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Be sustainable:

move to a low-energy apartment

Dr. Zsuzsa Szalay Vivienne Brophy

University College Dublin

SETAC Europe 17th LCA Case Study Symposium Sustainable Lifestyles

28 February – 1 March 2011

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2 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Energy consumption and buildings

The building sector

- accounts for about 40% of the energy consumption in Europe

- has a great potential for cost-effective energy savings

By 2020 all new buildings shall be nearly-zero energy buildings !

(Recast of the European Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings)

Introduction

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3 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Dr. Zsuzsa Szalay

Building standards in Ireland

Introduction

- 40 %

TGD 2008

- 20 %

planned in 2011

carbon neutral?

in the very near future

TGD 2005 (Building Regulation, Technical Guidance Document Part L: Conservation of Fuel and Energy)

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4 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Building elements

~ 0.1-0.15 W/m2K

≤ 15 kWh/m2y

≤ 120 kWh/m2y Space

heating

Primary energy

Passivhaus standard

Passive houses

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5 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Dr. Zsuzsa Szalay

‘Passive houses’

Key elements:

- very well insulated building envelope;

- thermal bridge free construction;

- high performing windows with well-insulated frames and glazing;

- high level of airtightness of the envelope;

- optimisation of solar and internal gains;

- and a whole-house

mechanical heat recovery ventilation.

Passive houses

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6 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

The whole life cycle

A complex environmental evaluation and optimisation should cover the whole life cycle of buildings and look at a range of different environmental impact categories

Introduction

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Method of analysis

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8 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Life Cycle Assessment

LCA framework

Goal and scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Inter- pretation

Direct applications:

- Product development and improvement

- Strategic planning - Public policy making - Marketing

- Other

Method of analysis

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9 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Dr. Zsuzsa Szalay

Goal and scope definition

- To calculate the life cycle environmental impacts of buildings complying with the

current Irish regulations and the Passivhaus standard

- Six building types using a randomly generated building sample of 1,000 buildings per

category

- Functional unit: a residential building over a 60-year period in Ireland

Method of analysis

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10 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Inventory analysis

Construction

Maintenance

Operation

Demolition and recycling

Inputs

ENERGY

WATER

MATERIALS

Outputs

WATER

SOLID WASTE

WASTE HEAT

NOISE

EMISSIONS

Method of analysis

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17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Dr. Zsuzsa Szalay

built-in attic unheated loft flat roof

unheated cellar slab-on-ground

Building categories

- Single-storey detached houses, - two-storey detached houses,

- two-storey semi-detached houses, - two-storey terraced houses,

- low-rise apartment buildings, - high-rise apartment buildings.

Method of analysis

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12 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Geometric parameters

0.5 - 0.6 20 - 30

0 - 30 9-AF

5-10 200 -

400

High-rise apartment buildings

0.5 - 0.6 20 - 30

0 - 30 8-AF

3-4 150 –

400

Low-rise apartment buildings

0.4 - 0.5 20 - 30

25 - 60 5-AF

2 40 - 60

Terraced, two storeys

0.4 - 0.5 20 - 30

15 - 35 6-AF

2 50 - 80

Semi- detached, two storeys

0.4 - 0.5 20 - 30

6-AF 0 2

60 - 140

Detached houses, two storeys

0.4 - 0.5 20 - 30

6-AF 0 1

60 - 140

Detached houses, single storey

Density of part.

(m/m2) Window

ratio of floor area

% Ratio of

adjacent walls % Depth of

equiv.

rectangle (m) No of

store ys, n Net floor

area AF (m2)

Method of analysis

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13 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Dr. Zsuzsa Szalay

Calculation method

Own tool developed for the environmental calculations

Operational energy use:

Validated by

– PhPP Passivhaus Planning Package

– DEAP - Dwelling Energy Assessment Procedure:

official methodology in Ireland Life cycle inventory data:

- ecoinvent database adapted to local conditions Impact assessment:

– Non-renewable cumulative energy demand (CED) Method of

analysis

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Increasing thermal efficiency

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15 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Dr. Zsuzsa Szalay

Semi-detached house, CED n.r. MJ/m

2

y

Results

comfort increase

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

TGD 2005

TGD 2008

plus better orient.

plus better

ins.

PH PH+ PH++

Env constr+maint Other constr+maint Heating

Ventilation Hot water Lighting

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Different building types

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17 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Dr. Zsuzsa Szalay

Non-renewable cumulative energy demand (MJ/m

2

y)

Results

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

D1st 2008 D2st 2008 SD2st 2008 Terr 2st 2008 Ap low 2008 Ap high 2008 D1st PH D2st PH SD2st PH Terr 2st PH Ap low PH Ap high PH

Envelope constr+maint Other constr+maint Heating

Ventilation Hot water Lighting

2008 buildings passive houses

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17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Cooling surface to heated volume ratio

Results

S/V = 6 / 1 = 6 S/V = 24 / 8 = 3

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17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Dr. Zsuzsa Szalay

Cooling surface to heated volume ratio

Results

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20 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Insulation requirements for passive houses in Ireland

Average thermal transmittance (U) of the opaque structures to meet the space heating requirement of the Passivhaus standard:

– single-storey detached: around 0.11 W/m2K

– two-storey detached and terrace houses: 0.15 W/m2K – semi-detached houses: 0.19 W/m2K

– apartment buildings: 0.21 W/m2K and triple glazed windows or 0.16 W/m2K and efficient double windows

Results

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21 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Dr. Zsuzsa Szalay

Non-renewable cumulative energy demand

Results

(%)

renewables

materials with a low

embodied impact

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

D1st 2008 D2st 2008 SD2st 2008 Terr 2st 2008 Ap low 2008 Ap high 2008 D1st PH D2st PH SD2st PH Terr 2st PH Ap low PH Ap high PH

Envelope constr+maint Other constr+maint Heating

Ventilation Hot water Lighting

2008 buildings passive houses

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In the future?

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23 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Dr. Zsuzsa Szalay

Building elements

0.1-0.15 W/m2K

15 kWh/m2a

120 kWh/m2a Space

heating

Primary energy

Passivhaus standard?

Legislation

Life cycle energy

Life cycle zero energy houses?

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How to convert embodied energy into operational?

Thank you for your attention!

zsuzsa.szalay@yahoo.com

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25 SETAC Europe

17th LCA Case Study

Symposium

Dr. Zsuzsa Szalay

The Postdoctoral Fellowship of the Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology and the support of the LoRe-LCA FP7 project are gratefully acknowledged.

Acknowledgement

Hivatkozások

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