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K F K I

3 / 1 9 6 3

C E N T R A L R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E F O R P H Y S I C S o f t H e

H U N G A R I A N A C A D E M Y O F S C I E N C E S B u d a p e s t

L . S z e g h o a n d P . V é r t e s

C A L C U L A T I O N O F N E U T R O N T H E R M A L I Z A T I O N B Y L A G U E R R E

P O L Y N O M I A L S A P P R O X I M A T I O N

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An a t t e m p t i s made to s o l v e t h e t h e r m a l i z a t i o n p r o b le m i n a homoge­

n e o u s , i n i i n i t e m u l t i p l y i n g medium by u s i n g L a g u e r r e p o l y n o m i a l s a p p r o x i ­ m a t i o n .

The w hole e n e r g y ra n g e o f n e u t r o n s i s d i v i d e d i n t o two p a r t s , n a m e ly the s l o w i n g down ana t h e th e r m a l r e g i o n . The th e r m a l f l u x i s expanded i n t o a s e r i e s o f L a g u e r r e p o l y n o m i a l s . The n e u t r o n s s c a t t e r e d from th e s l o w i n g down r e g i o n a i e c o n s i d e r e d a s th e t h e r m a l n e u t r o n s o u r c e . The c o n t a c t l i n e b e tw e e n th e 'jWO r e g i o n s d e t e r m i n e s t h e s o - c a l l e d c u t - o f f e n e r g y E ^ . A c o m p r e h e n s i v e t r e a t m e n t f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s o u r c e term and t h e c u t - o f f e n e r g y i s g i v e n . The t h e r m a l n e u t r o n sp e c tr u m i s d e t e r m i n e d in L2 a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o r a wide ra n g e o i a b s o r p t i o n and t h e v a l u e o f i s c a l c u l a t e d i n term s o f a b s o r p t i o n .

In P a r t I I o f o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s to be p u b l i s h e d a t a l a t e r d a t e , th e sp e c tr u m o f th e r m a l n e u t r o n s In t h e c e l l o f a h e t e r o g e n e o u s r e a c t o r w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d .

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POLYNOMIALS APPROXIMATION I .

L. S zeg h ő and P . V é r t e s

C e n t r a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t f o r P h y s i c s , B u d a p e s t .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

One o f t h e m ost i m p o r t a n t p r o b le m s i n t h e t h e o r y o f t h e r m a l r e a c t o r s i s t h e s l o w in g - d o w n and t h e r m a l i z a t i o n o f n e u t r o n s i . e . t h e n e u t r o n e n e r g y sp e c tr u m i n homogeneous and h e t e r o g e n e o u s r e a c t o r s . The s l o w i n g down p r o c e s s ca n be d i v i d e d i n t o two p a r t s :

1 . S lo w in g -d o w n from f i s s i o n e n e r g y t o 1 eV;

2 . The s e t t i n g i n o f th e r m a l e q u i l i b r u m , b e lo w l , e V .

D u rin g t h e l a t e r p r o c e s s t h e n e u t r o n s g e t i n t o a s t a t e o f t h e r m o d y n a m ic a l e q u ilib r iu m w i t h t h e atom s o f t h e m o d e r a t o r . The s l o w i n g - d o w n and t h e r e s u l t ­ i n g th e r m a l n e u t r o n sp e c tr u m form t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e t h e o r y o f n e u t r o n t h e r - m a l i z a t i o n .

These two s l o w i n g down r e g i o n s a r e r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t a s r e g a r d s b o t h t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . I n t h e f i r s t c a s e t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e t h e r m a l m o t i o n o f atom s and o f c h e m i c a l b o n d s a r e n e g l e c t e d s i n c e any c o l l i s i o n r e s u l t s i n a d i m i n u t i o n o f n e u t r o n e n e r g y . In

t h e s e c o n d c a s e t h e th e r m a l m o t i o n and c h e m i c a l bonds a r e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t , and t h e n e u t r o n s may e i t h e r g a i n o r l o s e e n e r g y a s a r e s u l t o f s c a t t e r i n g .

S t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g t h e r e i s a t h i r d r e g i o n t o o b e t w e e n s l o w i n g - d o w n and t h e r m a l i z a t i o n . T h i s i s t h e t r a n s i t i o n r e g i o n w h ic h c a u s e s t h e most d i f f i c u l t i e s from t h e t h e o r e t i c a l v i e w p o i n t . I n t h e c o u r s e o f o u r c a l c u ­ l a t i o n we d i s r e g a r d t h i s r e g i o n and assume t h e t h e r m a l r e g i o n t o f o l l o w im­

m e d i a t e l y t h a t o f s l o w i n g - d o w n .

C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e q u a l i t a t i v e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e n e u t r o n s p e c t r a in t h e two r e g i o n s c a n be g i v e n a s f o l l o w s :

1 . The n e u t r o n f l u x i n th e s l o w in g - d o w n r e g i o n ab o v e l e V h a s t h e form l / E . 2 . The t h e r m a l n e u t r o n sp e c tr u m i s s i m i l a r t o a M a x w e llia n d i s t r i b u t i o n

and may be c a l l e d q u a s i - M a x w e l l i a n .

I n F i g . l . th e sh ap e o f th e s p e c tr u m i n e a c h r e g i o n i s shown.

The t h e r m a l n e u t r o n sp e c tr u m i s c o n s i d e r e d now i n th e L a g u e r r e p o l y ­ n o m i a l s a p p r o x i m a t i o n i . e . we expand t h e th e r m a l n e u t r o n f l u x i n t o a s e r i e s o f t h e f i r s t k i n d L a g u e r r e p o l y n o m i a l s . Thus an i n f i n i t e s e t o f e q u a t i o n s

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2

i s o b t a i n e d w h ic h can be s o l v e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y by c o n s i d e r i n g o n l y t h e f i r s t n t e r m s . T h is t r e a t m e n t i s c a l l e d L a p p r o x i m a t i o n . We s h a l l u s e 1^ and L2 a p p r o x i m a t i o n s o n l y .

The s p e c t r a o b t a i n e d by t h i s m ethod ca n be u s e d f o r c a l c u l a t i n g th e mean v a l u e s o f th e a b s o r p t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n s . I f t h e n e u t r o n s p e c t r a a r e n o t k n o w n ,th e a r t i f i c i a l n o t i o n o f t h e " n e u tr o n te m p e r a tu r e " i s u s e d i n t h e a v e ­ r a g i n g . T h is " n eu tro n t e m p e r a tu r e " i s g e n e r a l l y o b t a i n e d from an e m p i r i c a l fo r m u la o f t h e form

Tn ^mod 1 + CГ д ( Т м )

where c = 1 ; 1 . . . . 1 , 8 2 . The M a x w e llia n f o r Tn i s u s e d f o r a v e r a g i n g t h e a b s o r p t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n s .

I f t h e sp e c tr u m i s k n o w n ,t h e r e i s no n eed f o r t h e " n e u t r o n te m p e r a ­ t u r e " , w h ich i s a r o u g h l y a p p r o x im a te q u a n t i t y , f o r t h e t r u e t h e r m a l n e u t r o n s p ectru m r a t h e r d i f f e r s from a M a x w e llia n . T h is i s why th e c a l c u l a t i o n o f th e th e r m a l n e u t r o n sp e c tr u m i s so i m p o r t a n t .

Of c o u r s e , t h e th e r m a l n e u t r o n s p e c tr u m i n a homogeneous i n f i n i t e me­

dium can be c a l c u l a t e d a l s o by o t h e r m eth od s th a n t h e L a g u e r r e a p p r o x i m a t i o n [1 ] , [ 2 ] . However, t h e l a t t e r h a s some a d v a n t a g e s o v e r t h e o t h e r s . I t i s s i m p l e r , n e c e s s i t a t e s l e s s n u m e r i c a l w ork, and ca n e a s i l y be a p p l i e d t o h e ­ t e r o g e n e o u s s y s t e m s t o o .

2 . The r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e s lo w in g - d o w n and t h e q u a s i - M a x w e l l i a n s e c t i o n s o f th e n e u t r o n f l u x

The b a s i c e q u a t i o n o f t h e t h e o r y o f n e u t r o n s p e c t r a i s t h e e n e r g y d ep en d en t B oltzm ann e q u a t i o n :

Я ? Ф (е,о,г) + Г 0 (е) Ф (е,о ,г) - О®

- / 4E ' / х 5 ( Е , Е ' , 0 , Я ' ) Ф ( Е ; о ' , г ) Й О ' - Г 5 ( Е ) Ф ( Е , Я , г ) + а ( Е , г , П )

/ 2 . 1 /

where Q/ Е / i s th e s o u r c e o f t h e f i s s i o n n e u t r o n s .

The s i m p l e s t p r o b le m i s the n e u t r o n sp e c tr u m c a l c u l a t i o n i n an I n ­ f i n i t e homogeneous s y s t e m . In t h i s c a s e Ф ( Е , г , 0 ) i s in d e p e n d e n t o f t h e s p a t i a l and a n g u l a r v a r i a b l e s , t h e r e f o r e t h e E q . / 2 . 1 / c a n be i n t e g r a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t to r and ft :

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с»

[ Г а ( Е ) + Г 5 Ш ] Ф Ш = / Г 5 ( Е ' ~ Е ) Ф ( Е ' ) с 1 Е ' + С1(Е:) О

/

2

.

2

/

T h is e q u a t i o n h o l d s a l s o i n th e c a s e o f a c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r . I t seem s some­

what p e r p l e x i n g t h a t t h e e q u a t i o n f o r a r e a c t o r c o n t a i n s a s o u r c e t e r n , a l ­ th o u g h a c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r i s a s o u r c e - f r e e s y s t e m . C o n s i d e r i n g , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e f i s s i o n n e u t r o n sp e c tr u m i s c o n s i d e r a b l y in d e p e n d e n t o f t h e s p e c tr u m o f n e u t r o n s i n d u c i n g f i s s i o n , th e n e u t r o n s p r o d u c e d by f i s s i o n c a n be c o n s i d e r ­

ed a s a s o u r c e term . S i n c e t h e f i s s i o n e n e r g y i s w e l l above t h e t h e r m a l e n e r ­ g y , we have to c o n s i d e r o n l y t h e a s y m p t o t i c s o l u t i o n o f / 2 . 2 / i . e . t h e s o l u ­ t i o n o f

oo

[Г а ( E ) - r s ( E ) ] Ф ( Е ) “ / r s ( E - E ( E ' ) d E '

О / 2 . 3 /

T h is e q u a t i o n was i n v e s t i g a t e d by s e v e r a l a u t h o r s f o r v a r i o u s m o d e r a t o r s [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , m .

We s h a l l t r y t o s o l v e / 2 . з / f o r t h e t h e r m a l e n e r g y r a n g e u s i n g La-

1 I

g u e r r e e x p a n s i o n :

Ф ( Е ) = м ( т ) г c„ Í—)

n = 0 4 ' / 2 . 4 /

where j J ~ y ,2 6 T i s t h e M a x w e llia n sp e c tr u m a t t e m p e r a t u r e T o f t h e m odera­-f- t o r and

oo

с « - т к J Ш Ln5 ( r ) d £

/ 2 - 3 /

L ^ (y) i s th e n - t h f i r s t k in d L a g u e r r e - p o l y n o m i a l . The L a g u erre p o l y n o m i a l s g i v e an o r t h o g o n a l s y s t e m when n o r m a l i z e d t o

oo

/

2

.

6

/

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4

The f i r s t t h r e e L a g u erre p o l y n o m i a l s a r e

One can s e e from / 2 . 5/ t h a t i f f o r l a r g e v a l u e s o f E ф ~ 1 /E , t h e n t h e e x p a n s i o n / 2 . 4 / i s m e a n i n g l e s s s i n c e t h e i n t e g r a l / 2 . 5 / d o e s n o t converge e v e n f o r n = 0 . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e method o f L a g u e r r e p o l y n o m i a l s can be u s e d , a l l th e same, i n the f o l l o w i n g way. L et u s d i v i d e Ф(Е) i n t o two p a r t s :

Ф ( Е ) - Ф Т( Е ) + Ф ^ Е )

and im pose th e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s

< K U ) ~ I E » T

/ 2 . 8 а /

Фт (£) = 0

E= 0 / 2 , 8 b /

ФтСе) ^ > Ф 1Се)

ф ц ( Е ) » ф т СЕ)

Е ~ Т

E » T

/ 2 . 8 с /

/ 2 . 8 d /

w i t h th e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e s e r i e s / 2 . 1 / o f ФТ(Е ) . c o n v e r g e s Let u s s u b s t i t u t e / 2 . 7 / i n t o / 2 . 3 / :

Z q( E ) + Zs( E W E ) = / Г , CE1— E)<J>TU ' ) d E 4 S(E)

/ 2 . 9 /

I n t r o d u c i n g th e n o t a t i o n :

S ( E ) - J r s ( E - E ) $ l ( E ' ) d E ' - [ Z Q( E ) < - Z s n K ( E ) 0

/ 2 . 1 0 /

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S/ Е / w i l l be c a l l e d the s lo w in g - d o w n s o u r c e .

L et u s c a l c u l a t e t h e s l o w i n g - d o w n s o u r c e , u s i n g th e a s s u m p t i o n s / 2 . and n e g l e c t i n g some te r m s .

L et Ec be t h e e n e r g y above w h ic h t h e t h e r m a l m o t io n and c h e m i c a l bonds o f t h e m o d e r a to r can be n e g l e c t e d , i . e . f o r E * > Ec > (_E —E) i s r e p l a c e d by

Г в ( Е * - 0 -

/

2

.

11

/

i n e v e r y o t h e r c a s e

Here a = ^ -~2 and M i s th e mass o f t h e n u c l e u s . The c o n d i t i o n s / 2 . 8 c / and 4M / 2 . 8 d / a r e s a t i s f i e d by c h o o s i n g

Фт(Е) = 0 i f E > E

4>l(e) = o i f £ < E (

/

2

.

12

/

By / 2 . 1 2 / t h e form o f t h e s l o w i n g - d o w n s o u r c e i s

S(E) =

- / 1 5 (е- е) < К ( П с1е',

0 E < E C

. = 0 i f E > Ec

/ 2 . 1 3 /

Por s i m p l i c i t y th e a b s o l u t i o n i s n e g l e c t e d a b o v e Ec . / T h e c a s e w i t h o u t t h i s a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d i n A p p . l . / Thus f o r E > EQ

Ф|.(Е)“

i f E> E, / 2 . 1 4 /

where ^ a О

S u b s t i t u t i n g / 2 . 1 1 / a n d / 2 . 1 4 / i n t o / 2 . 1 3 / :

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1-OLE

6

S(E) =

= /

= 0

) cx E

d i ' =

<-p

T ’

i f (<-<*) Ec * Eá E c

i n e v e r y o t h e r c a s e

/ 2 . 1 5 /

Thus E q . /2 . 9 / h a s th e f o l l o w i n g form:

[ r o t E ) < - r s (E)]<t>T (E) “ / Г

5

(£— Е ) Ф

т

(Е'JdE'

/ 2 . 1 6 /

1 1 - a

£ c C E ( £ C, E )

whe re

£Cec,e) = .

= 1 i f ( l - a ) £ c 4 E 4 E c

= 0 i n e v e r y o t h e r c a s e

The / 2 . 1 6 / e q u a t i o n ca n a l r e a d y be t r e a t e d by L a g u e r r e p o l y n o m i a l s . S i n c e t h e

Ф ( Е )

sp e c tr u m must be c o n t i n u o u s :

Фт d e ) = Ф|_(Ес)

/ 2 . 1 7 /

T h is e q u a t i o n i s u s e d f o r th e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f Ec<

3 . The L-^ and L^ a p p r o x im a t io n

L et u s expand Ф ( Е ) and S/ Е / i n s e r i e s o f L a g u e r r e p o l y n o m i a l s :

Ф

т

(

е

) =

м

(

е

) £ ;

с

Д " Ч

е

)

п =0

S ( E) -

m

C

ej

S

s

^L^’

ce

)

/ 3 . 1 /

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where

*

C„ = ~ / ф т С Ы п ’с п а с

О

S r ,- / s C E ) L ‘°CE)dE

/ 3 . 2 /

,0)

S u b s t i t u t i n g / 3 . 1 / i n t o / 2 . 1 1 / , m u l t i p l y i n g i t by Lm ( E) and i n t e g r a t i n g o v e r E , we g e t :

Л i^rnn ifmn Cn + S n / 3 - 3 /

We i n t r o d u c e t h e n o t a t i o n s :

A n « - / м ( 4 ) 1 С„ ° ( т ) ^ Ч т ) Г а (Е)с11 / 3 . 4 a /

о

y m n = - T j / d £ d E 'M( T ) r s CE-E')[l.t ” C E ' ) - ^ >CE)][Lí " C E ')-tí; , (E) / 3 - 4 Ъ / о о

Рог t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f ymri ,we h a v e u s e d t h e c o n d i t i o n o f d e t a i l e d balance M C n r s C E - E ) = M C E )rs ( E - E ' )

and we s e e from / 5 . 4 b / t h a t = 0 -

The s e t o f E q s. / 3 - У i s i n f i n i t e . We s o l v e i t a p p r o x i m a t e l y by c o n ­ s i d e r i n g o n l y t h e f i r s t n t e r m s . T h is i s c a l l e d Ln+-^ a p p r o x i m a t i o n . We s h a l l d e a l w i t h t h e and a p p r o x i m a t i o n s . E . g . t h e e q u a t i o n s a r e t h e f o l l o w ­ i n g :

о ßoo

C,|

(1

q

\

— s 0

c o . - r J t f S ,

/ 5 . 5 /

and from / 2 . 1 0 / and / 3 - 2 / we have

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8

/ 3 . 6 /

For t h e c a s e o f h y d r o g e n e o u s m o d e r a to r

/ 3 . 6 ’ /

<X and f o r h e a v y m o d e r a t o r s ot < < 1 ,

/ 3 . 6 ” /

In t h e f o l l o w i n g we d e a l o n l y w i t h t h e c a s e CX = 1 .

The L-, e q u a t i o n s have an i n t e r e s t i n g p h y s i c a l m e a n in g .

One c a n show t h a t a c t u a l l y t h e y e x p r e s s t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n la w o f t h e number and e n e r g y o f n e u t r o n s . / See : A p p . l . /

The e q u a t i o n s o f t h e Lg a p p r o x i m a t i o n a r e

ßoo 6 0 +• ß 0n + ß o z ^ z s o / 3 . 7 а /

ßiOC0 + f ) C< + C /312 Т М ^

/ 3 . 7 Ъ / А г о с о + C/^2i + ^ /^22 Ггг) с 2 ” s 2

/ 3 . 7 с / f r o m / 2 . 1 ^ / and / 3 . 2 /

/ 3 . 6 с / In t h e c a s e o f h y d ro g en : ( a =4 )

/ 3 . 6 с /

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and f o r h e a v y m o d e r a t o r s

$ Z = Ko

c

/ 3 . 6 с ’ V

Ц-. R e s u l t s and d i s c u s s i o n s

We a p p l y t h e L a g u erre p o l y n o m i a l s a p p r o x i m a t i o n to a m o d e r a t o r o f W ig n e r - W ilk in s k e r n e l . That i s we assume t h a t

Г Л * - п -

/ 4 . 1 /

T h is i s t h e t h e r m a l s c a t t e r i n g k e r n e l o f a monatomic h y d r o g e n e o u s m o d e r a t o r I t i s known t h a t w a t e r i s s i m i l a r to a monoatom ic h y d r o g e n e o u s m o d e r a t o r a s r e g a r d s n e u t r o n t h e r m a l i z a t i o n . I t ca n be e x p l a i n e d by th e f a c t t h a t t h e i n c r e a s i n g s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s s e c t i o n i s c o m p e n s a te d by th e d e c r e a s i n g e n e r g y t r a n s f e r . [ 5 ]

With t h e h e l p o f / 4 . 1 / one can com pute:

r « = - w l 7 S 0 ; f i z = 0 ’2 5 fii ; Г22=

Thus t h e E q s . / 3 - 7 / w i t h t h e c o n d i t i o n / 2 . 1 7 / , a s s u m in g l / v a b s o r p t i o n law,,become

C0 + 0 )5 C 1 +• 0,375 C 2 = 1

/4.2a /

0 , 5 c o + ( 1 , 7 s + + ( 0 ,9 3 7 5 + 0 , 2 5 Д ' * ) С 2 = 1 - ^

г / 4 *2 b / 0,375со + С0)9375 + 0,25Д "<) с 1+ ( 2 ,3 9 + <,94Д-1; с г = 1 - ^ +

Г H / F Л 2. / т- чо / 4 . 2 с /

с 0 + 2 с 1 + З с 2 —( с ^ 3 c 2 ) y : + - j C 2 / ~ ^ Т

/ 4 . 2 d /

(14)

10 -

where t h e symbol A = ~ and th e n o r m a l i z a t i o n ^ h a v e b e e n u s e d . F i g . 2 . shows t h e Ec c u t - o f f a s a f u n c t i o n o f A . In t h e c a s e o f z e r o a b s o r p t i o n , Ec i s i n f i n i t e . T h i s i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e s i n c e t h e r e i s o n l y a

s i m p l e M a x w e llia n i n t h a t c a s e , and no 1 /E r e g i o n a t a l l . _ To have a s t a t i o ­ n a r y s o l u t i o n w i t h t h e a b s o r p t i o n t e n d i n g to z e r o , t h e s o u r c e must a l s o te n d t o z e r o .

In F i g . 3 . th e e n e r g y yielding t h e maximum v a l u e o f ФТ(Е) i s shown a s a. f u n c t i o n o f A .Up t o q u i t e l a r g e v a l u e s o f A t h e c u r v e i s s e e n t o i n ­ c r e a s e m o n o t o n o u s ly , b u t e v e n t u a l l y t h i s i n c r e a s e c e a s e s and th e c u r v e b e n d s back a t an e x t r e m e l y l a r g e A . T h i s b e n d in g back i s fo u n d n o t o n l y by t h e L a g u erre p o l y n o m i a l s a p p r o x i m a t i o n , b u t by n u m e r i c a l i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e Wig- n e r - W i l k i n s e q u a t i o n t o o .

I n F i g . 4 . t h e ф (£) can be s e e n f o r some v a l u e s o f A n e u t r o n f l u x . I n F i g . 5 . we compare an L2 sp e c tr u m w i t h th e e m p i r i c a l [ 6 ] , a s w e l l a s w i t h t h e s p e c tr u m c a l c u l a t e d by n u m e r i c a l i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e W ig n e r - ‘Ji l - k i n s e q u a t i o n [ 7 ] .One c a n s e e t h a t t h e L2 sp e c tr u m i s somewhat s o f t e r , th a n t h a t f i t t e d to the e x p e r i m e n t a l p o i n t s . T h is i s i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e w e l l - known f a c t t h a t t h e W ig n e r - W i l k i n s e q u a t i o n g i v e s l e s s h a r d e n e d s p e c t r a th a n r e q u i r e d [ 8 ] .

We can s e e a l l th e same t h a t th e L0 a p p r o x i m a t i o n g i v e s t h e s p e c t r a

— 1 ^

r e l a t i v e l y w e l l up to H Q= 0 , 2 cm . F or g r e a t e r Ц Qt h e s p e c t r a w i l l be s o f t e r th an r e q u i r e d . In Table 1 . t h e 1 / v c r o s s s e c t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d a s a v e r a g e d o v e r t h e s p e c t r u m .

F o r p o s s i b l e improvement l e t us summarize t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n s i n v o l v e d i n o u r r e s u l t s .

1 / The th e r m a l m o t io n o f th e m o d e r a to r atom s above Ec i s n e g l e c t e d . 2 / The a b s o r p t i o n above Ec i s n e g l e c t e d .

3 / O nly t h e f i r s t t h r e e t e r m s i n th e L a g u e r r e e x p a n s i o n a r e c o n s i d e r e d . F or h y d ro g en t h e 1 / v a b s o r p t i o n above Ec can e a s i l y be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t . To do t h i s / s e e A p p . 2 / we o n l y h ave t o u s e t h e e q u a t i o n

/ s E c 1 f

Ecy

C0+ 2 c i + 3 c 2 - ( c 1+ 3 c 2 ) — r j

1M A Г

1 + ^ q t E c) E2 e

C / 4 . 2 d /

so

i n s t e a d o f / 4 . 2d / .Even f o r o t h e r , h e a v i e r m o d e r a t o r s th e l / v a b s o r p t i o n c a n be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t b u t th e r e s u l t w i l l be more c o m p l i c a t e d . From / 4 . 2 d / one can s e e t h a t t h e c o r r e c t i o n term w o u ld be s i g n i f i c a n t o n l y i n t h e c a s e o f r a t h e r s t r o n g a b s o r p t i o n .

In o r d e r to g e t r i d o f th e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n we have to c o n s i d e r t h e t r a n s i t i o n r e g i o n . E . g . an a p p r o x im a t e way w o u ld be th e e x p a n s i o n o f £ S(E-^E) and ф ц( Е ) i n t o a power s e r i e s i n l / E / s e e [ 9 ]

The e r r o r due t o t h e t r u n c a t i o n o f t h e L a g u e r r e s e r i e s ca n be d i m i ­ n i s h e d by u s i n g t h e L^, L^... e t c . a p p r o x im a t i o n s . U s e o f h i g h e r o r d e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n s , h o w e v e r , i s t o o l a b o r i o u s , and i n t h i s c a s e s i m p l i c i t y / th e

(15)

main a d v a n t a g e o f t h e L a g u e r r e “a p p r o x i m a t i o n w o u ld be l o s t . The o t h e r r e a s o n f o r n o t u s i n g h i g h e r o r d e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n s a r e e n o r - s i n v o l v e d i n a p p r o x i m a t i o n s 1 /, 2 / , w h ic h may be l a r g e r th a n t h a t due t o t h e t r u n c a t i o n i n L2 a p p r o x i m a t i o n .

A f u r t h e r a d v a n t a g e o f th e L a g u e r r e a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s t h a t t h e k e r n e l 52 (e!—E)has not t o t e f u l l y known. The k n o w le d g e o f y ' s i s s u f f i c i e n t , e . g . th e L-^ a p p r o x i m a t i o n n e c e s s i t a t e s o n l y t h e k n ow led ge o f w h ic h can be o b t a i n e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y from t h e s o - c a l l e d d i f f u s i o n c o o l i n g [ 1 0 ]

T a b le 1 .

<Sn barn

Q H-atom 0 , 5 3 2 З Д 5 6 , 0 4

Z Q[ cm"1 ] 0 , 0 1 9 5 0 , 1 8 9 3 0 , 3 6 2 9

pc L0 - a p n r c ä l c

°Qmeas

1 , 0 0 4 1 , 0 6 2 1 , 0 3 9

fr M axw ell Q c a l c .

^ameas

1 , 0 0 5 1 , 1 1 2 1 ,1 5

where

_ M axwell

c a l e Gq( 2 2 0 0 ) Щ- f V

and T

n Mod ^1+1,815

X-'

q

C

t

m)

Щ

t

(16)

12 -

A ppendix 1 .

The p h y s i c a l meaning o f t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n

E q . / 3 . 5 a / c a n be o b t a i n e d by i n t e g r a t i n g / 2 . 9 / o v e r E 00

/ Г и ( Е ) Ф т С Е )с1£= i s ( E ) d E

О

Thus t h e f i r s t L-^ e q u a t i o n e x p r e s s e s t h e f a c t o f n e u t r o n number c o n s e r v a t i o n . M u l t i p l y i n g now Eq. / 3 . 5a / by tw o, and s u b t r a c t i n g E q . / 3 - 5 b / , we g e t :

C»o 00

/ Е Г а (Е)ФтСЕ)с1Е-/(Е-Е,)1 :з ( £ ^ Е ) ф т(Е,)с1ЕУЕ+ / 2/

о» О

+ о

T h is e x p r e s s e s t h e law o f e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n . S t a r t i n g from t h e s e two la w s o f c o n s e r v a t i o n , and making u s e o f t h e r e l a t i o n

E Ec

7Г e те//

*ff

konst

/ 3 /

i n s t e a d o f / 2 . 1 7 / G a la n in [ l l ] h a s d e t e r m i n e d t h e s o - c a l l e d T " n e u t r o n te m p e r a tu r e " .

L et u s i n t r o d u c e t h e n o t a t i o n X= —Щ, ^ --- and exp an d t h e e x -

Te ff

T

p o n e n t i a l term i n Eq. / 3 / up t o t h e l i n e a r term

e T ( l -

2

x + - y - x ) =

konsf

/ 3 V

I f we d e f i n e th e n e u t r o n t e m p e r a tu r e a s

■eff

, / ф т С Е )E d E

2 ©в

/ í > T( E ) d E

/ V

t h e n , w r i t i n g t h i s i n t o E q . / 3 ’ / , we s h a l l g e t an e q u a t i o n i d e n t i c a l t o / 2 . 1 7 / .

(17)

A p p en d ix 2 .

l / у a b s o r p - t io n above i n th e с а з е o f h y d r o g e n I t i s known t h a t f o r h y d r o g e n ^

. f i . .

J r Q+E s

dE

E1

P e r f o r m i n g t h e i n t e g r a t i o n we g e t

<D

l

( E ) = ; K"

Thus

5(E) = 7

K0dE K0

E,

Ec 0 +^ 4 ^ ) 3

Prom t h i s we ca n o b t a i n t h e v a l u e s o f s Q, s 1 , b^ . They w i l l d i f f e r from / 3 . 6 ’ / i n t h a t К i s a l w a y s r e p l a c e d by ---g=~ Г г ~Т\ Ь

K0

I f we n o r m a l i z e w i t h

к . ( 1 + ^ c I f

(£c )j2 i n s t e a d o f KQ, t h e n we h ave1 a g a i n / 4 . 2 /

(18)

14 Appendix 3»

Formulae / 3 . 6 / f o г mi x t u r e s

The f o r m u la e / 3 * 6 / ca n e a s i l y be g e n e r a l i z e d f o r m i x t u r e s . The f o r ­ mula / 2 . 11/ f o r m i x t u r e s i s g i v e n by

= I , I f C - « , ) f < E < E ' j

= 0 i n e v e r y o t h e r c a s e where

c 0 , ) =

Thu3 / 2 , 1 3 * w i l l become

S(E) =

- E j r s i ( M ) < p L( Z ' ) d i ‘ i f E<EC

<■ 0

= 0 i n e v e r y o t h e r c a s e and from E q . / 2 . 1 4 / we have

Ф ц С Е ) - 7

К о i f

E >E,

where

У

Z i ; г 50- г г SOI

SOI

Thus by / 2 . I 5/

S<^ ? r s o * Г « Т ( e c E ) ej a o E , E c )

C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e f o r m u la / 3 , 6 / ca n be w r i t t e n a s

where

(19)

В e f e r e n c e a

[lj W i g n e r , E . P . , and W i l k i n s , J . E . Jr.AECD-2275 / 1 9 4 8 /

[2] H u r w i t z , H . , N e l k i n , M . S . , and H a b e t i e r , G. J . , N u c l . S e i . E n g . 1 , 2 8 0 . / 1 9 5 6 / [3] N e l k i n , M . S . , N u c l . S e i . E n g . 2 , 1 9 9 / 1 9 5 7 /

[4] W i l k i n s , J . E . , J r . , CP-2 4 8 1 / 1 9 4 4 /

[5] N e l k i n , M . S . , NR. C o h e n ,S e c o n d C o n f e r e n c e on t h e P e a c e f u l U s e s o f A tom ic E n ergy / 1 9 5 8 /

[6] P o o l e , M . J . , J r . N u c l .E n e r g y 3 2 5 - / 1 9 5 7 / [7 ] A m ste r ,H . J . , N u c l . S e i . E n g . 2 , 3 9 4 . / 1 9 5 7 /

[8] S o b r i n o , ! . , and C l a r k , M . , J r . N u c l . S e i . E n g . 1 0 , 377 / 1 9 6 1 / [9] C o r n g o l d , N . , A n n . o f P h y s . 6 , 3 6 8 . / 1 9 5 9 /

[10] S in g w i,K S . , A r k i v f o r P y s i k 1 6 , 3 8 5 . / i 9 6 0 /

[11] G a la n in ,A .D. , Thermal R e a c t o r T h e o r y , Pergamon P r e s s / i 9 6 0 /

(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)

F ig . 3 o /o

(24)

(arbitrary unit)

F i g * -

(25)

(arbitrary unit)

measured Curve

calculated curve

(26)
(27)
(28)

Hivatkozások

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