1938.
I—III. SZÁM.
MEGJELENIK NEGYEDÉVENKINT
Á T E N G E R
TUDOMÁNYOS ÉS TENGERÉSZETI ISMERETTERJESZTŐ FOLYÓIRAT
A MAGYAR ADRIA EGYESÜLET K Ö Z L Ö N Y E
MEGINDÍTOTTA 1911-BEN
G O N D A B É L A
SZERKESZTI:
A M A G Y A R A D R I A E G Y E S Ü L E T T A G J A I A L A P O T T A G D Í J F E J E - B E N K A P J Á K , M Á S O K N A K A Z E L Ő F I Z E T É S I D Í J : E G É S Z É V R E
B E L F Ö L D Ö N 8 P E N G Ő , K Ü L F Ö L D Ö N 12 P E N G Ő .
S Z E R K E S Z T Ő S É G É S K I A D Ó H I V A T A L : B U D A P E S T , V I I I . B A R O S S - U . 1 3
• * SZEGED.
, ' : ' • ' , "FOIYÓKATCK
X Z ' . t S j J t f o ' ^ T T T S
- 5
50066
XXVIII * ÉVFOLYAM.
Az Adria Egyesület elnöke: Dr. Entz Géza e. t.
A Magyar Adria Egyesület helyisége és könyvtára: Budapest VIII., Baross-utca 13.
„A TENGER" felelős szerkesztőjének lakása Budapest I. Zugligeti-út 41
TARTALOM:
Dr. Pell Mária, az A d r i a H y d r o m e d u s á i a „ N a j a d e " g y ű j -
t é s é b e n — •—- — — —- — — — — — — 3 Dr. Mária Pell, T h e H y d r o m e d u s a e of t h e A d r i a t i c , collected
b y h e „ N a d a j e " — — — — — — — — — 5 KISEBB KÖZ LEMÉN YEIC :
U j D u n a - t e n g e r j á r ó h a j ó é p ü l — — — — — — — 2 9 U j T ö r ö k o r s z á g ú j h a j ó k a t r e n d e l t — — — — — — 2 9 A H A P A G u j D i e s e l - e l e k t r o m o s h a j ó j a — — — — — 2 9 R e p ü l ő b á z i s a t r a n s a t l a n t i r e p ü l ő k s z á m á r a — — — — 29 O l a s z o r s z á g k i é p í t i k e r e s k e d e l m i h a j ó p a r k j á t — — — 29
„ L e v i a t h a n " g y o r s g ő z ö s l e b o n t á s a — — — — — — 29 A n a g y c s a t a h a j ó k t ü z é r s é g é n e k p r o b l é m á j a — — — — 2 9
EGYESÜLETI KÖZLEMÉNYEK.
A M a g y a r A d r i a E g y e s ü l e t i g a z g a t ó t a n á c s i ü l é s e — — — 30 KÖNYVISMERTETÉS.
Nauticus, J a h r b u c h f ü r D e u t s c h l a n d s S e e i n t e r e s s e n 1938 — 30 Weyers Taschenbuch d e r K r i e g s f l o t t e n 1938 — — — — 31 Kistó Jurva, U e b e r d i e E i s v e r l i á l t n i s s e des B a l t i s c h e n Meeres,
1937. H e l s i n k i — — — — — — — — — 31 Annalen der Hydrographie u n d m a r i t i m e n Meteorologie
1948. H é f t l u n d 2. — — — — — — — — 3 2 Az Akvárium, Á k v á r i s t a f o l y ó i r a t , 1938. 2. sz. — — — 3 2
Kérelem a Magyar Adria Egyesület t. tagjaihoz!
A M a g y a r A d r i a E g y e s ü l e t c s a k ú g y t u d h a t m e g f e l e l n i f e l - a d a t a i n a k , h a t a g j a i h ű s é g e s e n k i t a r t a n a k m e l l e t t e és tagsági dí- juknak n e m n a g y a n y a g i á l d o z a t o t jelentő p o n t o s fizetésével biz- t o s í t j á k az E g y e s ü l e t f e n n t a r t á s á n a k és „A T E N G E R " m e g j e l e n - t e t é s é n e k a n y a g i a l a p j á t . F e l k é r j ü k t e h á t t. T a g t á r s a i n k a t , szíves- k e d j e n e k
az 1938. évre szóló tagdíjukat és esetleges tagdíjhátralékukat a Magyar Ardria Egyesület 27.236. szémú postatakarékpénztári számlájára csekklapon mielőbb befizetni
s az E g y e s ü l e t c é l j a i t , h a t e h e t i k , k ü l ö n a d o m á n n y a l is t á m o g a t n i
J r
X X V I I I . é v f . 1 9 3 8 I - I I I . s z á m
A T E N G E R
A M A G Y A R A D R I A E G Y E S Ü L E T K Ö Z L Ö N Y E FELELŐS SZERKESZTŐ: MLADlATA A. JÁNOS B U D A P E S T I , Z U G L I G E T I Ü T 41. S Z .
E L Ő S Z Ó
A M a g y a r Adria Egyesület működésének m á r a l a p í t á s a óta egyik leg- f o n t o s a b b á g a z a t a a n e m c s a k geopolitikailag, de történelmi kapcsoiatok révén ishozzánk legközelebb fekvő Adria t u d o m á n y o s f e l t á r á s á n a k e l ő m o z d í t á s a volt.
Az egyesület közlönye, „A T e n g e r " , bár érdeklődésének körébe vont minden kérdést, ami a tengeri h a j ó z á s s a l , a hajóépítészet m ű s z a k i alkotásaival, a ten- gerek feletti légi f o r g a l o m m a l ö s s z e f ü g g é s b e n állott, de a legközelebb fekvő, egykoron m a g y a r tenger élete mégis j o b b a n és e l s ő s o r b a n érdekelte Ily szem- pontok irányították az egyesület vezetőségét, midőn 1 9 1 3 - b a n és 1914-ben, a F ö l d k ö z i - t e n g e r fizikai és biológiai á t k u t a t á s á r a alakult nemzetközi b i z o t t s á g m u n k á j á b a kapcsolódva, a h a d i t e n g e r é s z e t által rendelkezésre bocsátott „Na- jade" h a j ó v a l két expedíciót szervezett, E két k u t a t ó ú t o n tömérdek a n y a g o t gyűjtött és megfigyeléseket h a j t o t t végre. Az expedíciók eredményének mind- eddig a z o n b a n csak töredék részét t u d t a az egyesület feldolgoztatni és k ö z z é - tenni, mert a háború utáni években a n y a g i ereje m e g r o p p a n t és mert éveken át f o n t o s a b b , a nemzetre nézve sorsdöntő problémák állottak az érdeklődés elő- terében.
D e az élet törvénye, hogy romjain új élet f a k a d . A M a g y a r Adria E g y e - sület sem nézte tétlenül az idők r o h a n á s á t . Örömmel üdvözölte a merész lépést, midőn a D u n a - t e n g e r i kis flottánk kitört a Duna vonalán át a tengerre, a né- pek e n a g y küzdőterére. Állandóan ébren tartotta az érdeklődést a t e n g e r é - szeti kérdések iránt és nem szűnt meg szorgalmazni a „ N a j a d e " expedíciók ál- tal g y ű j t ö t t a n y a g o k közlését.
Az eddigi ily t á r g y ú , az Adria m a g y a r biológiai á t k u t a t á s á r ó l szóló k ö z - lemények csak kisebb t e r j e d e l m ű e k lévén, azoknak két nyelven való közlése nem okozott nehézséget. Jelen f ü z e t ü n k b e n a z o n b a n egy n a g y o b b összefoglaló t a - nulmányt n y ú j t u n k „A T e n g e r " tisztelt olvasóinak, mely a „ N a j a d e " k u t a t ó útjain g y ű j t ö t t hidromeduzákat t á r g y a l j a . Ennek két nyelven való közlése h e l y -
-2 A T E N G E R
s z ű k e miatt lehetetlen lévén, e l h a t á r o z t u k , hogy m a g y a r nyelven c s a k egy ösz- s z e f o g l a l ó , á l t a l á n o s cikket h o z u n k , m í g a részleteket t á r g y a l ó főcikket, tekin- tettel az Adria E g y e s ü l e t n a g y s z á m ú külföldi, f ő l e g angol nyelvű irodalmi k a p - c s o l a t a i r a , angol nyelven j e l e n t e t j ü k meg. Az á b r á k a t kétnyelvű felírással lát- t u k el. M a g y a r o l v a s ó t á b o r u n k e p r o p a g a t í v s z e m p o n t b ó l is f o n t o s e l h a t á r o z á - s u n k a t biztos megértéssel f o g j a f o g a d n i és elnézését kérjük, h o g y a cikk ter- j e d e l m e következtében e f ü z e t b e n m á s tárgyú n a g y o b b , önálló t a n u l m á n y t nem közöltünk. Ezt a következő f ü z e t b e n f o g j u k pótolni.
Hogy a z o n b a n más jellegű olvasmányt is n y u j t s u n k olvasóinknak e f ü z e t - tel egyidejűleg, minden előfizetőnknek elküldjük Kenedi: Húsz év a tengeren c í m ű könyvét, mint az Adria E g y e s ü l e t ajándékát, mely könnyed, élvezetes ol- v a s m á n y k á r p ó t o l n i f o g j a a z o k a t , kiket biológiai problémák nem érdekelnek.
Időközben belépett a M a g y a r Adria E g y e s ü l e t a T u d o m á n y o s T á r s u l a - t o k és Intézmények O r s z á g o s S z ö v e t s é g é b e is, ami természetesen ú j a b b ser- k e n t é s lapunk t u d o m á n y o s s z í n v o n a l á n a k m e g t a r t á s á r a , illetve emelésére.
Hálás k ö s z ö n e t illeti m é g a vallás- é s k ö z o k t a t á s ü g y i minisztériumot az A d r i a Egyesületnek nyújtott a n y a g i t á m o g a t á s é r t , különösen p e d i g Szily Kál- m á n államtitkár ú r Őexcellenciáját, ki annyi m e g é r t é s t és érdeklődést t a n ú s í - tott az egyesület működése i r á n t .
Végül f e l k é r e m e helyen A T e n g e r eddigi m u n k a t á r s a i t , valamint mind- a z o k a t , kik h i v a t á s u k és k é p z e t t s é g ü k folytán irodalmi tevékenységre h a j l a m o t éreznek, h o g y a tengerrel v a l a m i v o n a t k o z á s b a n álló időszerű, korunk eszme- világából merített bármely t á r g y k ö r b ő l t u d o m á n y o s színvonalú, de közérthető nyelvezeten írt cikkeikkel a tengerészeti ismeretek terjesztéséhez h o z z á j á r u l - j a n a k .
Mladiáta A. /., főkapitány,
„A T e n g e r " szerkesztője.
A Z A D R I A H Y D R O M E D U S Á I A , . N A J A D E " G Y Ű J T É S É B E N I r t a : Dr. PELL MÁRIA
A n a g y nemzetközi o c e a n o g r á f i á i expedíciók m i n t á j á r a a XX. század e l e j é n a F ö l d k ö z i - t e n g e r t a n u l m á n y o z á s a is kezdetét vette; megalakult a
nemzetközi F ö l d k ö z i - t e n g e r k u t a t ó bizottság. E n n e k a m u n k á l a t a i h o z csatla- kozott 1910-ben az Adria fizikai és biológiai viszonyainak megfigyelésére szervezett o l a s z - o s z t r á k nemzetközi Adria k u t a t ó b i z o t t s á g . Ez a m a g y a r o k a t is felszólította e g y ü t t m ű k ö d é s r e s így a M a g y a r Adria E g y e s ü l e t révén a
•magyar t u d o m á n y o s világ is belekapcsolódott e b b e a nemzetközi vállalkozásba és két expedíciót rendezett, az elsőt 1913 októberében, a m á s o d i k a t 1914 á p r i l i s — m á j u s á b a n . A Q u a r n e r ó b a n , a Canale di M o r l a c c á - b a n * és a dalmát
szigetek között levő c s a t o r n á k b a n szelvényállomásokat tartott — az első ü t ő n 41, a másodikon 48-at. A szelvényállomásokon és a k ö z b e e s ő t á v o l s á g o - kon, tovább'á a déli nagy mélységben a tenger f a u n á j á n a k megismerésére különböző 'hálókkal, mint a Richárd, Nansen, H j o r t , dredge, kotró é s plankton hálókkal, t o v á b b á a Petersen-féle ivadéktrawllal a n y a g o t gyűjtött.
Tervbe volt véve ezenkívül a t u d o m á n y o s k u t a t á s o k n a k évenként meg- újuló sorozata, 'ennek a m e g v a l ó s í t á s a a z o n b a n a háború kitörésével bizony- t a l a n időre kitolódott.
A H y d r o m e d u s á k igen kényes szervezetek. Keményhéjú állatokkal
•egy hálóba j u t v a , ö s s z e z ú z ó d n a k , t a p o g a t ó i k l e s z a k a d n a k , szélük elroncso- lódik. Nehéz őket a velük ö s s z e c s a v a r o d o t t szervezetektől elválasztani és konzerválás közben sokszor redők, ráncok keletkeznek r a j t u k . E z e k olykor ú g y tűnnek fel, mintha külön szervek lennének. Ez történt a jelen esetben is.
A m i n t a g y ű j t e m é n y m u t a t j a , a formollal való konzerválás j o b b eredménye- ket adott, mint az alkohol.
Mint a m e g h a t á r o z á s b ó l kiderült, a H y d r o m e d u s á k mind a négy rend- j é n e k képviselőit m e g t a l á l j u k a N a j a d e g y ű j t é s é b e n : 2 7 nembe t a r t o z ó 3 0 f a j t .
E z a szám elég n a g y n a k m o n d h a t ó , mert Babi^ a „Vila Velebita" gyűjtésében .csak 14, Neppi a „Rudolf V i r c h o w " gyűjtésében 2 7 H y d r o m e d u s a f a j t ismertetett.
A szelvényállomások és ivadéktrawl a d a t a i szerint az A n t h o - és Lepto- m e d u s á k inkább sekély vizekből kerültek hálóba, a T r a c h y - és N a r c o m e d u s á k
i n k á b b mélyebbről; a z o n b a n két A n t h o m e d u s a , az Oceania armata Köll. és a Rathkea fasciculata Pér. é s Lés., t o v á b b á egy Leptomedusa, az Octogonade mediterranea Z o j a nagy ( 2 0 0 — 1 1 0 0 m.) mélységekből való.
*) .Minthogy az .expedíciók 19L3—I4-hen voltalc, m é g az olasz nevtík szerepelnek.
-4 A T E N G E R
A H y d r o m e d u s á k nappal m é l y e b b rétegekben, éjjel a felszín közelében találhatók, tehát napi v á n d o r l á s o k a t végeznek. Valószínűleg évszaki v á n d o r - lások is v a n n a k , de ezt — minthogy két expedíció a n y a g a kevés az össze- h a s o n l í t á s r a , — nem észleltük.
A gyűjtött a n y a g egyetlen új f a j a a N a r c o m e d u s á k h o z t a r t o z ó lsoncma Najadis n. sp., a F ö l d k ö z i - t e n g e r b ő l nem ismertük e d d i g a Protiara tetranema Pér. és Lés.-t, az Eutima insignis H a e c k . - t és a Homoenema platygonon M a a s - t , az A d r i á b a n új a Leuckartiara octona Flem., az Oceania armata Köll., az Octogonade mediterranea Zoja, a Sminthea eurygaster G o g e n b . és a Sol- missus albescens H a e c k . A triesti öbölből leírt Eucheilota Maasi Neppi é s Stiasny-t és Obelia adriütica Neppi-t itt is m e g t a l á l t u k .
A l e g n a g y o b b s z á m b a n egy T r a c h y m e d u s a , az Aglaura hemistoma Pér. és Lés. került h á l ó b a ( 1 1 5 p é i d á n y ) , főleg a felszínről és 0 — 7 0 m.
mélységből. Egy másik T r a c h y m e d u s a , a Rhopalonema velatum G e g e n b a u r , mely a „Rudolf V i r c h o v " g y ű j t é s é b e n tömegesen fordult elő és a triesti öbölben ritka, itt s z é D s z á m b a n volt jelen (41 p é l d á n y ) . Viszont a trieszti öbölben oly gyakori Cytaeis exigua H a e c k . itt csak két p é l d á n y b a n v a n .
T ö m e g e s e n ( 8 0 p é l d á n y ) találtunk egy mélytengeri m e d u s á t , a Sol- missus albescens Haeck.-t, melyet e d d i g csak Messinából, a F ö l d k ö z i - t e n g e r - ből ismertek. Egy m á s i k szép s z á m b a n előforduló ( 4 4 p é l d á n y ) mélytengeri medusa, az Oceania armata Köll. és végül az Obelia nembe t a r t o z ó , töme- gesen megjelenő (71 p é l d á n y ) m e d u s á k voltak a két expedíció l e g g a z d a g a b b z s á k m á n y a .
A gyűjtésből s z á r m a z ó m e d u s á k az angolnyelvű szövegben v a n n a k részletesen leírva.
A medusák m e g h a t á r o z á s á b a n , elnevezésében é s rendszerezésében M a y e r m u n k á j á t „Medusae of fihe W o r l d " követtem, némely esetben a z o n b a n eltértem tőle; ezt az illető m e d u s a leírásánál m e g is említettem. A s y n o n y m á k f e l s o r o - lásától eltekintettem, mert Mayer említett könyvében m e g t a l á l h a t ó k ; ahol a z o n b a n a félreértés elkerülése miatt szükséges volt, ott a régi v a g y új e l n e - vezést is hozzátettem.
T H E H Y D R O M E B U S A E O F T H E A D R I A T I C , C O L L E C T E D B Y T H E „ N A J A D E "
By Dr. MARIA P E L L
W h e n the w o r k of o c e a n o g r a p h i c r e s e a r c h began to develop all over íhe world, the countries of the Mediterranean a n d Adriatic f ö r m e d the Italo- Austrian Adriatic E x p i o r i n g Comittee with the intention of t a k i n g part in this international scientific work. T h e y decided to m a k e scientifical observations concerning the meteorological, hydrological, a n d biological conditions of the s e a along t r a n s v e r s e sections or profiles. W e H u n g a r i a n s alsó participated in this u n d e r t a k i n g through the H u n g á r i á n Adriatic Association. T w o e x p e d i - tions were o r g a n i s e d ; the first ( 1 9 1 3 O c t o b e r ) m a d e its r e s e a i c h e s in the Q u a r n e r o , Q u a r n e r o l o , Canala di Morlacca* a n d in other small canals of the D a l m a t i a n islands along 41 profile-stations. F o r fishing, the N a n s e n - n e t , Richard-net, H j o r t - n e t , d r e d g e - and plankton-net, f u r t h e r the young-fish travvl of Peterson w e r e used. T h e first expedition w a s followed in 1914 A p r i l — M a y by the second which explorated the life of 48 profilstations. It w a s planned to m a k e a series of further investigations in s u b s e q u e n t years, the realisation, however, of this design was indefinitely delayed by the w o r l d - w a r .
T h e H y d r o m e d u s a e are very delicate o r g a n i s m s . W h e n fished and pressed together with animals h a v i n g a hard c r u s t or shell, they become d a m a g e d , the tentacles break off and the b e l l - m a r g i n tears into pieces. It is difficult to s e p a r a t e them from the organisms with whidh they become entangled and to preserve them. As a result of preservation artificial folds a r e f ö r m e d which easily may be mistaken for s e p a r a t e o r g a n s . T h i s w a s the case here too, and as the collection shows, the preservation with formol yielded much better results than with alcohol.
As the definition shows, all the four o r d e r s of the H y d r o m e d u s a e are represented in the N a j a d e collection: 27 g e n e r a with 30 species. This is a good enough result, f o r Babiq f o u n d in the collection made by „Vila Velebita"
only 14 species, N e p p i in the collection made by „Rudolf V i r c h o w " 27 species of H y d r o m e d u s a e .
According to the data of the profile-stations a n d the y o u n g - f i s h trawl, the Antho- and L e p t o m e d u s a e w e r e generally c a p t u r e d in shallow waters, two species of the A n t h o m e d u s a e and one of the L e p t o m e d u s a e , however, derive f r o m deep sea, namely the Oceania armata KöH., the Rathkca fasciculata Pér.
and Lés. and the Octogonade meditcrranea Zoia. ( 2 0 0 — 1 1 0 0 ni.)
*) As the exped'i'tions were in 1913—14, the old Italian nemes aire mentioned.
-6 A T E N G E R
By daylight tlie H y d r o m e d u s a e a r e usually f o u n d in. d e e p e r w a t e r , but they corne to the s u r f a c e at night, p e r f o r m i n g a daily migration. A p p a r - ently are there alsó s e a s o n a l migrations, but this — a s the material ot two expeditions d o e s not s u f f i c e f o r c o m p a r a t i v e studies — h a s not yet b e e n d e f i n - itely established.
T h e r e is one new species in the material collected, a 7 r a c h y m e d u s a , Isonema Najadis; three species were h i t h e r t o not k n o w n in the M e d i t e r r a n e a n , namely Protiara tetranema, Pér. and Lés., Eutima insignis Haeck., a n d Homeo- nema platygonon M a a s ; five are new in the Adriatic, n a m e l y Leuckartiara oc- tona Flem., Oceania armata Köll., Octogonade mediterranea Z o j a , Sminthea eurygaster, Gegenb., a n d Solmissus albesccns Haeck., two, namely t h e Euchei- lota Maasi N e p p i and S t i a s n y and the Obelia adriatica Neppi, described from the Gulf of Triest by N e p p i and Stiasny were found here too.
In greatest n u m b e r s w a s c a p t u r e d a T r a c h y m e d u s a , Aglaura hemistoma P é r . and Lés. ( 1 1 5 sp.) mostly on the s u r f a c e and at 0 — 7 0 m. Another T r a c h y - m e d u s a , Rhopalonema velatum G e g e n b . , found in g r e a t a b u n d a n c e by the
„Rudolf V i r c h o w " and rarely in the Gulf of Triest w a s fished h e r e in consi- derable quantity (41 s p e c i m e n s ) at d e p t h s of 1 0 0 — 3 0 0 m. T h e Cytaeis exigua H a e c k . on the c o n t r a r y which is very a b u n d a n t in the Gulf of T r i e s t , had only t w o representatives.
In fairly great a b u n d a n c e w a s found a d e e p - s e a medusa, Solmissus albescens Haeck. ( 8 0 s p e c i m e n s ) , h i t h e r t o known only f r o m the M e d i t e r r a - nean, namely Messina. M a n y s p e c i m e n s (44) of a n o t h e r d e e p - s e a medusa, Oceania armata Köll. a n d a considerable number of a m e d u s a b e l o n g i n g to the genus Obelia (71 s p e c i m e n s ) complete the rich yield of the expedition.
T h e medusae of the collection a r e the f o l l o w i n g : Anthomedusae:
S t e e n s t r u p i a rubra F o r b . S t e e n s t r u p i a a u r a t a M a y e r Sarsia g e m m i f e r a F o r b . S l a b b e r i a halterata F o r b . Zanclea implexa Alim.
P r o t i a r a tetranema P é r . and Lés.
Leuckartiara octona F l e m . N e o t u r r i s pileata F o r s k . Cytaeis exigua Haeck.
Cytaeis tetrastyla E s c h . Oceania a r m a t a Köll.
T h a m n o s t o m a dibalia Haeck.
Bougainvillea a u t u m n a l i s Hartl.
R a t b k e a fasciculata P é r . and Lés.
Leptomedusae:
E u c o p e picta Kef. a n d Ehl.
Obelia adriatica Neppi Obelia a and £
Phialidium variabile Claus
Eucheilota M a a s i Neppi a n d Stiasny Eutima insignis Haeck.
O c t o g o n a d e mediterranea Z o j a Aequorea F o r s k a l e a Pér. a n d lés.
Trachy medusae:
T r a c h y n e m a f u n e r a r i u m H a e c k . R h o p a l o n e m a velatum G e g e n b . Sminthea e u r y g a s t e r G e g e n b .
I S O N E M A N A J A D I S N. S P . Homoeonema platygonon M a a s Aglaura h e m i s t o m a Pér. a n d Lés.
Liriope e u r y b i a Haeck.
Narcomed'isae:
Solmissus albescens Haeck.
I defined and named the m e d u s a e in g e n e r á l after M a y e r ' s „Medu-
T H E HYDROMED. O F T H E ADR. C O L L E C T E D BY T H E „ N A J A D E " 13-'
sae of the W o r l d " , in souie cases, however, I w a s obliged to d i f f e r írom it a n d retain old descriptions and n a m e s . Tihis I mention vvhen describing the m e d u s a in question. I refrained f r o m the enumeration of tlie s y n o n y m s , f o r they are to be f o u n d in M a y e r ' s w o r k , when it w a s necessary, however, to>
avoid misunderstanding, I referred to them.
ORDER. ANTHOMEDUSAE. Haeckel, 1879.
FAMILY C O D O N I D A E H A E C K E L , 1879. sens, emend. M a y e r 1910.
G e n u s S t e e n s t r u p i a F o r b e s 1846.
Steenstrupia rabra F o r b e s 1846.
T h e m e d u s a is bellform with a conical projection on the a p e x and irt this a slender, blind endig, axial canal. T h e long tentacle is covered with rings of nematocysts. C o r r e s p o n d i n g to the Steenstrupia rabra described by Neppi and Stiasny, these e x a m p l e s have alsó rudimentary tentacles. One of the f o u r tentacles is well developed, about 7 r. long, the t h r e e others are r u d i m e n t s , d i f f e r i n g f r o m Mayer's specimens which lack the three shört tentacles. T h e length of the stomach is 2 r.
F o u r specimens w e r e found in the course of t h e first expedition in the C a n a l e di Maltempo and at Cirkvencia at deptihs of 2 0 — 4 0 meters.
Steenstrupia aurata Mayer 1910.
T h r e e r u d i m e n t a r y tentacle-bulbs and one long tentacle. N o axial canal, often alsó no apical projection. W i t h o u t peduncie. According to N e p p i and Stiasny the long tentacle of these e x a m p l e s bears r i n g s of nematocysts. Ott sorne examples were to be seen 8 meridional rows üke t'hose on the bell of Ectopleura, but these do not extend t o the apex of the bell. It is p r o b a b l e , however, ihat this may b e d u e to contraction caused b y the preserving fluid.
T h e stomach is longer than the height of the bell.
Size: 0 . 5 3 — 0 . 8 5 mm wide.
Thirteen e x a m p l e s w e r e collected on the second expedition i. e. in the m o n t h s of April and M a y 1914, the most of them f r o m Cap Merlera, Z e n g g a n d J a b l a n a c at different d e p t h s . ( 2 0 — 1 0 5 m.)
G e n u s S a r s i a Lesson 1843.
Sarsia gernmifera F o r b e s 1848.
Bell ellipsoidal, m a n u b r i u m f o u r times the height of the beil; it is t u b u l a r with a spindle-shaped s t o m a c h above which there a r e m e d u s a e - b u d s of d i f - ferent sizes.
T h e tentacles are twice the height of the bell and are covered with nettle-warts, half and entire rings of nematocysts with the exception of the proximal part.
In this material there are m e d u s a e with three small m e d u s a - b u d s and the tentacles are almost twice the h e i g h t of the bell. T h e m a n u b r i u m is very long,, 51/2 times the bell-height. ( F i g . 1.) Size: 0 . 5 — 0 8 mm wide, 0 . 6 — 1 . 0 mm high.
Of the two e x a m p l e s one w a s o b t a i n e d from C. M a l t e m p o d u r i n g the first
-8 A T E N G E R
expedition, the other at C. F a r a s i n a during the second expedition at 2 0 — 5 0 m e t e r s deep.
G e n u s S l a b b e r i a F o r b e s 1846.
Slabberia halterata F o r b e s 1846.
Bellform m e d u s a . T h e g o n a d s girdle the m a n u b r i u m . On the radial c a n a l s there are small swellings. Tentacles I/3 of the height of the bell, ter- minated in large swollen tips a n d above them complete or half rings of nematocysts. T h e b a s a l t e n t a c l e - b u l b s are conical with well developed ocelli.
According to Mayer the 67. Iialterata has a m a n u b r i u m 4 — 7 times as iong as the beli-radius, but Neppi and S t i a s n y describe it with a m a n u b r i u m as long as the bell. Further M a y e r describes 2 — 3 gonads, N e p p i and S t i a s n y only orie homogénious g o n a d .
Neppi disíinguishes two f o r m s of Slabberia halterata: T h e younger one with m e d u s a e - b u d s on the m a n u b r i u m ; the m a n u b r i u m is 2 ' /2 times as long a s the height of the bell; the tentacles are as l o n g as the bell. W i t h this f o r m a l t e r n a t e s the o t h e r generation whioh h a s g o n a d s . T h e m a n u b r i u m of this latter is only 1 y2 times the height of the bell, with two s e p a r a t e g o n a d s ; the tentacles are longer tihan the bell-height.
Such a b u d d i n g Slabberia halterata as N e p p i describes w a s alsó found b y the Adriatic expedition, but with a m a n u b r i u m only 1 y2 times the height of the bell ( F i g . 2 . )
A medusa with g o n a d s is to be seen in t h e Fig. 3.
The d i f f e r e n c e between Sarsia and Slabberia is only t h a t the tentacles of the Sarsia are entirely covered with nettle warts (with the exception of the proximal p a r t ) a n d those of S l a b b e r i a witíh rings of nematocysts, but only on their ends.
This description would indicate that s o m é Slabberia halterata are to b e considered as Sarsia gemmifera. Neppi and Stiasny h a v e published a d r a w i n g ( T a b l e I. Fig. 3.) w h i c h shows a Sarsia in a s t a t e of contraction a n d this entirely c o r r e s p o n d s to t;he b u d d i n g Slabberia halterata of Neppi. It is n o t impossible t h a t the b u d d i n g Slabberia halterata is n o t h i n g else than a Sarsia gemmifera. T h i s is c o n f i r m e d by tihe circumstance that there are inter- m e d i a t e forms b e t w e e n the two kinds of tentacles, and it is not easy to dis- tinguish whether the whole tentacle is covered or onlv the end of it. Further, if t h e tentacle is in the contracted s t a t e , it is the distal part which contracts more tlhan the proximal (see f i g u r e 4 . ) and so the nettle-warts a p p e a r to b e r i n g s of nematocysts. T h e r e f o r e , if w e even p r e s u m e that the b u d d i n g Slabberia halterata is to be distinguished f r o m the b u d d i n g Sarsia gemmifera it is sure t h a t there are intermediate f o r m s . In any case in Ihe material collected there a r e forms which c a n n o t be classified as b e l o n g i n g either to the one or the o t h e r genus.
Size: Length of the bell of the b u d d i n g f o r m : C.S5—1.07 m m . w i d t h 1.07—1.17 m m .
Length of the bell of the form provided with g o n a d s : 1.24.
m m , w i d t h : 1.17 mm.
THE H Y D R O M E D . OF T H E ADR. C O L L E C T E D BY T H E „ N A J A D E " 9-'
F o u r specimens of this m e d u s a w e r e found in the course of the first expedition between Maltempo and Cirkvenica and eight on the second at d i f - f e r e n t places, at the depths of 2 0 — 5 0 m.
FAMILY C L A D O N E M I D A E G e g e n b a u r 1856.
G e n u s Z a n c l e a G e g e n b a u r 1856.
Zanclea implexa Allman 1864.
This species differs f r o m the o t h e r s species of the Zanclea genus in h a v i n g a simple round mouth without lips. M a n u b r i u m is h a l i the height of the bell. S t o m a c h u r n - s h a p e d . 2 or 4 tentacles.
T h e one example which w a s f o u n d near Novaglia Vecchia 4 0 — 7 5 m.
d e e p on the second expedition, h a s two tentacles and a t t e r n a t i n g with these a c c o r d i n g to N e p p y - S t i a s n y two tentacle bulbs. On the stomach there are swellings. Bell height: 0.32 mm, w i d t h : 0 . 3 9 mm.
FAMILY O C E A N I D A E S E N S U Van.höffen 1891.
G e n u s P r o t i a r a Haeckel 1879.
Protiara tetranema Peron a n d Lésueur 1809.*
One specimen w a s found during the course of the first expedition at M o r t e r at a d e p t h of 2 0 — 4 0 ni.
G e n u s L e u c k a r t i a r a F l e m m i n g 1823.**
Eight or more tentacles. T h e r e are several marginal ocelli. No peduncle.
T h e r e is a „ m e s e n t e r i u m " between radiaJ canal and m a n u b r i u m . G o n a d s s u r - r o u n d the stomach with the exception of the radial side. T h e s u r f a c e of the g o n a d s is h o r s e s h o e - s h a p e üke földed and gives rise to transversal folds.
Leuckartiara octona F l e m m i n g 1823.
Only one little m e d u s a ; the tentacles and the m a n u b r i u m are situated a s in Leuckartiara octona a s H a r t l a u b describes. T h e width of the bell is g r e a t e r than t h e height. T h e stomach is w i d e and is situated on a wide b a s i s ; is has f o u r well-developed lips. On t h e m a n u b r i u m there are d a r k e r spots, placed interradially, which are p r o b a b l y the b e g i n n i n g s of the g o n a d s . T h e radial canals are b r o a d , ribbon- like and their e d g e s are not entirely fiat, but s o m e w h a t j a g g e d . T h e r e is no mesenterium. Ocelli are not to be seen. T h e r e are two, well developed, d i a m e t - rically opposed tentacles with large basal bulbs. Transversally placed to these m a y be seen two tentacle-bases which lack tentacles. Besides these there is to b e seen a third pair of tentacle-bases. H a r t l a u b observed t h a t the y o u n g m e d u s a , w h e n parting f r o m the stem, h a s only two perradial tentacles and transversally to these two tentacle-bulbs. In five days ocelli were to be seen on the second pair of tentacles. Alsó a c c o r d i n g to H a r t l a u b there is no me- senterium.
* Mayer calls it Protiara beroe.
** Differing f r o m Mayer, t h e r e f o r e 1 give the description of the genus.
-10 A T E N G E R
F o r this reaso-n e x a m p l e must be considered a s the y o u n g of Leuckartiara octona. T h i s fact is proved alsó by its size. T h o s e e x a m p l e s of H a r t l a u b , on which, b e s i d e s the t w o p a i r s of well developed tentacles, the 4 t h pair is already b e g i n n i n g to develop, a r e 2 ram. large. T h e m e d u s a found h e r e , which .has only one p a i r of tentacles, is 0.350 mm. high and 0.490 mm. w i d e . T h i s one specimen w a s f o u n d d u r i n g the second expedition, b e t w e e n Z e n g g and Besca N u o v a 2 5 — 5 0 m. d e e p .
G e n u s N e o t u r r i s Forskal 1775.**
N u m e r o u s tentacles (eight or m o r e ) ; on the basal bulbs there a r e n o ocelli. T h e edge of the mouth is very crenulated. B r o a d ribbonlike radial c a n a i s with j a g g e d ends. T h e g o n a d s cover entirely the m a n u b r i u m with the e x c e p - tion of the radial part. T h e r e is a meseniterium between the stomach and r a d i a l canais. Longitudinal g o n a d - p o c k e t s .
Neoturris pileata Forskal 1775.
T h e m e d u s a f o u n d here is the y o u n g of Neoturris pileaia. T h e bell is b r o a d e r than it is high and lacks a projection. T h e e d g e of the f o u r r a d i a l - c a n a l s is j a g g e d , b u t t o w a r d s the margin of the bell it g r o w s fiat. T h e m a n u b r i u m is b r o a d , 2/ „ of the bell-height. T h e m a r g i n of the s t o m a c h is s t r o n g l y crenulated. T h e g o n a d s a r e interradially situated and a c c o r d i n g to H a r t l a u b have w a r t - l i k e p r o t u b e r a n c e s on their inner surface. As it is a y o u n g m e d u s a , the longitudinal g o n a d - p o c k e t s described by Hartlaub, a p p e a r here a s small divertical w r i n k l e s on the p a r t , w h e r e the radial c a n a i s are interrupted by the g o n a d s . N o ocelli. T h e r e a r e 2 0 well-developed, long tentacles, f l a t - tened at the b a s e a n d several tentacle bulbs. T h e f o u r radially placed ten- tacles h a v e larger temtacle-bases.
T h e wid'th of the m e d u s a is 4 mm., the height 3 mm. H a r t l a u b d e s c r i b e s a m e d u s a 4'/2 mm. in size with 16 tentacles and one of 8 mm. with 4 0 t e n - tacles. F o r this reason this e x a m p l e must be r e g a r d e d as the y o u n g f o r m oí Neoturris pileata.
Is w a s f o u n d by the first expedition between Canale di M e z z o a n d P u n t a Pelova at d e p t h s of 2 0 — 4 0 meters.
There is f u r t h e r a quite y o u n g m e d u s a provided with f o u r tentacles. It is only 0.9 mm. large, but in other respects resembles the above-mentioned, only the order of the d e v e l o p m e n t of the tentacles s h o w s a resemblance to L e u c k a r - t i a r a . T h e first f o u r , fully developed tentacles are uniform, but the b e g i n n i n g s of the third pair a r e larger than the b e g i n n i n g s of t h e fourth. T h e b a s e s of the tentacles are very similar to those described by H a r t l a u b . (8. Fig. 2 4 7 . ) As it is not yet known in w h i c h o r d e r the tentacles of Neoturris pileata a p p e a r and, in other respects, the m e d u s a a g r e e s with the description given f o r Neoturris pileata, it may be considered a s the y o u n g of the same. This second specimen w a s found on the second route at Z e n g g - B e s c a - N u o v a - C o r o m a z n a at a depth of 2 5 — 5 0 m.
T H E HYDROMED. O F T H E ADR. C O L L E C T E D B Y T H E „ N A J A D E " 11-'
G e n u s C y t a e i s Eschscholtz 1829.
Cytaeis exigua Haeckel 1879.*
It very much r e s e m b l e s the m e d u s a described b y Neppi. T h e r e a r e m e d u s a - b u d s on the m a n u b r i u m . It is a very small m e d u s a ; bell-height 0.357 mm., width 0 . 4 2 8 mm.
A n o f h e r small m e d u s a m a y alsó be regarded as Cytaeis exigua. It h a s only two long, well-developed marginal tentacles and in addition f o u r oral tentacles. According to H a e c k e r s description, it b e l o n g s in the Cubo- gaster g e n u s in which g e n u s he distinguishes two- species Cubogaster dissonema and C. gcmmascens. The first has 8 oral tentacles, the second only four, but the latter h a s t w o developed and eight r u d i m e n t a r y m a r g i n a l ten- tacles. Mayer maintains t h a t the Cubogaster is to be r e g a r d e d as the y o u n g of Cytaeis or Rathkea. Furtihermore, as this o n e has no r u d i m e n t a r y tentacles, it a p p e a r s to be the young of Cytaeis e x i g u a . Bell-heigiht 0 . 4 5 mm., bell-width 0 . 3 mm.
T h e full-grown e x a m p l e was f o u n d during the c o u r s e of the first e x p e - dition at lower depths ( 2 0 — 4 0 . ) , the small specimen b y the second e x p e d i - tion at P t a Pelova on the s u r f a c e . ( 0 — 2 0 m.)
Cytaeis tetrastyla Eschscholtz 1829.
F o u r long marginal tentacles, 4 — 6 oral tentacles. T h e gonads a r e inter- radially situated swellings. N o peduncle is to be seen. Bell-height 0 . 6 m m . , bell-width 0 . 9 mm.
T h r e e speciens w e r e f o u n d , one d u r i n g the c o u r s e of the first e x p e d i - tion between Morter and Incoronata at a depth of 6 0 — 8 0 m., and two d u r i n g the second at C o s s i o n - Z a p u n t e l l o and a t Z a r a 25—50 m deep.
G e n u s O c e a n i a s e n s u Kölliker 1853. G e g e n b a u r (in part) 1856.
Oceania armata Kölliker 1853.** ( F i g u r e 5.)
On this medusa w h i c h w a s c a p t u r e d in greater n u m b e r s there a r e 70—- 120 slender, 3 r. long tentacles crowded in a double r o w ; their basal p a r t is b r o a d , the distal part is t a p e r i n g and filiform. The f l a s k - s h a p e d s t o m a c h is mounted upon a stiort f o u r - s i d e d peduncle which is the f i f t h of the lenglh of the stomaoh.
T h e f o u r lips are l a r g e and recurved and their e d g e s are s t u d d e d with a single row of knob-like n e m a t o c y s t - w a r t s . The four longitudinal g o n a d s are situaited on the interradial sides of the stomach. Size: 1.7—4.28 mm., high, 2 . 8 5 — 6 . 6 7 m m . wide.
F o u n d d u r i n g the two expeditions at great d e p t h s and fished with a y o u n g - f i s h trawl. 24 s p e c i m e n s were t a k e n in the course of the first e x p e d i - tion f r o m a depth of 2 8 0 — 8 0 0 m. and 2 0 specimens d u r i n g the second f r o m 3 0 0 — 1 1 0 0 m.
* Diiffering from M a y e r , according to Neppk
** Szüts took it for T i a r a pileata.
-12 A T E N G E R
G e n u s T h a m n o s t o m a Haeckel 1879.
Thamnostoma dibalia H a c k e l 1879.*
Bellform medusa. S o m e w h a t wider t h a n high. Eight m a r g i n a l tentacles, those at the b a s i s of the f o u r r a d i a l canals b e i n g longer t h a n the 4 interradial tentacles. T h e b u l b s of the f o u r adradial tentacles are l a r g e r t h a n those of t h e interradials. T h e ocelli are b o r n e upon projections, one of which arises f r o m each tentacle-bulb. T h e s t o m a c h is nearly a s long as t h e h e i g h t of the bell.
T h e r e are 4 oral tentacles w h i c h branch three times dichotomously. Four h a l f - globular g o n a d s a r e on the interradial sides of the stomach.
F o u r small medusae w e r e found which in every respect agree with the description given by Haeckel, e x c e p t that on the base of each tentacle there is only one ocellus. Siz'e: 0 . 4 2 — 0 . 6 0 mm. high, 0 . 7 8 — 0 . 8 8 m m . wide.
Three specimens w e r e f o u n d on the f i r s t expedition between Canale di Maltempo and Z e n g g at a d e p t h of 2 0 — 4 0 meters.
G e n u s B o u g a i n v i l l e a Lesson 1836.
Bougainvillca autumnalis H a r t l a u b 1897.
Each of the four radially placed tentacle-bulbs w e a r three ocelli a n d tentacle rudiments. T h e oral tentacles b r a n c h twice. T h e g o n a d s are i n t e r - radially placed.
This m e d u s a h a s a g r e a t resemblance to B. triestina Hartlaub, but in accordance with Stiasny and N e p p i ' s description, it must be considered a s the y o u n g of B. autumnalis.
Only one small specimen w a s found on the second expedition between Cossion and Zapuntello at a d e p t h of 2 0 — 4 0 m. T h e m e d u s a deseribed by Neppi and Stiasny is 4 mm. l a r g e and that of H a r t l a u b 2 m m . My medusa is a r a t h e r small one ( 0 . 5 mm). It exhibits every indication of immaturity.
G e n u s R a t h k e a B randi 1837.
Rathkea fasciculata H a e c k e l 1879.
T h e bell is b a r r e l - s h a p e d witlh a flatly-rounded a p e x . In each of the eight clusters there are 1 0 — 1 6 tentacles. E a c h tentacle b e a r s an ocellus on its inner side. O n this place t h e tentacles a r e thickened. T h e oral tentacles b r a n c h 7 times dichotomously. T h e h o r s e h o e - s h a p e d g o n a d s are situated on the perradial sides of the m a n u b r i u m , with their smaller e n d s towards the mouth. This is the only m e d u s a of the A n t h o m e d u s a e , w h i c h has p e r r a d i a l g o n a d s .
Somé very well preserved specimens w e r e a m o n g the material collected, especially t h o s e that were in formol. T h e y retained the p i n k colour of t h e g o n a d s and of the oral t e n t a c l e s . In alcoihol they were n e a r l y destroyed, t h e gelatinous e x u m b r e l l a lost its hyaline t r a n s p a r e n c y . Size: 2 . 0 9 — 1 0 . 9 mm. h i g h , 1.90—8.5 mm. wide.
*) According to H a r t l a u b a n d Stiasny and Neppi', who s e p a r a t e the genera Liim- norea and Thamnostoima.
T H E HYDROMED. OF T H E ADR. C O L L E C T E D BY T H E „ N A J A D E " 13-'
T h i s m e d u s a w a s only found in deep w a t e r ; at a depth of 3 0 0 — 8 0 0 ni.
and w a s captured with the y o u n g - f i s h trawl. (9 specimens.) ORDER. LEPTOMEDUSAE. 1879.
FAMILY E U C O P I D A E . G e g e n b a u r 1856.
G e n u s E u c o p e G e g e n b a u r 1856.
Eucope picta Keferstein and Ehlers 1861.
F o u r short tentacles with l a r g e globular basal bulbs. Eight o t o c y s t s . M a n u b r i u m four-sided, f o u r lips. On the radial c a n a l s there are f o u r small, not well developed g o n a d s , which h a d not yet attained the sac-Iike f o r m . Size: 0.71 mm.
A single specimen w a s found in the course of the second route, b e - tween M o r t e r and Skulj in 4 0 — 6 0 m. deep water.
G e n u s O b e l i a Péron and Lésueur 1809.
Obelia adiiatica Neppi 1912.
T h r e e specimens of this m e d u s a diseovered by N e p p i are in the m a t e - rial collected. This species is characterised by cores c o m p o s e d of 2 — 6 cells, which project from the b a s e of the tentacles and are a sixth part of the radius.
T h e tentacle bulbs are small and are r a n g e d in a dense r o w . One of the three specimens has 60, the second 108 and the third 71 tentacles. ( T h i s third s p e - cimen is partly distroyed, only 1 / 5 of the margin is intact.) T h e f o u r raidal canals a r e 1 / 3 — 2 / 3 of the Iength of the radius. Small g o n a d s varying in size a p p e a r distally at the third part of the radial canals.
T h e medusae described by Neppi are 4.91 mm. l a r g e with 172 tentacles.
T h e s e specimens here must be considered as young or middle-aged a n i m a l s because their sizes a r e : 1.1 mm, 2.5 mm, and 2.9 mm, a n d they have only 70 tentacles.
T h e three specimens were found on the second expedition in the m o n t h s of April, one in C. Incoronate and two between Morter and Skulj 4 0 — 8 0 m.
deep. T h e m e d u s a e described by Neppi and Stiasny a p p e a r e d only in J a n u a r y and F e b r u a r y .
Obelia a and fi.
T h e other specimens of the g e n u s Obelia contained in the collected material, seem to be the Obelia a and /3 described by N e p p i and Stiasny. T h e y distinguisih the a species f r o m the fi species by the n u m b e r and relatíve Iength of the tentacles. It is very probable that both belong to the same species, because there are alsó transitional f o r m s which do not b e l o n g either to the o n e or the other.
In order to show the d i f f e r e n c e s a n d transitions b e t w e e n the two s p e - cies I give the data of N e p p i and Stiasny.
-14 A T E N G E R
Diameter
a form:
Lenigth oí t e n t a c l e s N u m b e r of tenctacles Gonad.
0 . 4 0 — 0 . 4 8 m m . 2 r a d i u s 16 N o n e .
0 . 5 3 — 0 . 7 8 m m . l | /2 r a d i u s 2 4 — 3 8 In the middle.
0 . 8 4 — 2 . 5 5 m m . 1 r a d i u s 3 1 — 6 9 V3 p a r t distally.
/5 form.
0 . 4 2 — 0 . 5 0 m m . 1 r a d i u s 2 0 — 2 5 N o g o n a d s . 0.55—0.62 m m . >/2 r a d i u s 2 7 — 3 8 P r o x i m . or. med.
1.4 — 4 . 1 mm. V'2, r a d i u s 6 0 — 1 0 0 14-1/3 distally.
My dates are the following:
a form:
0 . 8 9 — 1 . 4 2 mm. 1— 2 r 4 6 — 4 6 1 / 3 d i s t a l l y fi form:
0 . 4 0 — 1 . 4 9 mm. r — % r 2 1 — 5 8 V3 distally
0 . 5 3 — 2 . 1 7 mm. 4 2 — 4 6 2 1 — 3 4 medially There are alsó intermediate forms that might be equally considerad a or fi or neither of them.
Such specimens are:
1.53—0.96 mm. r / 2 — r 2 1 — 3 4 medially The d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e size of the m e d u s a e and in t h e length of the tentacles are not of specific value, but are d u e to the influence of environment u p o n the individual. T h e t e m p e r a t u r e of the water, d e p t h , and light m a y p r o d u c e differences, but one is led to believe t h a t all the individuals belong to o n e and s a m e species.
Further e x a m i n a t i o n s will certainly s h o w that Obelia a and /? belong to the same s p e c i e s and are either only varieties thereof or individuals produced b y environment. T h e g r e a t e s t p a r t (66 s p e c i m e n s ) of these m e d u s a e w a s o b - tained during the second r o u t e , mostly b e t w e e n C o s s i o n - Z a p u n t e l l o at d e p t h s of 0 — 7 0 m. O n l y 5 m e d u s a e derive f r o m the first route.
G e n u s P h i a l i d i u m Leuckart 1856.
Phialidium variabile C l a u s 1881.
T h e m e d u s a e in the p r e s e n t collection are identical with the Phialidium variabile of N e p p i and S t i a s n y . All are very much d a m a g e d , their bell-margin is destroyed a n d the lithocysts w i t h the ocelli torn off.
T h e r a d i a l canais a r e n a r r o w and h a v e 4 small r o u n d e d g o n a d s on their distal part. T h e stomach is s h o r t with f o u r lips.
The m o s t of them h a v e fewer than 16 tentacles. Since 16 tentacles a r e characteristic of t h e genus, these specimens m u s t b e consi- d e r e d as developmental s t a g e s of Phialidium variabile. N e p p i and Stiasny
T H E H Y D R O M E D . OF T H E ADR. C O L L E C T E D BY T H E „ N A J A D E " 15-'
d e s c r i b e a y o u n g , '/2 mm l a r g e m e d u s a with 2 tentacles, a n d a larger o n e with 4 tentacles. In this material there is one specimen 0.6 m m . large with 4 tentacles. This m e d u s a exhibits every indication of immaturity, because it h a s t e n t a c l e - r u d i m e n t s and g r o w n - u p specimens of Phialidium never h a v e tentacle- r u d i m e n t s .
T h e l a r g e s t in 4 % mm. a n d it does not attain the size of Neppi's m e - d u s a e , which w e r e 8 mim. Size: 0 . 6 — 4 % mm.
Ali ( 2 9 specimens) w e r e f o u n d in t h e course of the second route in April and May, between Cossion and Zapuntello at depths of 2 0 — 7 0 meters.
G e n u s E u c h e i l o t a Mc. C r a d y 1857.
Eucheilota Maasi Maasi Neppi a n d Stiasny 1912.
T h e m e d u s a e belonging to this species, have four radial tentacles, t w o of which are not well developed; f o u r r u d i m e n t a r y interradial tentacles with l a r g e basal bulbs. T h e four interradial tentacles are flanked either on one or t h e other side with n e m a t o c y s t - b e a r i n g cirri, rarely on both sides. P r o b a b l y they are not yet developed. Eight lithocysts, 2 — 2 in each q u a d r a n t . T h i s m e d u s a is chiefly distinguished f r o m the s p e c i m e n s of Stiasny a n d Neppi by its h a v i n g four interradial tentacles too. In this respect it r e s e m b l e s the E. para- doxica, but c a n n o t be considered a s belonging t o this species, because it h a s no m e d u s a e - b u d s . It resembles t h e young of E. daodecimalis, f o r two of t h e f o u r tentacles a r e much more developed than the others. It is only by the n u m - ber of concretions that it might be determined whether this m e d u s a b e l o n g s to the species duodecimalis or not, but it is not possible to count them.
In conclusion this m e d u s a must be considered as the y o u n g of E. M a a s i , as the g o n a d s a r e in a primordial state. S t o m a c h small, f l a s k - s h a p e d , w i t h f o u r lips.
T h r e e specimens were c a p t u r e d on t h e second expedition about C a p M e r l e r a in April in depths of 2 0 — 4 5 meters.
G e n u s E u t i m a Mc. C r a d y 1857.
Eutima insignis Haeckel 1879.
T h r e e m e d u s a e in this collection have f o u r radial c a n a l s and f o u r r a - dial tentacles; a b o u t 4 0 — 6 0 w a r t s and cirri. Tihere is a l o n g peduncle with f o u r g o n a d s a t the end. T h e peduncle of one specimen is 2]/2 times as long a s the bell-radius, that of the other specimen only a little longer than t h e r a d i u s . On this second there a r e 6 0 — 8 0 w a r t s . T h e lithocysts are not to be seen clearly, b e c a u s e the bell m a r g i n is not well preserved.
My specimens entirely coincide with Eutime insignis of Haeckel, b u t they have m o r e p r o t u b e r a n c e s on the bell margin. ( H a e c k e l counted only 2 8 — 3 0 . )
Haeckel s e p a r a t e s the g e n u s Octorchis f r o m the g e n u s Eutima. A c c o r d - ing his description Eutima b a s 2 or 4 tentacles, Octorchis 8. Mayer unites t h e m e d u s a e w h i c h have 4 or m o r e tentacles, u n d e r the n a m e Eutima, t h e r e - f o r e classifies Octorchis a s b e l o n g i n g alsó to this genus. N e p p i and Stiasny b e -
-16 A T E N G E R
lieve that the m e d u s a with 4 tentacles is the young of Octorchis, b e c a u s e in an immature s t a g e Octorchis h a s 4, in f u l l - g r o w n stage 8 tentacles. The specimens collected might just as well be eitiher calied Octorchis Gegcnbauri, a f t e r the description by Neppi a n d Stiasny or Entiina canipanulata, after Mayer. From this latter they differ o n l y in having f e w e r than 16 or 12 tentacles. Size:
3 . 5 — 6 mm.
T h r e e specimens w e r e collected with a y o u n g - f i s h trawl, all of them during the course of the first expedition, in the m o n t h of October, at no great d e p t h . (40 m.)
F A M I L Y A E Q U O R I D A E Eschscholtz 1829.
G e n u s O c t o g o n a d e Z o j a , 1896.
Octogonade mediterranea Zoja 1896.
A m o n g the material collected there were only two, very d a m a g e d spe- cimens. T h e bell of one is 2 0 mm. in d i a m e t e r ; only 7 radial c a n a l s a r e to be seen, with o r g a n s d e f l e c t e d in sinusoidal curves, which must be the g o n a d s . T h e eighth, radial canal is lacking, as the bell m a r g i n is alsó torn off, so that it is impossible to count the tentacles a n d the litnocysts. On the p o r t i o n s of the m a r g i n which a r e intact there are 2 tentacles b e t w e e n two radial c a n a l s , therefore the m e d u s a h a d 16 tentacles. T h e r e are n u m e r o u s rudimentary ten- tacle-bulbs, and many, m a r g i n a l , s o m e w h a t i r r e g u l a r l y placed lithocyst-sacs, each containing a Iarge ocellus, which a r e very characteristic oft the genus (Figure 6.)
T h e other specimen is 23 mm. in diameter, but it is still more badly d a m a g e d than the f o r m e r . The radial canals with the entire g a s t r i c sys- tem are torn off. F r o m t h e number of the g o n a d s the number of the radial canals m a y be inferred. A s there are 8 g o n a d s , 8 radial canals must have existed. On this specimen there a r e only 10 tentacles left, but from their posi- tion it m a y be deduced t h a t there were 16. T h e r e are 2 — 3 ocelli b e t w e e n 2 tentacles, whiűh is alsó v e r y characteristic of Octogonade.
Eight radial c a n a l s a n d many ocelli between the tentacles c h a r a c t e r i s e an other m e d u s a too, n a m e l y the Melicertissa clavigera Haeck., but M. clavigera h a s a c o r d i n g to Mayer only 16 lithocysts and 32 ocelli. T h o u g h the m a r g i n is d a m a g e d , tihese s p e c i m e n s show that o n e lithocyst b e l o n g s to each ocellus.
Both specimens derive from the collection m a d e with the y o u n g - f i s h trawl, at a depth of 6 0 0 m . above the N a j a d e depth.
G e n u s A e q u o r e a P é r a n and L é s u e u r 1809.
Aeqaorea Forskalea P e r o n and Lésueur 1809.
T h i s is the largest m e d u s a in this collection ( 8 0 — 9 0 m m . ) . It w a s captured on the s u r f a c e in C a n a l e die M e z z o in great e n o u g h numbers (19 speci- m e n s ) , * 18 on the first, 1 on the second expedition.
* 18 of the specimens 1 received only in 1919.
T H E H Y D R O M E D . OF T H E ADR. C O L L E C T E D BY T H E „ N A J A D E " 17-'
O R D E R T R A C H Y M E D U S A E Haeckel 1866.
FAMILY T R A C H Y N E M I D A E G e g e n b a u r 1S56.
G e n u s T r a c h y n e m a G e g e n b a u r 1856.
Trachynema funerarium Haeckel 1879.
T h r e e specimens of this m e d u s a are p r e s e n t . They h a v e eight radial c a n a l s and 16 tentacles, eight p e r r a d i a l and eight interradial. T h e g o n a d s a r e
distally placed on the radial canals. T h e present medusae a c c o r d in every r e - spect wifh Trachynema funerarium of Haeckel, only the four lithocysts are n o t distinctly visible, because the m e d u s a e are very d a m a g e d ; the bell-margin is g r e a t l y d e f o r m e d by the action of the preservativ fluid.
Accordings the originál description by Haeckel the bell is s e m i - g l o b u l a r a n d twice a s wide as high. Stomach fiat, cylindrical, as l o n g as the bell- height. T h e mouth h a s f o u r short lips. T h e eight g o n a d s are e g g - s h a p e d vesicles,.
restricted to t'he distal end of the radial canals. 16 tentacles, 8 of which a r e radial, 8 interradial. T h e latter are r u d i m e n t a r y , conical, as long a s wide. 4 i n - terradial lithocysts. T h e height of the bell is 15 m m . , width 30 m m .
M a a s , 1893, gives the description of an identical medusa calling it a l s a Trachynema funerarium. V a n b ö f f e n , 1902, uses the name Rhopaloncma vela- tum, but his description does not a g r e e with that of Trachynema funerarium given by Haeckel and M a a s . According to V a n h ö f f e n there a r e three cirri between two perradial tentacles amd the lithocysts a r e placed b e t w e e n the latter.
T h e r e f o r e the n u m b e r of the lithocysts should a m o u n t to 32. (In the originál description there a r e only four.)
M a a s , 1905, records a m e d u s a named Rhopalonema velaium; this a g r e e s with the Ropalonema funerarium of V a n h ö f f e n . Maas does not consider it to be identical with the Trachynema funerarium of Haeckel, b u t he does not mention at all whether he believes it to be identical with his f o r m e r Trachynema funerarium.
Bigelow, 1909, describes s o m é medusae a s Rhopalonema funerarium.
His definition a g r e e s with the description given by Vanhöffen, 1902, a n d M a a s , 1905, but he w a s not able to observe the bell m a r g i n . He calls it an „ i n t e r - m e d i a t e " f o r m , deriving f r o m a depth of 600 m e t e r s .
Mayer, 1910, identifies Rhopalonema funerarium of V a n h ö f f e n and of M a a s with Rhopalonema cocruleum of Haeckel a n d to avoid f u r t h e r confusion describes it under this n a m e .
V a n h ö f f e n , 1913, again mentions Rhopalonema funerarium f r o m depths.
of 1 5 0 0 — 3 0 0 0 m. and gives the sarne description of the tentacles a n d lithocysts a s in 1902.
In conclusion, the identity of my m e d u s a e with those originally described by Haeckel and the great confusion w h i c h prevails concerning the n a m e s of Rhopaloncma and Trachynema, obiige me to retain the old n a m e Trachynema funerarium of Haeckel.
In the folloving 1 shall give a description of the m e d u s a e collected b y the N a j a d e expedition:
-18 A T E N G E R
On the best p r e s e r v e d specimen are to be seen 16 tentacles (eight p e r r a d i a l , eight i n t e r r a d i a l ) , and eight radial c a n a i s bearing the g o n a d s on their ends. T h e stomach is large. B e t w e e n the radial and interradial tentacles there are small projections. It agrees in every respect with the description by Haeckel, but the bell ( H a e c k e l ' m e d u s a e are 15 m m . high) h a s b e c o m e f l a t - tened. M a a s , 1893, d o e s a l s ó not mention the height, only the w i d t h .
On an other s p e c i m e n there a r e only 7 radial canais, which f a c t must be c o n s i d e r e d as the result of abnonmal development, a p p a r e n t l y one antimeridian is lacking. Already H a e c k e l described an a b n o r n i a l specimen of this kind.
O t h e r anomalies occur too, such for instance is the phenomenon t h a t two radial c a n a i s seem to a n a s t o m o s e .
T h e size of one m e d u s a is 18 m m . , the t w o o t h e r s are smalier.
All the three s p e c i m e n s were c a p t u r e d at g r e a t depths ( 8 0 0 — 1 1 0 0 m . ) b e t w e e n P e l a g o s a a n d G r a v o s a 8 0 0 — 1 1 0 0 m. a n d above the N a j a d e depth
( 1 1 0 0 m ) d u r i n g the s e c o n d expedition.
G e n u s R h o p a l o n e m a G e g e n b a u r 1856.
Rhopalonema velatum G e g e n b a u r 1856.
T h e collection c o n t a i n s a considerable n u m b e r of Rhopalonema vela- tum, but they are in a v e r y poor condition, the s p e c i m e n s being torn and dis- torted in various w a y s . P o r t i o n s of the margin a n d of the stomach a r e lacking, s o that it is only f r o m t h e r e m a i n i n g part of t h e margin that the originál n u m b e r of the tentacles m a y be s u r m i s e d .
Besides 8 p e r r a d i a l , well-developed tentacles there are 8 interradial o n e s ; on somé p a r t s of t h e margin m a y be seen the traces of a third sort of
tentacle. T h e length of t h e stomach varies, in somé specimens it r e a c h e s the end of the bell, in others it is quite short a n d f o u r - s i d e d . F o u r lips. T h e g o n a d s a r e of v a r i o u s f o r m s : óval, round or h o r s e s h o e - s h a p e d . These h o r s e s h o e - s h a p e d g o n a d s greatly r e s e m b l e the g o n a d s of the Rhopalonema typicum, described
by M a a s . Mayer unites t h e Rh. typicum and Rh. velatum under t h e s a m e n a m e i. e. Rh. velatum. T h e size of the g o n a d s alsó v a r i e s considerably, sometimes they a r e very large, r e a c h i n g the size of 1.07 m m .
T h e muscular l a y e r , consisting of transversal fibres, is very distinct.
According to N e p p i and S t i a s n y the Rh. velatum has no cirri. T h e s e s p e - c i m e n s s h o w the s a m e , t h o u g h they a r e very b a d l y damaged. It is not easy t o state w h e t h e r the a x i a l core discussed by N e p p i and Stiasny is present or not. T h e specimens w e r e preserved in a contracted o r expanded s t a t e ; f o r t h a t reason it w a s impossible to measure the heiglU of t h e bell either.
41 specimens w e r e collected, v a r y i n g in s i z e f r o m 3 m m . to 7'/2 nim.
T h e y w e r e found a t d i f f e r e n t d e p t h s , from the s u r f a c e down to 1100 m . Bigelow states that t h e y a r e most n u m e r o u s at a d e p t h of 200 m. T h e m a j o r i t y of the specimens d e r i v e f r o m 1 0 0 — 3 0 0 m. deep ( 2 4 ) . The most w e r e c a p t u r e d on the first a s well a s on the second expedition in the P o m o - b a s i n and a b o v e the N a j a d e depth.
T H E HYDROMED. O F T H E ADR. C O L L E C T E D BY T H E „ N A J A D E " 19-'
G e n u s S m i n t h e a G e g e n b a u r 1856.
Sminthea eurygaster G e g e n b a u r 1856.
C o n t r a r y to M a y e r ' s statement t h a t this is a rare m e d u s a , there were here 8 specimens c a p t u r e d . 8 radial tentacles. At the b a s e of each tentacle, very n e a r to the ring canal are placed the little, rounded, saclike g o n a d s . S t o m a c h short, with f o u r lips. T h e y are similar in every respect to the Sminthea eurygaster of G e g e n b a u r , and the m a r g i n of the bell s h o w s the s a m e structure as t h a t of t h e synonym Marmanema mammaeforme, deseribed by Haeckel.
M a y e r deseribes the height of the bell as being 4.5 mm., G e g e n b a u r records m e d u s a e of 2 mm. in diameter and Haeckel of 3 mm. T h e m e d u s a e found here are of 2 m m . or a little larger.
Until now it w a s known only f r o m the Mediterranean ( M e s s i n a ) a n d the tropical Atlantic ( C a n a r y I s l a n d s ) . T h e diepth is not r e c o r d e d by any a u t h o r . T h e specimens of the N a j a d e expedition were c a p t u r e d with the y o u n g - fish trawl f r o m two p l a c e s : f r o m the open sea in O c t o b e r (one specimen) and from P e l a g o s a - G r a v o s a (seven specimens) at a depth of 4 5 0 m.
G e n u s I s o n e m a M a a s 1906.
Isonema Najadis n. sp. ( F i g . 7 . )
V a n h ö f f e n deseribes a m e d u s a in the collection of the Valdivia e x p e - dition, which h e considers as belonging to the genus H o m o e o n e m a . He intro-
duces it as new species u n d e r the n a m e Homoeonema amplum. M a a s , 1906, finds this m e d u s a in the collection of the Belgica, but provides it — on the g r o u n d s t h a t it has d i f f e r i n g features f r o m the other r e p r e s e n t a n t s of the genus Homoeonema — with the new genus n a m e Isonema, and calls it Isonema amplum. T h e desoription of this m e d u s a is as follows: eight radial canals, at the base of which, beside the stomach, there are situated small globular g o n a d s at both sides of the radial canals. 8 0 to 100 equal tentacles in one row. No peduncle, f o u r lips. W h e n young, the m e d u s a is semi-globular, later it b e c o m e s fiat. W h e n 2 — 3 mm. w i d e it has 80, w h e n 5 — 6 mm. it h a s 1 0 0 — 1 2 0 tentacles.
T h e r e are two s p e c i m e n s in the collection of the N a j a d e with a d i a - meter of 4 — 6 mm. T h e r e are in o n e octant 18—22 equal tentacles in one row, t h e r e f o r e one m e d u s a has 1 4 4 — 1 9 6 tentacles. T h e g o n a d s rise f r o m t the s t o m a c h - m a r g i n and e x t e n d to a b o u t one-third of the radial canals. T h e y are situated on both sides of each radial canal and form small globes, but continue in form of cylindrical bodies.
T h i s medusa in m a n y respects resembles the Isonema amplum deseribed by M a a s , but differs f r o m it in the situation of the g o n a d s .
B e c a u s e of these f e a t u r e s 1 am obliged to register my s p e c i m e n s as b e l o n g i n g to the genus Isonema, but they cannot be r e g a r d e d as identical with the species amplum, the g o n a d s of which, two small globes on each radial canal, eight in alil, are situated on the stomach-base. My specimens h a v e more g o n a d s , which continue on the radial canals. V a n h ö f f e n , 1912, gives the deserip-
-20 A T E N G E R
tion of f o u r species of I s o n e m a : I. amplum, antarcticum, australe and tetra- gonium. T h e three f o r m e r a r e antarctical, the tetragoniurn on the contrary h a s been found to occur in the tropical Atlantic. T h e construction of the g o n a d s and their situation do not a g r e e with those of my specimens, therefore 1 c o n - sider them to be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of a new species and consequently 1 have given them the narne „ I s o n e m a Najadis". T h i s m e d u s a w a s captured in t h e open sea a t a depth of 8 0 0 m.
G e n u s H o m o e o n e m a M a a s 1893.
Homoeonema platygonon M a a s 1893. ( F i g . 8.)
F o u r specimens w e r e f o u n d by the expedition, three of which we m u s t consider as b e i n g in a larval s t a g e and one as a f u l l - g r o w n , but still y o u n g medusa. O w i n g to their characteristic f e a t u r e s , they can be considered a s belonging t o the genus Homoeonema platygonon. T h e r e are eight radial canals, uniform tentacles, short s t o m a c h , four lips. O n e specimen h a s a round, open mouth e x a c t l y the s a m e a s the f i g u r e d r a w n by B r o w n . (In M a y e r ' s Medusae of the W o r l d p. 386.) T h e y all b e a r a close r e s e m b l a n c e to this m e d u s a , with t h e exception, t h a t there is no appical p r o - jection. T h i s a p p a r e n t l y is o w i n g to its being in a developmental stage. B r o w n describes his full-grown s p e c i m e n s as h a v i n g 4 0 — 8 0 tentacles. T w o of the medusae have 17 each, the third has 19 tentacles, showing that they are s p e - cimens in larval stages. T h e one full-grown m e d u s a exhibits indications of immaturity, the p r o t u b e r a n c e s on the bell-margin are a p p a r e n t l y the b e g i n n i n g s of the tentacles. T h e situation of the g o n a d s on the radial c a n a l s is the s a m e as of those in B r o w n ' s d r a w i n g . Brown describes it f r o m the coast of N o r w a y . T h e y o u n g Hamaeonema resembles Halicreas in m a n y of its c a r a c t e r s , so that M a a s considers them a s identical. T h e s e specimens, however, cannot be accepted a s belonging to the Halicreas genus, for the size of Halicreas is 3 0 mm. and these in their larval stage are 0 5 — 0 . 7 mm., the one young is 1 mm. Much rather are they t o be r e g a r d e d as Homoeonema platygonon, t h e size of which is 1—2 mm. Besides this the Halicreas is a deep-sea m e d u s a ( 1 0 0 0 — 2 0 0 0 m . ) , the s p e c i m e n s here g a t h e r e d come f r o m d e p t h s of 4 0 — 8 0 m.
T h e y w e r e fished on the semond expedition, in April, near the C a n a l e di Curzola.
G e n u s A g l a u r a Péron a n d Lésueur 1809.
Aglaura hemistoma Péron and Lésueur 1809.
Of all the medusae this w a s found in the greatest a b u n d a n c e (115 speci- m e n s ) , mostly y o u n g s p e c i m e n s with i m m a t u r e g o n a d s . T h e most remarkable characteristic of this m e d u s a is the form of the g o n a d s . T h e y are globular, sac-like or s a u s s a g e - s h a p e d . T h e g o n a d s of the present specimens, b e c a u s e they are not yet fully d e v e l o p e d , are still globular. T h e m e d u s a e found here, in different s t a g e s of d e v e l o p m e n t justify M a a s ' opinion respecting the growth of the Aglaura. In an entirely y o u n g stage, w h e n the size of the m e d u s a is less than 0 . 4 — 0 . 5 mm. there a r e n o g o n a d s at all; when it is 0 . 6 — 1 . 2 mm. l a r g e ,
T H E H Y D R O M E D . OF T H E ADR. C O L L E C T E D BY T H E „ N A J A D E " 21-'
the g o n a d s a p p e a r as globular bodis, situated rectangularly to the petluncle, encircling it üke a collar. T h e g o n a d s of the 1 . 2 — 1 . 7 mm. long a n d 1—1.4 m m . wide m e d u s a begin to take on a s a u s s a g e f o r m and globular and cylindrical g o n a d s are to be seen on one a n d t h e same m e d u s a .
T h e latter a r e no longer stiff and do not encircle, collar-like, t h e peduncle, but b e i n g full of e g g s , h a n g d o w n . On the f u l l - g r o w n specimens either only s a u s a g e - s h a p e d g o n a d s or none w e r e to be seen. In the latter c a s e they w e r e so full of eggs that they had b r o k e n off. Sometimes they f u s e lateraly. In somé cases 7 are f u s e d and one r e m a i n s free.
Neppi and Stiasny describe m e d u s a e 2 m m . high and 3 m m . wide f r o m the Gulf of Triest. In the collection m a d e by the N a j a d e expedition (though a g r e a t nuinber w e r e f o u n d ) , the largest is only 2 . 4 mm. high and 1.9 mm. w i d e . T h e Iength of the peduncle apparently alsó depends on the stage of the d e v e l o p m e n t : y o u n g e r m e d u s a e having a shorter, older ones a longer peduncle.
One m e d u s a h a s a very l a n g peduncle, longer than the bell-height;
therefore it b e a r s a close r e s e m b a n c e to Stauraglaura. But it is not be c o n - sidered as b e l o n g i n g to the Stauraglaura, b e c a u s e traces of the eight g o n a d s are visible. T h e Stauraglaura however has only four. Moreover according t o the description by Haeckel the size of the Stauraglaura is 8 m m . while this m e d u s a is only 1.6 mm. high and 1.1 mm. w i d e . It might r a t h e r be r e g a r d e d az an Aglaura hemistoma var. laterna.
T h e f o u r u p w a r d l y curved lips of the Aglaura are distinctly to be seen when the mouth is open, but when closed they d i s a p p e a r .
T h e y o u n g specimens have 18, the older ones 4 0 — 5 0 tentacles.
T h e y w e r e found a b u n d a n t l y on both expeditions (115 s p . ) but the yiekl of the second expedition (78 s p e c i m e n s ) w a r richer than of the first. The m o s t w e r e captured a r o u n d C a p Merlera, Galiola a n d Pericolosa. T h e y live mostly on t h e surface.
FAMILY G E R Y O N I D A E Eschscholtz 1829. sens. restr. G e g e n b a u r . G e n u s L i r i o p e Lesson 1843.
Liriope eurybia Haeckel 1864.
Here w e have many y o u n g immature a n i m a l s , with eight tentacles a n d s o m é m a t u r e ones with four tentacles.
T h e material collected c o n t a i n s m e d u s a e in every stage of development, consequently every phase of development m a y be established. T h e medusa is first spherical, then the mouth with the stomach t u r n s inward a n d the bell f l a t - tens. T o begin with, f o u r p r i m a r y , solid, radially-placed s h o r t n e m a t o c y s t - b e a r i n g tentacles develop, and b e f o r e they b r e a k o f f , four solid interradial, a n d f o u r hollow radial tentacles g r o w out. In this developmental s t a g e the stomach is represented by a granulated b o d y bordered with pale outlines in the middle of the m e d u s a with a four-sided mouth. On the spherical e x a m p l e s which a r e in a very young, larval state, no radial canals a n d no stomach a r e to be s e e n . W h e n 0 . 6 — 0 . 7 mm. large, the m e d u s a has eight tentacles, f o u r primary, radial,
