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Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Union in the Teaching Material of Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes at the University of Pécs and at the University of Debrecen

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(1)

Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes

at the University of Pécs and at the University of Debrecen

Identification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011

(2)

BASICS OF

GERONTOLOGY,

DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Miklós Székely and Erika Pétervári

Molecular and Clinical Basics of Gerontology – Lecture 1

Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes

at the University of Pécs and at the University of Debrecen

Identification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011

(3)

Gerontology and Geriatrics

• (Géron = „gray“, lógos = „study“)

• The study of normal aging

Geriatrics

• Characteristic diseases in the elderly, or age- related changes in diseases that already

began in the young

Gerontology

(4)

WHO categories for late adulthood

• age 50-59: age of transition

• age 60-74: elderly

• age 75-89: old

• age 90-99: very old

• over the age of 100: age of Methuselah

(5)

Dynamic and dramatic increase in

the population above the age of 65

Population-wide aging

(6)

The share of people over the age of 60 in Europe in 2005 and in 2050 (%)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Ireland Cyprus Slovakia Malta Poland Luxemburg Netherland Czeh Republic Lithuania Denmark Finland Hungary Austria Slovenia United Kingdom France Estonia Latvia Belgium Sweden Germany Greece Spain Portugal Italy Europe of 15 New accession countries Europe of 25

2005 2050

(7)

Changes of the population pyramid in Hungary

500 400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 5 – 4 – 9

10 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 35 – 34 – 39 40 45 50 55 – 44 – 49 – 54 – 59 60 65 – 64 – 69 70 75 – 74 – 79 80 85 – 84 – X

Number of inhabitants in thousands

Ag e g rou p

1890

Male Male excess Female Female excess

1941

2004

(8)

Survival curves

for different populations

20 40 60 80

20 40 60 80

United States (1970)

1,100 BC Europe

15,000 yrs ago

Africa 50,000 yrs ago

Age (years)

Perc ent su rviv al

(9)

Mean life expectancy of males and

females in Sweden over two centuries

Period Mean life expectancy at age

0 60 80

1755-76 Male Female

33.20 35.70

12.24 13.08

4.27 4.47 1856-60 Male

Female

40.48 44.15

13.12 14.04

3.12 4.91 1936-40 Male

Female

64.30 66.90

16.35 17.19

5.25 5.49 1971-75 Male

Female

72.07 77.65

17.65 21.29

6.08

7.28

(10)

Survival curves for male rats fed ad libitum or restricted to 60%

Group Ad libitum

Restricted to 60%

Age (months)

Perc ent Surviv ing

48 44

40 36

32 28

24 20

16 12

8 4

0 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

(11)

Age-specific death rates of Swedish

females from 1751 to 1950 and for 1988

De ath/ 1000 /y ear

Sweden (females)

Years

100 75

50 25

0 0.5

1 10 100 500

1751 - 1790

1851 - 1860

1901 - 1910

1920 - 1930

1941 - 1950

1988

(12)

How old would you feel if you did not know how old you were?

Chronological and biological aging

(13)

Etiology of aging

A Genetic mechanisms

• Mutations (mutation rate is 10 7-11 )

• Chromosome abnormalities

• Telomeres

• Demethylation

• Defects of protein synthesis (Normal mistake rate 5/10,000)

• Elongation factor-1 levels are also low, just as levels of some types of mRNA, e.g. mRNA for IL-1.

B Acquired mechanisms

• Caloric intake – high serum glucose

• High metabolic rate

• Free radicals

• Sedentary lifestyle

(14)

A Genetic mechanisms

1 Essential lifespan is stable within the same species

2 Hayflick phenomenon 3 X chromosome

4 HLA DR1, DR11 – HLA DRw9

5 Progeria syndromes Hutchinson-Gilford, Werner

Etiology of aging

(15)

A Genetic mechanisms 6 Experimental models

Drosophila melanogaster

Transgenic strains contain extra copies of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase

Caenorhabditis elegans

(nematode-worm) SOD, catalase increase survival and thermal tolerance

Yeast

Longevity associated Gene (LAG)-1 Mouse

Certain inbred strains may live up to 8 years!!

Tumor suppressor p53 deficiency leads to premature aging and death

Etiology of aging

(16)

Factors influencing aging

Aging well

Life Activity

Social Resources

Material Security

Physical Health and Functional

Status Cognitive

Efficacy

(17)

Survival curves for different populations:

influence of environmental/economic/social factors

Survival at earlier ages has

increased with the passage of time and is greater in more developed countries.

Note the

maximum age

achieved has not altered.

Age (years)

Perc ent su rviv al

20 40 60 100

25 50 75 100

UK 1901

UK 1975

British India 1921-1930

80

0

(18)

Expected life-span at birth in different European states

64 – 67 67 – 70 70 – 73 73 – 75 75 – 78 78 – 80 80 – 82 82 – 84 84 – 86 86 – 88

IS

NO

RU

UA

MD RO

BY LV

TK BG

MK CS HR

HU SK

LT EE

AL SL

CZ PL DK

PT

IE

FI

UK

BE NL

LU

DE

AT

IT

BA

ES GR

SE

FR CH

(19)

Regional pattern of life expectancy in Germany: East-West difference (2003)

life expectancy at birth (years)

males

life expectancy at birth (years)

females

<74 74-75 75-76 76-77

>77

<81 81-81.5 81.5-82 82-82.5

>82.5

Berlin

Frankfurt M.

Köln

München

100 km

Hamburg Hamburg

Berlin

Frankfurt M.

Köln

München

100 km

(20)

male (years)

female (years)

USA 71.3 78.5

Japan 75.5 81.6

Finland 70.0 78.9

Average life expectancy at birth in different European states (1987)

male (years)

female (years)

male (years)

female (years)

Soviet Union 65.1 73.8 Switzerland 73.8 80.6

Hungary 65.7 73.7 Sweden 73.8 79.9

Poland 66.7 75.1 Greece 73.5 78.5

Yugoslavia 66.7 75.1 The Netherlands 73.1 79.9

Rumania 67.1 72.7 Norway 72.6 79.6

Czechoslovakia 67.5 75.0 FRG (West Germany) 71.9 78.5

Bulgaria 68.3 74.2 England 71.9 77.6

GDR (East Germany) 69.5 75.4 France 71.8 80.1

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