(1)During World War II, H the integration of the German Grossraumwirtschaft

During World War II, H

the integration of the German Grossraumwirtschaft. Thus, the Central European country together with Southeastern Europe became an integral part of the German war economy. Hungary served as agricultural and raw material exporter in order to fulfil the war needs of the Third Reich. As a consequence of the orders by the Hun- garian state-owned companies and the war boom, industrial output rose steadily in the heavy industry (engineering and iron, and steel production). Because of lack of raw materials and energy supply, the output of light industries declined by 25-30 per cent. In the field of agriculture, state intervention played an increasingly im- portant role by the requisition, allocation and price regulation of foodstuffs. Agri- cultural production was determined by three facts: the weather conditions; the req- uisition system; and the necessary deliveries to the German Reich.

The objective of my essay is to give an overview of the economic develop- ment of Hungary during World War II. First, I would represent the factors, which determined the situation of the agriculture and afterwards I focus on the conditions that influenced the industrial production in the war years. Finally, emphasis must be given on the consequences of war boom to the industrial out- reasons of the semi-peripheral situation and economic development of other Central, Eastern and Southeastern European countries.

Kulcsszavak:

Keynotes: economic history, the economy of Hungary during World War II, industrial and agricultural development, war economy, rationing system

a - -

- ala-

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ok foglalkozni a ke-

let- -

1938

93- 000 km²-re).¹ -

- 2

totta el azzal, hogy Mussolini java

3 1938. novem-

ber 2-

109 km²- -

maradt.⁴

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2-

5

75%- -ot tett ki.

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felet. Mivel

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gyar, 38%- - -

szerint 49%- -a magyar, s 13%-

- ⁶

A magyar te

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1.

Map 1.: Territorial enlargement of Hungary between 1938 and 1941

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In: http://terkeptar.transindex.ro/legbelso.php?nev=224 Le

csolatok, mind a kereske-

8

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(Resica- -

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lat

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142 ezer kh- 987 ezer kh-

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gyar

11 1939-

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ott a ked-

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1. 1944

(ezer darabban kifejezve)

Table 1.: Hungary (Trianon area): livestock holdings 1940 1944 (thousand head) 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944

865 844 900 783 Szarvasmarha 2068 2049 2365 ....

4390 3949 4670

Juh 1510 1254 1708

History of Eastern Europe 1919 1975 (Ed. M. C. Kaser E. A. Radice). Vol. II. Clarendon.

Oxford. 384. old.

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14

ugyan 1942-

-ban az 1931 38-

15

ag

16

2. 1944 Table 2.: Hungary (Trianon area): crop production 1940 1944 (thousand head)

1934 1938

szak

1940 1941 1942 1943 1944

2218 1819 1886 1703 2279 2319

Rozs 697 597 560 513 669 646

608 551 603 511 705 679

Zab 270 319 339 279 352 318

Kukorica 2306 2379 2120 1804 1821 2636

gabona-

6099 5665 5194 4455 5251 6219

Burgonya 2137 2372 2120 1804 1821 2636

960 1168 906 738 726 1136 of Eastern Europe 1919 1975 (Ed. M. C. Kaser E. A. Radice). Vol. II. Clarendon.

Oxford. 383. old.

17

- ki a bel-

18

1942-

- lett be

19

ben a kis-

nyok -

20

21

0,5 300

20 dkg-

lisztet, 2 -

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le- -

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22

az 1941- -

23 -

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. szer-

1943-

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a -

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26

tus 1-

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-

28

3.

Table 3.: The growth of industrial war output

1938 100

1939 121

1940 133

1941 130

1942 135

1943 142

-

-ban 500 ezer t

- -

29 1939- r

- -

- -

13

- ³⁰

4. - -export (tonna)

Table 4.: Bauxite and aluminium production and export (tons)

1941 1942 1943 1944

823 410 988 550 1 000 130 760 240 4 770 5 610 8 910 9 870

Bauxitexport 1 029 000 896 881 692 270

-

Magyaro -

dett.³¹

5. : - (tonna) Table 5.: Manganese ore and magnesite production between 1940 and 1944 (tons)

1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 313 00 22 800 20 400 24 200 37 200 Magnezit 250 00 25 300 27 300 18 400 13 200

Emelle

32

-

33

6. :

Table 6.: Output of crude oil and export of crude oil and oil-products

kivitele tonna

1938 42 797

Nincs adat

1939 143 793

1940 253 453

1941 422 200

1942 665 000 325 582

1943 838 700 458 753

1944 624 600 481 252

167. old.

a a is volt.³⁴ A magyar hadiip

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si program. Az -

Magyar Waggon-

db. Me

50 37

-t, ahol 109, illetve Me 210 -

Me

38

Germuska

ve

1943-

- -ig 125 darab Me 210- darab

Me 109- ³⁹

7.

Table 7.: Aircraft production in Hungary 1942 1944 (head) 1942 1943 1944

Me 109 1 80 367

Me 210 1 57 215

2 137 582 4 130 106 85

of Eastern Europe 1919 1975 (Ed. M. C. Kaser E. A. Radice). Vol. II. Clarendon.

Oxford. 437. old.

fel-

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(1943- -kal, a vas- -kal

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1. -korszak

-korszak -kor- 1941. Attraktor

2. 1945). In. Gu-

old.

3.

dapest. 81 82 old.

4.

5. 193. old.

6.

7. Romsics (1999): 249. old.

8. 1700

9.

10.

11. Rab (2011): 136. old.

12. 1989). Nem-

107. old.

13. Gunst (2006): 107. old.

14. Rab (2009): 136. old.

15.

16.

17.

18. Rab (2009): 136 old.

19. Rab (2009): 136. old.

20. Gunst (2006): 111 112. old.

21. Gunst (2006): 112. old.

22. -

1944. Jelenkor Budapest OSZK. 396 397. old.

23. Gunst (2006): 113 114. old.

24.

25. Kaposi (2002): 321. old.

26. -

pest. 100. old.

27.

2015.

28. -Nagy (1996): 100. old.

29. -Kelet-

573. old.

30.

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35. Berend 36.

37. Radice (1986): 437. old.

38. Germuska

39. Germuska

40. Radice (1986): 438. old.

41.

Jan A. V. sche Wirt-

schafts- und Sozialgeschichte vom Ersten Weltkrieg bis zur Gegenwart.

Klett-Clotta. Band 6. Stuttgart. 819. old.

42.

43. Gunst (2006): 115. old.

44. Gunst (2006): 116. old.

-Kelet-

- Budapest.

. Budapest.

l napjainkig, 1880

- -

-

n. Unter Mitarbeit von Armengaud, A., Wolfram, F., Jan A. V.

schafts- und Sozialgeschichte vom Ersten Weltkrieg bis zur Gegenwart.

Klett-Clotta. Band 6. Stuttgart.

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Radice, Edward Albert: Energy and Materials. In. Kaser, Michael C. Radice,

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Radice, Edward A. (ed.) (1986): The Economic History of Eastern Europe

- Budapest OSZK.