, /? a r 3 k / *road*, e t c . rJven these examples show that Kamtaprasad Guru a lso belongs among those authors, who in ce r ta in cases id e n tify the aksaras with the s y lla b le s . I t can be found with him and with several other Indian authors that they regard two such words as one word, vhich are apparently to be regarded as separate words, and they draw con clusions concerning the nu.ber o f sy l­

la b le s from the words thus w ritten tog eth er, uch

word;’, are f o r example ®l IM /b o lk a r / ‘ having spoken*

c o r r e c t ly M lH , i s an a n a ly tic a lly formed a b s o lu tiv e t v ia , root o f the .verb /b o ln a /

*to speak* + the root o f the verb ‘FT*TT /k a m a / »to

n ___ >

and T^FRTT /d in b h g r/ ’ the whole day*. The ,

d o * , j o / n

*, * to make* and the I i s c o r r e c t ly

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’ whole* i s an adverb, Thus the explanation, ac­

cording to kvhich in the above two examples the inherent a f a l l s out in sid e o f the word, that i,; from the end

f i r .i t elements o f the two phrases stre sse d , i s not c o r r e c t e ith e r . In r e a lit y , in both cases the f i r s t element i s a separate word and thus the inherent a f a l l s out from the word endings and not in sid e o f the words. In th is case the establishment o f the p la ce o f s tre s s i s c o r r e c t , but the explanation given to i t i s not c o r r e c t .

An in te re s tin g explanation i s given to the syl­

la b if ic a t io n o f the words by : .G. .-judin,^^ who deals with the problem o f stre ss in Hindustani /H in d i/ more thoikoughl.y. Hudin, while underlining on the one hand that thei*e i s a d iffe r e n c e between 's y lla b le ” accord­

ing to our conception and aksara according to the

the terminal consonant o f a clo s e d s y ll able fo m s a separate s y lla b le with the reduced inherent a fo llo w ­ ing i t , because the reduced a never disappears en­

sue h cases thei*e i s no d iffe r e n c e between s y l l a b i f i ­ ca tio n and d iv is io n according to aksaraa. In my o p i- nion udin*s observation i s inasmuch c o r r e c t as in

o f the , and- thex*efore are the

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ce rta in canes the terminal reduced inherent a can r e a lly be heard very s lig h t ly in the pronunciation, but th is reduced a does not form a .separate s y lla b le with the consonant preceding i t ,

1 ,2 , Character o f s tr e s s in Hindi

Vs we have already mentioned, the most diverse and sometimes con trastin g views have come to lig h t as

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regards the ch a ra cter o f s tr e s s in Hindi /H industani, Urdu/, n,N. KellQK16// in h is d e ta ile d Hindi Grammar deals only b r ie f ly with the question o f s tr e s s , •Ac­

cording to him s tre s s in Hindi i s much weaker than in ?nglish and i t has a q u ite subordinate r o le in com­

parison with len gth. In h is opinion in Hindi every s y lla b le i s pronounced with the proper len gth , that i s the long s y lla b le i s pronounced long even i f i t I s unstressed, From the short d e fin it io n o f H.S.Pcholbery;3' ^ we can conclude that s tr e s s in Hindi i s brought by him in to connection with the in te rfe re n ce o f fo re ig n lan­

guages. According to a con sid era ble part o f the more recent authors*8^ thsre i s s tr e s s accent in H indi, but the ch aracter o f i t i s explained by them in d iffe r e n t

i

waye. In general they agree in the point that s tre ss in Hindi /H in du sta n i/ i s not as d is t in c t as f o r ex -

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a-nple in English. The in v e s tig a to ry a lso emphasize that unstressed vowels, i f they are lon g , must be p ro-

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nounced as long and as d is t in c t as the stressed o n e s .^ ^ rue 1 / e x p l i c i t l y says that in H indi: 'As a general ru le only one s y lla b le in a word i s accent­

ed. ' The explanations o f H.0. ::cholber^/' ^ and v 2 5 /

VJL_Porizka<'v/ in an im p lic it fo ra are already near to the assumption o f several s tr e s s e s . And according\ to : «fj» i'iUdin ' in ce rta in exception al ca ses there / i s a lso secondary s tr e s s ,

1.3« I'he 11 ace o f ' ’tresa

As the m ajority o f the authors, in an e x p lic it or. im p lic it form, assume the ex isten ce o f only one s tre ss in a word, i t would be necessary to e sta b lish the p la ce o f word s tre s s .

In th is question >ftidin, as i t i s stated by him­

s e l f , fo llo w s the views o f G. A. (irierson , Xamtaprasad Guru, T.flrahaine B ailey, E. Greaves find 1'. .V. Pall on.

He mentions as a general rule that each word co n s is t­

ing o f more than one syllable has a ccen t, and sentence -tress can a lso f a l l on a m onosyllabic word. This

s t r e s s in permanent, I t does not change i t s p la ce with the change o f the phonetic fo r a o f the word, or In

case s u ffix e s , form ative s y lla b le s , p o s tp o s itio n s , e t c . are added to i t . In th is connection Rudin*s examples are an follow s* 'jana *to g o*, 'jaicar ’ having gone*,

r*s a/

'jau *1 should g o*, jauga *1 sh a ll g o*, la 'pST *war*,

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z

la 'r a iy a ’ wars*, l a 'j'a i o me *in wars’ , e t c . I f the

la s t s y lla b le Of the d is y lla b ic word i s a reduced short

• &

a, then stress always f a l l s on the f i r s t s y lla b le . E.g.

;ta t *:;!iore*, ;rat 'n ig h t* , / ca ttya ’ tru th *, e t c . Here Kudin s ta r ts out from the number o f aksarag? In estab­

lis h in g the number o f s y lla b le s . K^mtaprasad Guru^ '

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and i)hirendra Varma ' are o f sim ila r op in ion . Of the d i f f i c u l t i e s in the establishment o f the p la ce o f

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s tr e s s caused by the s y lla b ific a t io n sta rtin g out from the aksaras, c h a r a c te r is tic i s the case when stre ss f a l l s on the la s t s y lla b le . According to the BG-viH38^

the la s t s y lla b le can be stressed only i f i t i s the

only long s y lla b le in the word, jjudin, on the other hand, mentions also several such words, in which the la s t

s y lla b le can a lso be stressed . These are mentioned by him as exception al ca ses. According to him such are the d is y lla b ic a b solu tiv es and im peratives the causative verba, e .g . b a V a ’ made*, *nake*, su^na

* to ld * , * t e l l * , e t c . , as well as the negative par- /N/

t i d e na'hT ‘ n ot*, and the follow in g adverbs o f place*

mm / mm

ya ha ’ h ere, h ith e r* , va'ha ’ th ere*, ka ha *where?*, ja ha ’ where*, e t c . Rudin a lso mentions a few such words in which, in our op in ion , the stressed s y lla b le

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i s the la s t /s e c o n d / s y lla b le , v i z . : k i / san ’ peasant*, v i / ca r ‘ id ea *. :in ce, however, he id e n t if ie s the

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nurober o f sy lla b les with the number o f aksaras a lso mm sa

here, he holds these words t r is y l l a b i c /k i- s a -n , v i - c a - r a/ and thus according to him the s tr e s s la not

on the la at s y lla b le but on the penultimate s y lla b le . According to the m ajority o f the authors the

pla ce o f s tre s s in Hindi i s u n fix ed , not lik e in French where s tre s s i s on the f in a l s y lla b le , o r in Hunga­

rian where s t r e s s -I s on the f i r s t s y lla b le o f the

word. However, i t i s mentioned by several authors that the verbal ro o ts in Hindi are always stre ss e d , regard*

l e s s o f the changes o f the phonetic form o f the verb.

This i s the view o f A.P. Barannikov - P. A. Barannlkov.

who mention the fo llo w in g examples to support th e ir

J. i i —

opinions .jana ’ to go*, kare^a *he w ill do*, rant a

J. — i „

•hearing*, aara ‘ beaten*, bolnevala * speaking, speaker*.

In th e ir opin ion , i f the verbal root i s d is y lla b ic o r p o ly s y lla b ic , then s tr e s s i s on the fin a l s y lla b le o f

i

the verbal r o o t , e»g* sunana *to cause to hear, to

i — L ^_

t e l l * /c a u sa tiv e fo ra o f sunna *to h e a r * /, pahuncana

»to take* /ca u sa tiv e form o f pahu&cna *to a r r iv e * /.

C'.G . HUdin^ ^ i s a lso o f the same op in ion , but he g en era lizes even more when he say.; that in Hindu­

stani /H in d i/ the p la ce o f word s t r e s s e s f i x e d » that i s the place o f s tre s s u su a lly does not change, i f to the word New Indian grammatical s u ffix e s , dim inutive

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s u ffix e s , or p o s tp o s itio n s are added, e .^ . {jana »to

, I ^ . r*f _

g o * « .jakar * having cone*, jau *1 should go*, .i auRa

*1 shall g o*, la ^ a T ’ war*, / t l t alT ’ b u t te r fly * , /t i t <iliy a *8s a ll b u t te r fly * .

^ v>/

iccording to Y. Porizka ' the c e r ta in forms o f the deverbative verbs /v e rb s fo rce d from v e r b s / are distin gu ish ed by stre ss from the verbal form?? with i - d e n tica l phonetic forms o f tho.se verbs from which the

ievfirtutive verbs Were formed, E.fC. c a l l / c a 7l S /

•having driven* a c a r / and '*tMl c a la / 'c a l a /

’ to n e ’ s ’ / h e / went*. In our opinion i t would be more c o r r e c t to explain th is with the general r u le , accord­

ing to which in the case o f the verbs the s t r e s s is always on the verbal r o o t , and i f - as in the present cane - we have to do with a deverbative verb which has a d is y lla b ic r o o t, then the s tr e s s f a l l s on the

second s y lla b le o f the verbal r o o t . Thus the f i r s t ca la i s a verbal r o o t, while the second c a la i s a past p a r t ic ip le . This explanation a p p lies to the whole vei>- bal system.

Explanations o f meaning d iffe r e n t ia t io n by streats can a ls o be found with -(amtapra ,ad Guru -aw4- ?)hi.rendra Varm a^S A? . ( ± /[U: .l-r&T> a & 3 /

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IV ^-

1 ,4 , H is to ric a l Aspects o f t r e s s

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John fteamerr ' w rites about the h is t o r ic a l as­

pects o f s tre s s and in t h is respect he compares Hindi and the other try an languages o f Northern India with the Romance languages, According to him i t can be observed that in the Romance languages, f o r example in French, s tre s s i s very often on the same s y lla b le as i t had been o r ig in a lly in Latin, On the analogy o f t h is 8eantes g iv e s an in te re s tin g explanation o f ea rly and la t e r tadbhava words in Hindi. He mentions that in Hindi the tadbhava equivalent o f the I'anskrit oxytone word /k^ ura/ *knife* i s 0TTT /ch u ra/*

'O No

which- i s a lso oxytone, while on the oth er hand, the

\

Hindi tadbhava equivalent o f the word %TtT /k s e t r a /

*f i e l d * , which i.; a lso oxytone in ra n sk rit, i s <M(i__

X/ .

/k h e t /. Here the o r ig in a lly stressed f in a l vovel i s dropped and the word ends in a consonant. «co r d in g to Beames in the f i r s t case we have to do with an ea rly tadbhava and in the second case with a la t e tadbhava,

i’he con ception o f Beames, according to which in the old adoptions o f wQrds the s tr e s s was preserved in i t s o r ig in a l p la ce , i s supported by an ford >i,

"chane^6^ in the Prench language, He compares

the s tre ss r e la tio n s o f such words which in c e r ta in

\

- IB

d ia le c t s ®nd in achwa and in litex*ary French in a con­

onant, In ace »cdance with the general ru le within the / word s tre ss i s placed in a ll ca ses on the la s t pro­

nounce! vowel, e .g . p e t it /pat1! / , p e t it e /p a t / i t / , nature! / n a t y r ^ l / , n a tu re lle / n a t y r ^ l / , In those

iia le c t i in which f in a l schwas are pronounced, the

s tr e s s f a l l s on the penult treat e p l i a b l e , e ,g , /p a t / i / f / p g t / i t 3 / , /n a t y r 'E l /, /n a t.y r'6 1 9 /. 'Phis, a ls o *hows Ac

■W/po ;s ib ly remain^ on the o r ig in a lly stressed syl­

la b le q uite apart from the fa c t whether t h is i s the la s t or the penultimate pronounced s y ll Jble. Accord- ing to chane many o f the p h on ological ch a n ge; are a consequence o f s tr e s s , This can be seen a lso in one o f the examples mentioned by fleames in which the Hindi tadbhava equivalent / chura/ o f the Sanskrit word

ksura presex'ved i t s terminal v om l e x a ctly as a re s u lt o f the end s tr e s s . At the same time the terminal short a became long /a>* a / , because otherwise according to the ph on etical ru le s o f Hindi i t ought to have become

\

s ile n t ,

ftgames a ls o toucnes the development o f the f o r - , (native s y lla b le a o f the Hindi causal verb s, however he does not explain the ch a ra cter o f s tr e s s in -Modern Hindi.

1 .5 . Observation • an f,tre .s in Hindi rte su itin g from the Harvey o f L ite r xture

From the survey o f lit e r a t u r e we can e s ta b lis h that the authors deal in general with word s tr e s s in Hindi, while sentence s tr e s s i s almost e n tir e ly d is ­ regarded by them. : entence s tr e s s appears only in the works >f V.A« Chernyshev and H.O. Mehrotra. W However, Chelny-ihev does not d efin e the p la ce o f s tre s s in the word to uvhich prominence i s given , he only d e fin e s the p la ce o f the word to which prominence 1b given in the

sentence. i

The m ajority o f the authors state in an e x p lic it or im p lic it form that there i s only one s tre s s in a word, that in only one s y lla b le o f the word i s s tr e s s ­ ed. An exception i s :.G . tiidin. according to whom in c e r ta in excep tion a l ca ses secondary s tre s s can a lso e x i s t , as .veil as B.C. rcholbern: and V. Pori ska, whose V explanations are already near to the assumption o f several s tr e s s e s .

Mo uniform opinion has been formed about the de­

f i n i t i o n o f the p i ‘ice o f s tr e s s e ith e r . Here i t i s distu rbin g that part o f the authors id e n t ify *;he sy l­

la b le s in general with the aksaras and thus they f r e - show,

quently^more s y lla b le s in the ce r ta in words than the number o f s y lla b le s to be esta b lish ed on the b a s is o f

actual pronunciation. The weaning d iffe r e n t ia t in g r o le i f the stress i s mentioned by almost a ll authors in name form. However, only it.O. i.lehrotra^ *A/ deals with th is u b je ct in the framework o f the sentence.

Summing up the aboves, on the b a sis o f lit e r a t u r e

*e cannot form a uniform p ic tu re on s tr e s s in Hindi or on i t s p la ce and fu n ction in the sentence.

2 . m m :2T (JSSS OK THE PHONETIC BASIS OF .MERCK STttBQS

2 .1 . There i s no Separate fford S tress in Hindi

As we have seen, the authors reviewed in general have observed that there i s something in Hindi stre ss what i s d i f f i c u l t to grasp and what d i f f e r s from the s tr e s s system o f the &iropean languages known to us.

j

The lin g u is ts and grammarians t r ie d to approach th is

310/ question in d iffe r e n t ways.

On the b a s is o f my experiments and observations ca rrie d on in the Hindi language t e r r it o r y , I have arrived at the con clu sion that in Hindi wox’ds not only one but a ls o more s y lla b le s can be s tre ss e d . This

s tr e s s on the d iffe r e n t s y lla b le s can be o f equal or o f d iffe r e n t strength, as a re s u lt o f which the Hindi words show a ce r ta in flu c tu a tio n in regard to s t r e s s . As we have already mentioned, < cholberp;^0/' very l i k e l y

h in ts at t h is when he says: "R ising and f a llin g in­

fle c t io n s are much le s s marked than in fo re ig n lan­

guages. In Hindi quantity %» rather to be observed 4 1 /

than a ccen t. ' V. Porizka*s remark a lso r e fe r s to th is*

’a / I t i s wrong no p la ce strong accent on one s y lla b le while a r tic u la tin g oth er s y lla b le s in d is t in c t ly . '

Thus s tr e s s in Hindi can be explained not so much with in d ivid u al s t r e s s , but rather with the altern a­

tion o f the r e la t iv e strength o f s t r e s s , and the Hindi words in speech appear as the complex o f r e la tiv e

~L l .

d iffe r e n c e s o f empharls. I t i s caused e x a c tly by t h is flu c tu a tio n or p u lsa tion that word stre ss in Hindi can be beared only in d is t in c t ly and that there i s a more d is t in c t stre ss only on that word which, as a re­

su lt o f prominence or in the case o f sentences c o n s is t­

ing o f one word, i s the v e h ic le o f the sentence s tr e s s . The freq u en tly co n tra d icto ry statements found in p ro fe s s io n a l lit e r a t u r e regarding word s tr e s s in Hindi can very l i k e l y be explained a lso with th is charac­

t e r i s t i c .

/ I

sta r tin g out from the above co n s id e ra tio n , in ray op in ion , separate word stre ss does not e x is t in Hindi but i t a sse rts i t s e l f only in coherent speech as sen­

tence s tr e s s . However, sin ce within the sentence always

some word, or one o f i t a s y lla b le s , i s the v e h ic le o f sentence s tr e s s , th erefore in th is sense word s tr e s s s t i l l pla ys an important r o le as the phonetic b a sis o f sentence s tr e s s ,

2.2# General P rin cip les on S y lla b ific a t io n

5 in ce - as already mentioned above - word s tre ss in Hindi i s the phonetic b a s is o f the .sentence s tre s s and the word to which prominence i s given i s the vehi­

c l e o f the sentence s t r e s s , we have to a scerta in whe­

ther there are such g e n e r a l r u le s , which d efin e nhe place o f sentence s tre ss in the word to which promi­

nence i s given.

F*or th is i t i s f i r s t o f a l l important to make the s y lla b if ic a t io n on the c o r r e c t b a s is . According to ua t h is i s only p o s s ib le according to the phonetic form o f the word pronounced in speech, and not according to the aksaras. Thus the words gh&P 'house* /tw o a k sa ra s/, M rT lo g ’ people* /tw o a k sa ra s/, bat

• a ffa ir* , ’ matter* /tw o aksaras/ are m on osyllabic;

the words u-MI' zara ’ a l i t t l e * /two a k sa ra s/, M(HI pthla ’ f i r s t * /th r e e a k sa ra s/, parv^t ’ mountain*

/fo u r aksaran/ are d is y lla b ic | the words ER5MI

parhana ’ to teach* /th r e e a k sa ra s/, j-l ^RI o f raaharaj

’ great king* /f o u r a k sa ra s/, kacahrT ’ court*

/f o u r a k sa ra s/, kahavat ’ proverb* /f o u r

7 / ' aksaras/ are t r i s y lla b ic j and the words <=>\

vacanalsy ’ reading-roora* / f i v e akgaras/, qj^WfTT o p a v ltra ta ’ san ctity* /f o u r whole akgaras and one ab­

breviated akgara/, pradart^nT ’ ex h ib ition * /f o u r whole and two abbreviated akaaras/ are quadri­

s y lla b le .

In connection with th is we turn again to Kudin*

op in ion , according to which in Hindi pronunciation the 90 c a lle d inherent a i s freq u en tly reduced but

does not disappear e n t ir e ly and th erefore we .aust count with i t s preBence. This view can stron gly in flu en ce the s y lla b if ic a t io n , as well as the establishm ent o f

• the number and lenth o f s y lla b le s . In f a c t , Kudin a cts according to th is and ju s t th erefore he a rriv e s at the con clu sion that in most o f the cases there i s no d iffe r e n c e between the number o f s y lla b le s and the

4 * / number o f aksaras.

As regards the reduction o f the inherent a, as we have already mentioned, we agree with Kudin’ s

statement inasmuch as the inherent a i s not always dropped e n t ir e ly in terminal and medial p o s itio n a ft e r a clo s e d s y lla b le , According to u s, however, the re­

duced inherent a can only be regarded as s y lla b ic , i f i t i s terminal and i s preceded by a consonant c lu s t e r , as f o r example pat-ra 'l e t t e r * , c i t - r 9 ’ p ic tu re * ,

- 23 -

\

Bvasth~y-9 ’ h e a lt h ', e t c . In oth er cases the reduced

inherent a in not s y lla b ic from the viewpoint o f s t r e s s . In pro Body, on the oth er hand, according to the cha­

r a c t e r is t ic scansion the reduction o f the inherent a i s r e a lly not taken in to co n sid e ra tio n , that i s the inherent a is always pronounced, ju s t lik e in Sanskrit, but in a reduced form, as d . This, however, does not a ff e c t the phonetic ch aracter o f general speech, and thus here the number o f s y lla b le s cannot be g en erally id e n t ifie d with the number o f aksaras.

*

2 .3 . The Place o f S tress in the Vord to which Prominence i s Given - S y lla b ic Length and r t r e s s - ! tr e s s

■delations o f Nouns. A d jectives and Adverbs 7e have seen that word s t r e s s in Kindi i s the phonetic b a s is o f sentence s tr e s s . Vord s tr e s s a sserts i t s e l f as the s tr e s s o f the word to which prominence i s given , that i s as sentence s t r e s s . Let us see now, whether there i s such a general ru le which g iv e s us o rie n ta tio n as regards the p la ce o f s tr e s s in the word to which prominence i s given . To t h is , f i r s t o f a ll wo must know, on the one hand, that in the wsrd to which prominence i s given only one s y lla b le - i s the v e h ic le o f sentence s t r e s s , and on the other hand that in Hindi in general in the words / t o which prominence in g iv e n / co n s is tin g o f more than one s y lla b le th is s tr e s s

is always on the lon gest s y lla b le , wherever th is

- ;-?r> -

s y lla b le may be in the word.

2 .3 .1 . As s y lla b ic lenp.th - the r e la tiv e s y lla ­ b ic length - in Hindi i s d e f in it e ly connected with

s t r e s s , we must examine what are the p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f the r e la t iv e s y lla b ic length arid what decides that a sy l­

la b le i s long or short in Hindi. In the Hindi language, proceeding from the sh ortest s y lla b le to the lon gest one a ce r ta in p r o g r e s s iv ity can be observed, ^rom the viewpoint o f length the s y lla b le s show fou r grades.

The short open s y lla b le /s h o r t vow el/ i s the sh o rt- e s t , the short c lo s e d s y lla b le /s h o r t vowel + conso­

nan t/ i s somewhat lon ger, the lom^ open s y lla b le yflong vow el/ i s even lon g er, and f i n a l l y the I on*/

clo s e d s y lla b le /lo n g vowel + consonant/ i s the

lo n g e s t. These s y lla b ic len gth s, proceeding from the shortest one towards the lon gest one, are marked by tee with the follow in g numerals*

x 1. 2, 3, 4

Por the sake o f o rie n ta tio n the above numerals ;ire w ritten above those s y lla b le s to which they r e la t e .

z i z J i 2. 4 i tl t,(«! san-glt, ar-tha, ba-lak, sa-ma-car.

2.3./2. Before continuing the a n a ly sis o f the s tre s s r e la tio n s o f the word to which prominence i s given , i t i s remarked that the s tr e s s r e la t io n s d i s -

- i

\

— 26 —

cussed here r e la te only to the nouns» .Adjectives and adverbs. The I n fle c te d and su ffix e d nouns, however, are not discussed here, Ve deal with the s tr e s s re­

la t io n s o f s u ffix e s , form ative s y lla b le s and p o s tp o s i- /

tio n s sep arately. The s tr e s s r e la tio n s o f verbs are also discussed by us sep a ra tely , as the s tr e s s o f the verbs i s fix e d , v iz . in the m ajority o f the cases i t i s on the verbal r o o t.

Thus, as we have already mentioned, in the stressed word co n s is tin g o f more than one s y lla b le the stre ss /sen ten ce s t r e s s / i s on the com paratively lon ger s y l­

l a b le . In accordance with t h is , in the case o f nouns, a d je c tiv e s and adverbs, s tre s s as regards su ccession can f a l l on any o f the s y lla b le s , even on the la s t

s y lla b le , th e r e fo r e , in th is sense s t r e s s in the Hindi noun;, a d je c tiv e s and adverbs i s not fix e d . Let us

see now the rcti*ess r e la tio n s o f the stressed word f i r s t in d is y lla b ic , then in t r is y l l a b i c and f i n a l l y in q u a d risy lla b ic words,

2 ,3 ,3 , In the case o f d is y lla b ic words ay re­

gards s y lla b ic length three combinations are p o ssib le * a / the second s y lla b le i s lon ger than the f i r s t one

according to the formulae below*

/ I + 2 / , / I ♦ 3 / , / l + V , /2 + 3 /. /^ + V i /3 * V *

- 27 -

b / the f i r s t s y lla b le i s lon ger than the .second one:

/ 2 + 1 / , /3 ♦ 1 / , A + 1 / / 3 ♦ 2

/,

c / both s y lla b le s are o f equal length*

/ l + 1 / , /2 + 2 / , /3 + 3/*

A + •

In the case o f a / s tre s s i s on the second syl­

la b le , that in at the end o f the word. E .g .:

/ 4- ^

4 2- ^ .

pa-tang * k i t e ', p.?-ta •address, tra c e * , A u

13-kTr ’ l i n e .

kan-ya * - i r l * , tonk-vah '.salary*, 3 AV

ca -la k ’ cunning*.

In the case o f b / s tre s s f a l l s on the f i r s t s y l­

la b le , on the i n i t i a l s y lla b le o f the word. R .g. *

4' 4”

^ i

\ A

r^t-x^ ’ le tte r *

3 \

r T -t i 'custom*

kar-y3 * -vork *,

sa-h^b 'm aster*, 1

'l o r d * , madh-yam ’ means A 2>

ad-mT *man*.

- 28 -

In the case o f c / , that i s when the two s y lla b le s are o f equal len gth , s tre s s i s on the f i r s t sy llab le#

«.

K#g.:

4- ■4’

r a 2_ z

pr9- t i ’ copy*, ban-dhan 't i e * ,

4 f

% I

1 \1

ma- 1 a • rao t her *, bad- sah * emperor * •

2#3./+# In the case o f t r is y l l a b i c words the po­

s it io n i s already more complicated# Here the derived and compound words are already more frequent and in p r a c tic e we cannot always su b stitu te adequate words f o r the formulae o f the s y lla b ic com binations. As re­

gards the p la ce o f stre ss there are three p o s s i b i l i ­ t i e s . Htress can be on the i n i t i a l s y lla b le o f the word, on the medial s y lla b le and on the terminal sy l­

la b le .

S tress i s on the f i r s t s y lla b le o f t r i s y l l a b i c words, i f t h is i s the lon gest s y lla b le in the word.

’ *• g . i

t 2. j h £: z

a -p g t - t i ’ d is a s t e r * , kar-ya-19y * o f f ic e * ,

a-dhu-nik 'modern»j

as well as i f in the word two s y lla b le s are equal in length but lon ger than the third one, and one o f them

(

- on _

I s the i n i t i a l s y lla b le o f the word. E .g.s

3 \ 3 i 3 U

ma-ng-vT ‘ human*, v a r -ta -la p * conve rsat i on *.

The medial s y lla b le o f t r i s y l l a b i c words is stre sse d , i f th is i s the lon gest s y lla b le . B.g. i

4 Jlr

\ 2- ^ /i 3 X

aa-nus-ya *raan*, p a -d a -ti ’ pedestrian *,

4, lr

A 3 I A X

/a -d a -la t ’ co u rt* , pa-dar-th^ ’ m aterial*}

as well as, i f the medial and the terminal s y lla b le s are equal in len gth , but lon ger than the i n i t i a l s y l­

la b le . ^.(a. i

4' ^

* b ■> ^ a ‘l

pa-ro-aT ’ neighbour*, be>-lat-kar ’ opp ression*, 4-

^rair-za-T ’ jacket^)}

and a lso i f a l l the three s y lla b le s o f the word are equal in len gth . S.g. :

) A i 3 £

pra-^a-ti ’progress’ , pt-ja-ma ’trousers’ ,

Stress is on the terminal syllable of trisyllabic words, if it is the longest syllable in the word.

*5.g.*

^ 4,

A % 3 A z. b

3_ v2f>-tha ’ age’ , u-pan-yas ’ n ov el,

4s 0 ^ i

/I 3 i 2- 4 J'

na-rca-car ’ new s', lhan-ya-vad •thanks*,

^ Jy

3 4 t A J ±

Ba-va-dhan 'c a u tio u s * , p g -r i-v a r 'fa m ily * .

2 .4 . ° t r e s s delations o f Gompound >Vords and d eriv a tiv e a

iSxamining the Hindi words co n s is tin g o f th ree, fou r and more s y lla b le s , we fin d that already among the t r is y l l a b i c words compound and derived words are frequen t, and the words co n s is tin g o f fo u r o r more s y lla b le s are almost without exception compound words.

T herefore, t h is circumstance must d e f in it e ly be taken in to con sid era tion in the study o f the .stress r e l a ­ tio n s o f these words. This question has, more o r l e s s , been l e f t out o f con sid era tion by the authors.

2 .4 .1 . Let us see f i r s t the s tre ss r e la tio n s o f compound wards. According to the general ru le s tre ss

i s on the f i r s t word o f the compound words. I f the f i r s t word i s m onosyllabic, then s tr e s s f a l l s on t h is . I f , however, the f i r s t word c o n s is t s o f two or three

s y lla b le s , then the ru le s described in the preceding parts o f th is th esip / 2 . 3 . 3 . and 2 . 3 . 4 . / regarding the stress o f d is y lla b ic and t r is y l l a b i c words have to be a p p lied .

In the case o f t r i s y l l a b i c compound words, natu­

r a l l y , there are not yet many p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f com bi-

- 30 -

J l -

n ation , but In the case o f q u a d risy lla b ic or p o ly s y l­

la b ic compound vord.J there are.

T r is y lla b ic compound wordst

i/ A J

lakhp^ti /la k h + p a - t i / • m illio n a ire *, u 3 ;

rajn T ti / r a j ♦ n T - t i / 'p o l i t i c s * , J» 2. u

pratahkal /p r a - t0h + k a l/ •morning*.

As we have already mentioned, the q u a d risy lla b le words show much more p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f combination than the t r is y l l a b i c words. The f i r s t word - the v e h ic le o f stre ss - can be mono s y lla b ic , d is y lla b ic or t r i s y l l a ­ b ic and within t h is , according to the ru les already reviewed, s tr e s s can f a l l on d iffe r e n t s y lla b le s . The f i r s t word i s m onosyllabic;

3. 2. ^

doni9n z ila /d o + maiv-zi—la / * two s to r ie d * , 4'

, * - ,*

2

durdarsita /dur + darsita/ ’ foresight*.

Tha firxt word is disyllabic, stress on the first word*

A J 2 - 3

bahur^nga /b^-hu + ran-ga/ ’multicoloured*, 4-

Z A Z * >

9lpabuddhi /5l-pa ♦ bud-dhi/ ‘ stupid*, 4'

a. J /<

3 rthasaitx3 /9r-th2 sas-tra/ ’economics*,

\

- 3<i -

3 2- 2- 3

barshainga /b a-ra h * s in -g a / 's t a g ', 4^

3 3 a ^

nakabandT /na-ka + ban-dlV * guard*,

^ % %

mm 3 - 3

khetTbarT /k h e-tT + b a-rT / 'a g r ic u ltu r e * ,

** ^ ±

atiaakatha /at-m a ♦ k a -th a / ’ autobiography*, 4'

£ x z £

karyak^rta /kar-ya * k g r -t a / ‘ worker*, 4>

— - ^ * 3 2-

atmaghatak /at-ma + gh a -tak / * s u ic id e * , 4*

J,. • A 3 2-

a&yapaian /% -,y a +- p a -la n / ’ r e lia b le * .

'I'

The f i r s t word i s d i s y lla b ic , s tre ss on the second s y lla b le :

4 3 4' 4 A

raahakrti /ma-ha + k r - t i / ‘ great work*,o o 4-

A i ^ 3

raahajanT /raa-ha + ja -n T / *usury*, 4'

• _ 'I 3 a V

prajatantra /p r a - ja * ta n -t r a / ’ re p u b lic* , 4'

„ 4 /J 2 - 1

hasabandi /n a -s a ♦ b a n -d i/ ’ p ro h ib itio n * , 4'

yathayogy^ /y a -th a + y o g -y a / 'adequate*, 4?

A t , 4 A

karorpati /k e - r o r + p # - t i / 'm illio n a ir e * , a o 4- 4 a.

vargTkaran /v a r -g i + k a -ra g / 'c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ',

- - 3 U 'j' * 3

ayatkSrta /a -y a t ♦ k a r -ta / •importer*,

The f i r s t word i s t r l sy lla b i c ■ s tre s s on...the .fir.g t g y ll abl e :

■V

3 ^ 2-

1

akr^ma^tvad /a-to-m an ♦ vad/ * agrees! vity *, Jr

sahityaprem /s a -h it -y a ♦ prern/ ‘ lov e o f lit e r a t u r e * . The f i r s t ,vord i s t r is y l l a b i c , stre ss on.,the second

s y lla b le *

\ Z~ 4 h.

mgnusyashat /m^-nus-ya ♦ « ! » « / * hom icide*, 4-

k i ^ ^ .

9ja y9b^h3r /9-jar»yab + &har/ museum ,

/I 3 ^

polayanvad / p a - l S - A * vad/ ‘ escape from r e a l i t y - . The f i r s t 1 .q tx d s.v lla b lc> sfcreBfl on the th ird

sy l l a b l e :

a / I s %

k 3lpsnavad /k a l-p a -n a + vad/ *utopy*.

Thus we have seen how important i t i s to take in ­

t o con sid era tion the fa c t o f compounding in the case o f compound words. Without t h is the a p p lica tio n o f the

g e n e r a l ru le would very o fte n lead to e n t ir e ly d i f f e ­ rent r e s u lt s . For example, i f we would not take in to

c o n s id e r a t io n that the word sahityaprem i s a compound word /e a -h it -y a + prem/ and that in the compound words

the lon gest s y lla b le o f the f i r s t word in the v e h icle o f the s tre ss o f the whole compound word, then we would p la ce the stress on the second word or the la s t s y lla b le /prem / o f the compound word, because th is i s if the lon gest s y lla b le o f the whole compound word. Pince, however, here we have to do with a compound word,

th erefore stress i s on the longest s y lla b le o f the f i r .i t word /s a - h it - y ^ /, that i s on the f i r s t s y lla b le o f the whole word com position. In many cases the

trouble i s not that the place o f s tre ss i s estab lish ed erroneously, but the confusion i s caused by the fa c t that a tten tion i s not drawn on the 'separate stressin g ru les o f the compound words, and thus the statements given c o n f l i c t with the general ru le . I t i s to be

■ • . -I

noted, however that what we have said about the stress*

o f the compound wor^ app lies only to those compound words, in which the fa c t o f the compounding has not

become o b lite r a te d in the consciousness o f the speakers.

Thus, f o r ex&nple in the word m£>haraj ’ great king*, A. •£ *

which in fa c t i s a compound word /m3-ha + r a j / and th erefore according to the ru le s o f stre ssing o f the compound words s tre ss ou^ht to be on the second sy l­

la b le o f the f i r s t word, but as in p r a c tic e th is word- A A h

com position i s f e l t to be one word /m a -h a -r a j/, s tre s s i s placed on the l a s t , lon gest s y lla b le o f the whole

- > -

compound word, «hich i s the second word o f the word—

U couponitlon / - r a j / .

I t i s a lso to be noted that words lin k ed together with sandhi are from the viewpoint o f s tr e s s treated as simple /non-compound/ words* Thus, in th is case str e s s i s on the s y lla b le which i s the lon gest in the whole composition* '’J.g.i i ■

\

l , U 2~ 2- i ^ ^ 2_

p x ^ s-n ot-ta r /prawn'd + u t-t& r/ ’ quostion-annwer®,

^ - i

\ li z, . \ 5 a. £-

ma-hot-sav /«rd-ha + u t-s a v / ’ great f e s t i v a l ’ , vj'

I 3 'i k a- 3 1 1 *r

ic-ch a -n u -s a r /i c - c h a + a -n u -s a r / ’ according to wish*

2 .4 .2 . The stre ss r e la tio n s o f the d iffe r e n t f o r ­ mative s y lla b le s also have to be discussed sep arately.

Among the p r e p o s itio n -lik e p r e fix e s there are such - e s p e c ia lly p riv a tiv e p r e fix e s - which are always stre sse d , without regard to the length o f s y lla b le s fallow ing them, fuch are f o r example:

■V

y 3 2

2- g + aT-mit •boundless*

2. A £

dur- dur ♦ da-sa ‘ disaster*

A 3

n i - n i ♦ kam-raa ‘ useless*

2- 2- 2.

n ir - n ir ♦ pn-th^k 'w orthless*

i 2. ft i A

an-tax'- a n -ta r + r a s -t r i-y a in tern a tion a l

2

\cdin- kam ♦ t o r ’ weak*

^ Li

2- ±

bad- bgd *■ nam ’ ill-fam ed’

be- be ♦ i-nara * deceitful*A h

On the oth er hand, there are also such p r e p o s itio n -lik e p r e fix e s , which are gen erally .stressed.

«.g , s

A A

anu- 3fci-

3 m - UR9-

A A 2-

3-nu ♦ bhav ’experience

A A k

2-ti ♦ kal ’ long time*

J'

A A Ji

9 -pa ♦ radh .’ crime*

/f // k

u-pa ♦ naia ’nickname* ^"Z

Besides these there are such s u f f ix e s , e s p e c ia lly o f Panskrit o r ig in , which added to the endings o f

nouns and a d je ctiv e s form new nounia o r a d je c tiv e s from

• /

them. Part o f these s u ffix e s were o r ig in a lly al**o nouns, e*g. man ’ weight*, ’ p r e s tig e * , sTl ’ nature*, ’ charac­

te r * , e t c . In compounds these are unstressed, ju s t l i k e the second element o f the compound words discussed

/ V . ’

e a r lie r , f ,

E.g. j

\ 4

\ A 3

- t a k3- v i ♦ ta ’ poem’

J J Jb

gu-ru + ta ’ weight’ (

3? -

Ita-^hin *• ta ’ d i f f i c u l t y ’

^ r '

3

2

2

~i-vQn~yd'< * ta * n e c e s s ity ’

V

2. a A

-tgvya Jcar + tgv-ya ’ duty’

-i'£ 3 / 1

-a lu d3y ♦ * -lu ’ benign’

2- ^ A

_.n7in bud-dhi +■ man ’ wise*

£ . 2 - 4' 3> 3>

-duyT u t - t9r + da-yT ’ re sp o n sib le ’

jl if U

- a l l v i-c a r ♦ s l l ’ meditative*

2. A u

-h in s a k -ti ♦ hTn 'poworlSHS*

a .5 . ■ ■ -i-M o n a af In fle c te d ltoin» - P r o p o s it io n s

f inco the atreas re la tio n s o f in fle c t e d nouns and a d je c tiv e s used as nouns also d i f f e r p a rtly from the general r u le , th erefore we d is c u s ; a lso th is question separately*

F irst o f a ll ve wish to emphasize that the post - p n »ltlo n n t mostly su b stitu tin g the s u ffix e s in Hindi, are pronounced in speech a ft e r the nouns and a d je c tiv e s U!ied as nouns as i f they were the terminal s y lla b le s o f the nouns and a d je c tiv e s u ed as nouns.

■V

/

ko *to * l3 i’keko 't o h o y ’

= ,.ef> 'in *g anong andhonmeS' ’ among the lin d*

se ’ from, by* admTse ’ from the man*

t^k ' t i l l , up t o ,

t o ' d^rvaaetak ' t i l l the dor*

Tt i noted that according to the o f f i c i a l -;raa- mafcical ru les p ostp osition s should be w ritten separa­

t e ly a lso now*

In the ca.oo o f .iasculine and feminine nouns tht?

s tr e s s re la tio n s in the oblique form.? sin gu lar are ju s t lik e in f;he u n in flected forms, that i s in the nominative sin g u la r, discussed alx-eady. In the nomi­

native plu ra l o f masculine noun a there i s no change e ith e r , but in the nominative plu ra l o f tne femininw noun^i there i s a ce rta in change. T\e fend nine nouns t$et the ;uf f ix e s -.yam and -MHU re s p e c tiv e ly , ap « re­

su lt o f which the nouns become by one y l l ible lon g er.

In the oblique cane plu ral both the masculine and fe tnine nouns receive the suffux -o n and th is i s follow ed by the p o stp o sitio n s concerned, fn the cases discussed here the s tre s s remains in i t s o r ig in a l p la ce , only in the oblique case p lu ra l i t s lid e s over to the - a f f i x -ofr, on which there i s a d e fin it e s t r e s s . r,et us see now the s tr e s s x*elations o f masculine and

then o f feminine in fle c t e d nouns in the singular and p lu ra l o f m onosyllabic, d is y lla b ic and t r is y l l a b i c nouns. In the oblique ca.ses we always use the postpo­

s it io n ...en *in , in to * , ‘ among*, which c o n s is t: o f the lon g est /lo n g c lo s e d / s y lla b le and thun the un stressed ch a ra cter o f the p o s tp o sitio n i s more conspicuous.

;>.i?.l. H ereinafter we are goin:; to v isu a lise the s t r e s s r e la tio n s o f the singular and p lu ra l ob­

liq u e forms o f m onosyllabic, d is y lla b ic and t r in y lla ­ bia «,ascu lin e nouns grouped according to com binations o f the s y lla b ic len th .

iviaaculine nouns, singular o b lique form:

jr bag

’ house*

• sp irit*

•garden*

O L

ghar moa j l men

h ^ w bag iaen

•in the houf?e*

*in s p ir it*

*in the garden*

L'he nouns mentioned above .vere a ll m onosyllabic. In the fo llo w in g d is y lla b ic and t r is y l l a b i c masculine nouns are c la is ifie d according to s y lla b ic combina­

t io n s .

pdtdng ’ kite*

P0 t a • ■iiddreis*

p^tra ’ le tte r *

\ 'i'^ ^ m

P3“ t9ng^iaen *in k ite*

P9- t e men *in address*

■V

2- ^ 4^ »in l e t t e r p91— cd men

- 'irj -

karya * vork * kar-ya men ’ in wo rk*

- ^

na-y£)k men ’ in .leader*

naya k ’ leader*

madhy^m •means* — ^ ^

madh-yam men O'

11 3

’ in means*

admT •man* ad-iul^itaen ’ in man*

P9^i •husband* p ^ -ti men

>

’ in husband*

!>/9ndh2n •tie* ban-dhan^ne^

y

’ in tie *

i-aja •king’ - O

rd^-ja men ' ’ in kiiv,*

xamdar • d ire cto r’ ^ * h i

kam-dar men *in d ire cto r*

ne vr *

! “ ear ’ news’ i-cTiOaen •in

icaryaldy • o f f ic e ’ t z 2 « w .

kun-y:t-19y a n ini o f f i c e * J'

;:!gr U ry9 •man*

A

2

ifia-nuo-ya men •in man ’

■V

pgdarthS • a r t ic le ’ pa-ri-ir-tha men •in a r t ic le *^{t £ j U 4*/}

2* 4 J* rsk *

'lhanyflvad ’ thanks’ dh0 n-y^-vad men *in thank**

_ — x"' ^ j

pratQhlcal ’ morning* p r a -t s h -k a l men *in morning*

+ *

h. \ u ^

lakh p3ti ’ m i l l i o n a i r e ’ l a k h - p g - t i men ’ in m i l l i o n a i r e 3 2. 2 ^ 4

amantron ’ i n v i t a t i o n ’ a-man-tr9n men ’ in in v it a t io n *

- 41 -

a.xiuline nouns, obliqu e p lu r a l:

^ ,

>* ^ ^ gh^-ron men

* V 4-- j i - o n men ba—;on men

*in houses* ^<7

*in s p ir its *

*in gardens* >

l‘he j o l t - l i k e s tre ss becomes even wore conspicu­

ous b,y the circurast mce that the s u f fix - off in the f i r s t and th ird o f the above examples changes the s y lla b ic stru ctu re. As a re s u lt o f th is the o r ig in a l­

ly lon ger s y lla b le s o f the basic words become sh orter and thus the s tre s s on the ui#fix -o n in even wore underlined.

The obliqu e p lu ra l o f the d is y lla b ic nouns shows a d iv e r s ifie d p ic tu r e , but i t agrees with the ob liq u e p lu ra l o f the m onosyllabic nouns inasmuch as *ilso here there i s a j o l t - l i k e s tre s s on the s u ffix - o # . what i s even more enhanced by the unstressed p o s tp o s itio n fo llo w in g i t . '

p9-t9n-gon men f Jl& ri

p3-to n men 4^

\ *W^v5>

p^ t-rorf men

’ in Kited*

*in addresses*; ?

*in le tte r s *

?