Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Union in the Teaching Material of
Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes
at the University of Pécs and at the University of Debrecen
Identification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
EMBRYONIC AND ADULT STEM CELLS IN
REGENERATIVE MEDICINE I.
István Szatmári
Molecular Therapies- Lecture 10
Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Union in the Teaching Material of
Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes
at the University of Pécs and at the University of Debrecen
Identification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
The aim of this lecture to define and characterize the embryonic and adult stem cells. This lecture also covers the necessary basic concepts of cell reprogramming and lineage conversion.
Table of contents
10.1. Embryonic stem (ES) cells Definition of stem cells Classification of stem cells Generation of human ES cells
Generation of transgenic and knock out animals
10.2. Somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells
3 ways to reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent cells Animal cloning
Gene delivery methods for iPS reprogramming
Lineage specific reprogramming by transcription factors The promise of ES/iPS cell research
10.3 Adult stem cells
Definition of adult (tissue specific) stem cells Example for an adult stem cell
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The most important characteristics of embryonic stem (ES) cells:
Self-renewal: Unlimited proliferation capacity without differentiation (immortality).
Pluripotency: they are able to develop into all types of somatic cells that make up the body.
ES specific markers:
-Transcription factors: Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 -Alkaline phosphatase
-SSEA1 (mouse ES cells) -SSEA3/4 (human ES cells) -Telomerase activity
Factors for maintaining the pluripotent state:
-LIF, BMP4 (mouse ES cells) -bFGF, activin (human ES cells)
Murine embryonic stem cell culture.
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advantage:
Oocytes or embryos do not need for iPS cell generation.
There are no ethical issues (disruption of human embryos).
iPS cells can be obtained from various somatic cells.
iPS cells can be generated from patients.
Disadvantage:
iPS cells contain transgenes (reprogramming factors), these ectopic genes might interfere cell differentiation and over-activation of these genes (e.g. c-myc) can promote tumorigenesis.
iPS cells are very similar to ES cells but several recent reports suggested that iPS cells have an impaired developmental potential. For example, getting tetraploid complementation with adult tissue derive iPS cells has not been successful.
iPS cells are often partially reprogrammed (e.g. these cells retain the DNA methylation pattern of the original somatic cells).
ES versus iPS cells
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adult (tissue specific) stem cells:
Adult stem cells are multipotent (or unipotent) cells, found throughout the body after embryonic development. These cells have the capacity to self-renew and to regenerate tissues long-term, in addition, they only differentiate to cell types
within their lineage.
Examples:
Hematopoietic stem cells (blood stem cells) Mesenchymal stem cells
Muscle stem cells (satellite cells) Intestinal stem cells
Neural stem cells
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