CLIMATE INFLUENCING FACTORS OF CLIMATE INFLUENCING FACTORS OF
THE CARPATHIAN BASIN
THE CARPATHIAN BASIN
THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL CLIMATE DETERMINANT:
THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL CLIMATE DETERMINANT:
LOCATION LOCATION
Hungary is
Hungary is situatedsituated inin thethe middlemiddle bandband of theof the temperatetemperate beltbelt, in, in thethe truetrue temperatetemperate zone, zone, betweenbetween thethe northernnorthern latitudeslatitudes 45°45°45’45’ and 48
and 48°°3535’’ ..
ItsIts distancedistance fromfrom thethe AtlanticAtlantic OceanOcean is aroundis around 1000 km, which1000 km, which insures
insures a a mildmild ocanicocanic climateclimate effect:effect:
1.
1. The NorthThe North--AtlanticAtlantic currentcurrent bringsbrings aboutabout a 1-a 1-1.51.5°°C C positivepositive anomaly
anomaly inin thethe meanmean annualannual temperatures. temperatures. ThisThis positivepositive anomalyanomaly is strongeris stronger inin thethe winterwinter half-half-yearyear and and inin Transdanubia. The Transdanubia. The
annual
annual coursecourse of temperatureof temperature is more uniform is more uniform comparedcompared toto thethe continental
continental areas, i.e. areas, i.e. easteast of theof the DanubeDanube. .
2.
2. PrecipitationPrecipitation is greateris greater, , itsits distributiondistribution isis more uniform more uniform duedue toto thethe increased
increased winterwinter cyclonecyclone activityactivity inin Transdanubia.Transdanubia.
Temperate belt
True temperate belt
Moist continental climate
Three climatic effect in the Carpathian basin
OCEANIC EFFECT
MEDITERRANEAN EFFECT
CONTINENTAL
EFFECT
Two Two basic basic features features of the of the climate climate of of Hungary: Hungary:
1. 1. transitional transitional 2. 2. basin basin location location 1. The
1. The Carpathian Carpathian basin basin is locate is locate in in the the border border of of three three climate climate regions
regions: :
oceanic
oceanic ((Cf)Cf) continental
continental ((Df)Df) Mediterranean
Mediterranean ((Cs)Cs)
The climate of Hungary according to the Köppen’s classification (Szelepcsényi, 2009)
C: Warm-temperate climate (mean temperature of the coldest month is between +18°C and -2°C)
D: Cold-temperate climate (mean temperature of the coldest month < -2°C, mean temperature of the warmest month > 10°C)
a: hot, warm summer
b: moderately warm summer
f: annual distribution of precipitation is more or less uniform
Areal
Areal determinantsdeterminants of precipitationof precipitation:: 1. distance1. distance fromfrom thethe sea; sea;
2. height2. height aboveabove seasea level; level; 3. basin3. basin effecteffect;;
Regional variability AVERAGE 600-700 mm/year
Minimum: Hortobágy and Körös-Tisza angle: 400-480 mm/year Maximum: Alpokalja: > 900 mm/year
Hungary:
• Distance from the Atlantic ocean
• +35 mm/100m
Mean annual total of precipitation in Hungary
2. 2. PrimaryPrimary consequenceconsequence of of thethe basinbasin effecteffect: : protectionprotection against
against windwind..
• EveryEvery air air currentcurrent entersenters thethe basinbasin asas foehnfoehn windwind. .
•• Th eeffectTh eeffect of of cyclonescyclones weakenweaken and becomeand become unpredictable
unpredictable du todu to thethe AlpsAlps and Dinaricand Dinaric Alps. Alps.
•• ColdCold breaksbreaks involvinginvolving orientaloriental windswinds inin winterwinter areare significantly
significantly delayeddelayed byby thethe CarpathianCarpathian Mountains.Mountains.
The valuesThe values of theof the climaticclimatic elementselements varyvary quasiquasi-concentrically-concentrically fromfrom thethe edgeedge towardstowards thethe centre of thecentre of the basin.basin.
Pressure
Pressure centrescentres and air and air massesmasses formingforming thethe weatherweather of largeof large--scalescale areas
areas areare alsoalso transitional. transitional.
The soThe so calledcalled actionaction centrescentres –– developingdeveloping eithereither over continentsover continents (temporary(temporary) ) oror seasea surfacesurface ((permanent) permanent) −− areare large-large-scalescale areasareas of of lowlow oror highhigh air pressureair pressure, , influencinginfluencing climateclimate of extendedof extended regionsregions through
through cyclonescyclones oror anticyclonesanticyclones and theirand their air massesair masses thatthat formform over over these
these areas. areas.
Temperate
Temperate beltbelt cyclonescyclones developingdeveloping over over thethe areaarea of theof the soso calledcalled Icandic
Icandic air pressureair pressure minimum minimum basicallybasically affectaffect thethe weatherweather of Europe.of Europe.
The most known weather action centres in the Northern Hemisphere occur in the Atlantic ocan and Pacific ocean region of Europe and North America. Air pressure action centres of the Northern Hemisphere are as follows:
− Icelandic minimum (formation of cyclones)
− Azores maximum (formation of anticyclones)
− Persian Gulf maximum (formation of cyclones)
− Siberian maximum (formation of anticyclones)
Low or high pressure formations developing in the weather action centres and then moving further due to the air currents basically determine the weather of the regions that they pass over. The
classification of air masses based on the above criteria is called large- scale weather tipization.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES
OF THE CLIMATE ELEMENTS IN OF THE CLIMATE ELEMENTS IN
HUNGARY HUNGARY
SOLAR RADIATION
SOLAR RADIATION
1938: USA:
1938: USA: Teller –Teller – GamowGamow:: theorytheory of theof the thermonuclearthermonuclear fusion:fusion: Where
Where fromfrom thethe heatheat of theof the Sun originatesSun originates?? Nuceli
Nuceli areare +charged+charged ⇒⇒ theythey repelrepel eacheach other; other; whenwhen collision, collision, thethe conditionsconditions of fusionof fusion::
•• Maxwell’Maxwell’ss velocityvelocity distributiondistribution:: atat givengiven temperaturetemperature therethere areare atoms
atoms, , havinghaving significantlysignificantly higherhigher energyenergy thenthen thethe averageaverage; ;
•• Gamow’Gamow’ss tunneltunnel phenomenon:phenomenon: particlesparticles repellingrepelling eacheach other, other, cancan getget nearnear toto eacheach otherother byby quantumquantum tunnelingtunneling ⇒⇒ nuclearnuclear force
force link themlink them toto oneone another;another; Multiplying
Multiplying thesethese twotwo factorsfactors →→ thermonuclearthermonuclear fusionfusion theorytheory; ;
•• Hans Hans BetheBethe:: twotwo crashingcrashing hydrogenhydrogen nucleinuclei cannotcannot createcreate a a stable
stable heliumhelium nucleus; nucleus; hydrogenhydrogen fusionfusion cancan onlyonly be cretaedbe cretaed ifif inin thethe momentmoment of theof the briefbrief proximityproximity a a ββ -decay-decay alsoalso occursoccurs ⇒⇒ thethe result
result of of thethe nuclearnuclear fusion: fusion: heavyheavy hydrogen;hydrogen;
The heatThe heat of theof the Sun is Sun is providedprovided byby a totalitya totality of lowof low probability
probability eventsevents, , particulralyparticulraly protonproton--proton proton fusionfusion..
General
General characteristicscharacteristics::
ItIt doesdoes notnot needneed intermediaryintermediary agentagent forfor spreading.spreading. ItIt is convertedis converted intointo thermalthermal energyenergy inin thethe presencepresence of of substances
substances whenwhen goinggoing throughthrough thethe atmosphere.atmosphere.
ItIt is relativelyis relatively constantconstant inin time: time: thethe valuevalue of theof the solarsolar constant
constant is is aroundaround 1361368 8 W⋅W⋅mm-2-2. . SuchSuch an an amountamount of of energyenergy comes
comes toto thethe upperupper boundryboundry of theof the atmosphereatmosphere fromfrom thethe Sun.Sun. Electromagnetic
Electromagnetic energyenergy comingcoming fromfrom thethe Sun has a Sun has a specific
specific spectralspectral wavelengthswavelengths distribution. distribution. Passing
Passing throughthrough thethe atmosphereatmosphere, the, the solarsolar radiationradiation is is scattered
scattered, , absorbedabsorbed oror reflectedreflected →→ irradianceirradiance comingcoming toto thethe Earth
Earth’’ss surfacesurface has a has a loss, loss, weakensweakens and itsand its spectralspectral composition
composition is changingis changing. .
Why is the sky blue?
Why is the sunset red?
Visible light: elektromagnetic radiation,
its wavelength range ≈ 380 nm - 760 nm;
Clear colour: it contains only one wavelenght - colour of lasers
- sodium lamps (oringe light street lamps)
↑
↓
- colours of rainbow
In most cases we do not see clear colours;
Colour image: it shows that which wavelength in which strength is present;
The colour of the Sun;
A Rayleigh scattering
If the dispersing particle has much smaller size than the wavelength of the visible light, (<0,2λ) ⇒ the visible light is scattering both back and forth and sideways
⇒ sideways, the intensity of scattering is half as much and the light is polarized;
⇒ efficacy of scattering is proprtional with 1/λ4
(⇒ violet is scattered 12–14-times more strongly than deep red!)
the multiplicator 1/λ4 suppresses red and highlights blue;
Meteorological
Meteorological solar solar radiation radiation parameters parameters
11. Total 11. Total radiationradiation budget
budget 8. Long8. Long--wavewave
radiation radiation budget budget 5. Short5. Short-wave-wave
radiation
radiation budgetbudget Balance
Balance
10.10. Full-Full-upup solarsolar radiation
radiation 7.7. SurafceSurafce
irradiance irradiance 4.4. ReflectedReflected
solar
solar radiationradiation
↑↑ towardstowards
9. Full9. Full--downdown solarsolar radiation
radiation 6. Atmos6. Atmos--phericpheric
back
back radiationradiation 1.1. Global solarGlobal solar
radiation radiation 2.2. DiffúDiffúzz
sugsugárárzzásás 3. Scattered3. Scattered
solar
solar radiationradiation
↓↓ towardstowards
Global
Global solarsolar radiation radiation
PIRRADIOMETER PIRRADIOMETER Long
Long wavewave ((λλ>10mm)>10mm)
PIRGEOMETER PIRGEOMETER Short
Short wavewave ((λ<3.5mm)λ<3.5mm) PIRANOMETER PIRANOMETER According
According toto spectra
spectra:: According According toto direction direction::
The intensityThe intensity of theof the solarsolar radiationradiation cancan be characterizedbe characterized byby thethe amount
amount of heatof heat thatthat is generatedis generated whenwhen thethe radiationradiation isis absorbedabsorbed byby a perfectlya perfectly absorbingabsorbing body. body.
Radiation
Radiation is theis the amountamount of of heatheat thatthat is generatedis generated onon a unit areaa unit area and and unit
unit timetime whenwhen thethe radiationradiation passespasses throughthrough itit perpendicularly, perpendicularly, ifif thethe areaarea completelycompletely absorbedabsorbed thethe radiationradiation (Unit(Unit:W⋅:W⋅mm-2-2).).
Another
Another importantimportant characteristicscharacteristics of theof the solarsolar radiationradiation: : sunshinesunshine duration
duration. . ThisThis is theis the periodperiod of theof the globalglobal radiationradiation exceedingexceeding 120120WW⋅⋅mm-2 -2 ((hours⋅hours⋅yearyear-1-1).).
ItsIts measurementmeasurement startedstarted atat thethe turnturn of theof the 19-19-20th century20th century inin
ÓgyallaÓgyalla and Kalocsa usingand Kalocsa using AngströAngströmm pirheliometer. pirheliometer. SinceSince 1965, the1965, the central
central observatoryobservatory of theof the solarsolar radiationradiation detectiondetection has beenhas been operating
operating inin PestlőPestlőrinc.rinc.
Campbell-Stokes instrument measuring sunshine duration
Annual
Annual coursecourse of solarof solar radiationradiation
The amountThe amount of theof the globalglobal solarsolar radiationradiation is determinedis determined byby thethe latitude
latitude and theand the degreedegree of cloudinessof cloudiness. . InIn HIngaryHIngary, 3°, 3° differencedifference inin latitude
latitude causescauses 200-200-250 MJ250 MJ⋅⋅mm-2-2⋅⋅yearyear--11 difference.difference.
The annualThe annual coursecourse of theof the astronomicallyastronomically potentialpotential globalglobal solarsolar radiation
radiation adjustedadjusted toto thethe heightheight ofof thethe Sun showsSun shows minimum inminimum in December and maximum
December and maximum inin July.July.
The annualThe annual coursecourse of theof the actualactual globalglobal solarsolar radiationradiation is similaris similar, , itsits values
values reachreach 65% of 65% of thethe potentialpotential valuevalue inin annualannual countrywidecountrywide average
average ((deterrentdeterrent effecteffect ofof cloudcloud cover).cover).
Monthly
Monthly minimum minimum inin northnorth--easteast 78 MJ⋅78 MJ⋅mm-2-2⋅⋅monthmonth--11, az Alf, az Alfööld ld kköözepzepéén 97 MJ⋅n 97 MJ⋅mm-2-2⋅⋅hhóó-1-1 ..
Monthly
Monthly maximum maximum inin wsetwset 620 MJ⋅620 MJ⋅mm-2-2⋅⋅monthmonth-1-1, , whilewhile inin thethe middlemiddle of th Great
of th Great PlainPlain 700 MJ⋅700 MJ⋅mm--22⋅⋅monthmonth--11..
Mean monthly sums of the global solra radiation (MJ⋅m-2), Sopron, Budapest, Kecskemét
InIn accordanceaccordance withwith thethe annualannual course, course, thethe ratio of theratio of the diffusediffuse and and direct
direct componentscomponents of theof the globalglobal solarsolar radiationradiation alsoalso changes.changes. The directThe direct//diffusediffuse ratio onlyratio only 50-50-50% 50% eveneven inin thethe clearerclearer summersummer half-half-yearyear..
InIn winter, winter, two/two/thirdthird of theof the globalglobal solarsolar radiationradiation comescomes fromfrom diffusediffuse radiation
radiation..
Mean ratios of the two components of the global solar radiation under mean cloudiness, %
Daily
Daily course course of the of the global global solar solar radiation radiation and and its its components components
Areal
Areal distribution distribution of of the the global global solar solar radiation radiation clearly clearly shows
shows a a basin basin character character . .
Areal distribution of the mean annual sums of the global solar radiation (MJ⋅m-2) in Hungary
Mean annual sums of the global solar radiation (MJ/m2) in Hungary (2000-2009)
Photosynthetically
Photosynthetically activeactive globalglobal solarsolar radiationradiation is of is of great
great importanceimportance inin agriculturalagricultural and ecologicaland ecological pointpoint of viewof view (wavelength(wavelength range: 380range: 380--710 nm).710 nm).
Areal distribution of the mean annual sums of the photo- synthetically active global solar radiation (MJ⋅m-2) in Hungary
SomeSome of of thethe shortshort--wavewave radiationradiation reachingreaching thethe surfacesurface is is reflectedreflected ((albedoalbedo). ). InIn accordanceaccordance withwith thethe changeschanges
of of thethe physicalphysical parametersparameters ofof thethe surfacesurface, , thisthis showsshows a a spedificspedific temporaltemporal and and spatialspatial dynamicsdynamics..
Annual
Annual coursecourse of albedoof albedo (%) in(%) in casecase ofof different
different surfcaes.surfcaes.
forest
vineyard, fruity agricultural area meadow, pasture mean
Albedo
Albedo showsshows specificspecific arealareal changeschanges duringduring thethe winter-winter- and summerand summer half-half-yearyear..
Mean areal distribution of the expected value of albedo (%) in January, Hungary
Mean areal distribution of the expected value of albedo (%) in July, Hungary
Short
Short--wavewave radiationradiation budgetbudget is theis the differencedifference betweenbetween globalglobal solarsolar radiation
radiation and reflectedand reflected short-short-wavewave radiation. radiation. ThisThis parameterparameter showsshows similar
similar temporaltemporal andand spatialspatial dynamicsdynamics thanthan globalglobal solarsolar radiationradiation butbut withwith smallersmaller valuesvalues..
Areal distribution of the mean annual sums of the short-wave radiation budget (absorbed radiation) (MJ⋅m-2) in Hungary
The surfaceThe surface warmingwarming fromfrom thethe absorbedabsorbed short-short-wavewave radiationradiation emitsemits long-long-wavewave radiation. radiation.
SomeSome of thisof this radiationradiation is absorbedis absorbed byby thethe atmosphericatmospheric greenhousegreenhouse gases
gases and is radiatedand is radiated back back toto thethe Earth’Earth’ss surface. surface.
The differenceThe difference of theof the amountamount ofof energyenergy radiatedradiated byby thethe surfacesurface and and re-re-radiatedradiated byby thethe atmosphereatmosphere is theis the long-long-wavewave radiationradiation budgetbudget of of thethe surface. surface.
IfIf thisthis radiationradiation budgetbudget is addedis added toto thethe short-short-wavewave radiationradiation budget, budget, thenthen wewe receivereceive thethe totaltotal radiationradiation budgetbudget of theof the surface, surface, whichwhich
determines
determines thethe energyenergy sourcesource ofof thethe climateclimate processes.processes.
Areal distribution of the mean annual sums of the total radiation budget (MJ⋅m-2) in Hungary
Sunshine
Sunshine durationduration
IfIf thethe intensityintensity of theof the solarsolar radiationradiation exceedsexceeds 120 W120 W⋅⋅mm-2-2, then, then itit is saidis said thatthat thethe sunsun isis shining. Unit: shining. Unit: hour⋅hour⋅yearyear-1-1..
ItsIts maximum is maximum is inin JulyJuly, its, its minimum is minimum is inin December.December.
Areal distribution of the mean annual sums of the sunshine duration (hours) in Hungary
Annual sums of sunshine hours
Always look on the bright side of things!
We finished for today, goodbye!
ق ا ا إ اد د
ق ا ا إ اد د
ﻣ ﻣ ! ! ء ء ا ا
让我们总是从光明的一面来看待事 物吧！
今天的课程到此结束，谢谢！
