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SUPPORTING SOBOLEV-TYPE INEQUALITIES

CSABA FARKAS, ALEXANDRU KRISTÁLY, AND ÁGNES MESTER

Abstract. Let (M, g) be an n-dimensional (n 3) compact Riemannian manifold with Ric(M,g)(n1)g. If(M, g)supports an AB-type critical Sobolev inequality with Sobolev constants close to the optimal ones corresponding to the standard unit sphere (Sn, g0), we prove that (M, g) is topologically close to (Sn, g0). Moreover, the Sobolev constants on(M, g)are precisely the optimal constants on the sphere(Sn, g0)if and only if (M, g) is isometric to (Sn, g0); in particular, the latter result answers a question of V.H. Nguyen.

1. Introduction

Let (M, g) be a smooth compact n-dimensional Riemannian manifold, n ≥ 3. The general theory of Sobolev inequalities shows that there exist A >0 and B >0such that

Z

M

|u|n−22n dvg n−2n

≤A Z

M

|∇gu|2dvg +B Z

M

u2dvg, ∀u∈H12(M). (1.1) In fact, problem (1.1) is a part of the famous AB-program initiated by Aubin [1] concerning the optimality of the constants A and B; for a systematic presentation of this topic, see the monograph of Hebey [5, Chapters 4 & 5]. In particular, one can prove the existence of B >0 such that (1.1) holds withA =A0 = n(n−2)4 ω

2

nn, cf. [5, Theorem 4.6], the latter value being the optimal Talenti constant in the Sobolev embedding H12(Rn) ,→L2(Rn), n ≥ 3, where 2 = 2n/(n − 2). Hereafter, ωn = Volg0(Sn) denotes the volume of the standard unit sphere (Sn, g0). If u ≡ 1 in (1.1), then we have B ≥ Volg(M)n2, where Volg(S)denotes the volume of S ⊂M in (M, g). Moreover, if n ≥ 4 then the validity of (1.1) withA=A0 = n(n−2)4 ω

2

nn implies

B ≥ 1

n(n−1)ω

2

nnmax

M Scal(M,g),

where Scal(M,g) is the scalar curvature of (M, g), cf. [5, Proposition 5.1].

In the model case when (M, g) = (Sn, g0) is the standard unit sphere of Rn+1, Aubin [1] proved that the optimal values of A and B in (1.1) are

A0 = 4

n(n−2)ω

2

nn and B0

2

nn, (1.2)

respectively; moreover, for every λ >1, the function uλ(x) = (λ−cosd0(x))1−2n, x∈Sn, is extremal in (1.1), see also [5, Theorem 5.1]. Hereafter, d0(x) = dSn(y0, x), x ∈ Sn, where dSn denotes the standard metric on (Sn, g0) and the element y0 ∈ Sn is arbitrarily fixed. Note however that on the quotients M =S1(r)×S2 ofS3 endowed with its natural

2010Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 58J05, 53C21, 53C24; Secondary: 46E35.

Key words and phrases. Riemannian geometry, compact manifold, rigidity, Sobolev inequality.

1

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metric g (with r > 0 sufficiently small) inequality (1.1) is not valid for A = A0 and B = Volg(M)n2, see [5, Proposition 5.7].

LetBM(x, ρ)and BSn(y, ρ)be the open geodesic balls with radius ρ >0 and centers in x∈M and y∈Sn in (M, g)and (Sn, g0), respectively.

Our main result reads as follows:

Theorem 1.1. Let (M, g) be an n-dimensional (n ≥ 3) compact Riemannian manifold with Ricci curvature Ric(M,g) ≥(n−1)g and assume that the Sobolev inequality (1.1)holds on (M, g) with some constants A, B >0. Then the following assertions hold:

(i) A≥A0 and B ≥B0, where A0 and B0 are from (1.2);

(ii) there exists x0 ∈M such that for every y0 ∈Sn and ρ∈[0, π], Volg(BM(x0, ρ))≥min

A0 A,B0

B n2

Volg0(BSn(y0, ρ)). (1.3) Remark 1.1. Note that (1.3) is valid on the whole [0,∞). Indeed, since the Ricci curvature on (M, g) verifies Ric(M,g) ≥ (n − 1)g, due to Bonnet-Myers theorem, the diameter DM := diam(M)of M is bounded from above byπ; accordingly, for everyρ≥π one has BM(x0, ρ) = M and BSn(y0, ρ) = Sn, thus (1.3) can be extended beyond π.

Perelman [10] states that for every n ≥ 2 there exists δn ∈ [0,1) such that if the n- dimensional compact Riemannian manifold(M, g)with Ricci curvatureRic(M,g) ≥(n−1)g verifies Volg(M) ≥ (1−δn)Volg0(Sn), then M is homeomorphic to Sn; this result has been improved by Cheeger and Colding [2, Theorem A.1.10] by replacing homeomorphic to diffeomorphic. The latter result, the equality case in Bishop-Gromov inequality and Theorem 1.1 imply the following topological rigidity for compact manifolds:

Corollary 1.1. Under the same assumptions as in Theorem 1.1, if max

A A0, B

B0

≤(1−δn)2n,

then (M, g) is diffeomorphic to (Sn, g0). Moreover, A = A0 and B = B0 if and only if (M, g) is isometric to (Sn, g0).

Remark 1.2. The statement of Corollary 1.1 is in the spirit of the results of Ledoux [9]

and do Carmo and Xia [4]. In these works certain Sobolev inequalities are considered on non-compact Riemannian manifolds with non-negative Ricci curvature, and the Riemann- ian manifold is isometric to the Euclidean space with the same dimension if and only if the Sobolev constants are precisely the Euclidean optimal constants. Further results in this direction can be found in the papers by Kristály [6, 7] and Kristály and Ohta [8].

Theorem 1.1 and Corollary1.1 seem to be the first contributions within this topic in the setting of compact Riemannian manifolds, answering also a question of Nguyen [11].

2. Proofs

Proof of Theorem 1.1. (i) The validity of the Sobolev inequality (1.1) on (M, g) and a similar argument as in Hebey [5, Proposition 4.2] imply that A≥A0.

By Remark 1.1, we have DM :=diam(M) ≤ π. Since Ric(M,g) ≥ (n − 1)g, by the Bishop-Gromov comparison principle we have that for every x0 ∈ M and y0 ∈ Sn, the function ρ7→ VolVolg(BM(x0,ρ))

g0(BSn(y0,ρ)) is non-increasing on (0,∞); in particular, we have 1≥ Volg(BM(x0, ρ))

Volg0(BSn(y0, ρ)) ≥ Volg(BM(x0, π))

Volg0(BSn(y0, π)) = Volg(M)

Volg0(Sn), ∀ρ∈[0, π]. (2.1)

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Now, choosing u≡1 in (1.1), it follows that

B ≥Volg(M)n2 ≥Volg0(Sn)n2

2

nn =B0.

(ii) If DM = π, we have nothing to prove. Indeed, in this case (M, g) is isometric to (Sn, g0), see Cheng [3] and Shiohama [12], i.e., Volg(M) = Volg0(Sn) and (2.1) implies at once relation (1.3).

Accordingly, we assume that DM < π. Fix x0,x˜0 ∈ M such that dg(x0,x˜0) = DM, and y0 ∈ Sn. Let dvg and dvg0 be the canonical volume forms on (M, g) and (Sn, g0), respectively. Let f, s: (1,∞)→R be the functions defined as

f(λ) = Z

M

(λ−cosdg)2−ndvg and s(λ) = Z

Sn

(λ−cosd0)2−ndvSn, λ > 1, (2.2) where dg =dg(x0,·) ans d0 =dSn(y0,·). It is easily seen that both functions f and s are well-defined and smooth on (1,∞).

The proof will be provided in several steps.

Step 1 (local behavior of f and s around 1). We claim that lim inf

λ→1+

f(λ)−λf0(λ)

s(λ)−λs0(λ) ≥1. (2.3)

By the layer cake representation of functions and a change of variables, we have that I(λ) := f(λ)−λf0(λ)

= Z

M

(λ−cosdg)1−n((n−1)λ−cosdg)dvg

= Z

0

Volg({x∈M : (λ−cosdg)1−n((n−1)λ−cosdg)> t})dt

= (n−2) Z DM

0

Volg(BM(x0, ρ))(λ−cosρ)−n(nλ−cosρ) sinρdρ +Volg(M)(λ−cosDM)1−n((n−1)λ−cosDM).

In a similar manner, we have J(λ) := s(λ)−λs0(λ)

= (n−2) Z π

0

Volg0(BSn(y0, ρ))(λ−cosρ)−n(nλ−cosρ) sinρdρ +Volg0(Sn)(λ+ 1)1−n((n−1)λ+ 1).

Fix ε > 0 arbitrarily. Then the local behavior of the geodesic balls both on (M, g) and (Sn, g0)implies that there exitsδ=δε>0sufficiently small such that for everyρ∈(0, δ),

Volg(BM(x0, ρ))≥(1−ε)˜ωnρn and

Volg0(BSn(y0, ρ))≤(1 +ε)˜ωnρn,

where ω˜n denotes the volume of the n-dimensional unit ball in Rn. Therefore, the above estimates give that

I(λ) J(λ) ≥

(1−ε)(n−2)˜ωn Z δ

0

(λ−cosρ)−n(nλ−cosρ)ρnsinρdρ (1 +ε)(n−2)˜ωn

Z δ

0

(λ−cosρ)−n(nλ−cosρ)ρnsinρdρ+ ˜s(λ, δ, n)

, (2.4)

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where

˜

s(λ, δ, n) = (n−2) Z π

δ

Volg0(BSn(y0, ρ))(λ−cosρ)−n(nλ−cosρ) sinρdρ +Volg0(Sn)(λ+ 1)1−n((n−1)λ+ 1).

Note first that s(λ, δ, n) =˜ O(1) asλ→1. Now, we show that

λ→1lim Z δ

0

(λ−cosρ)−n(nλ−cosρ)ρnsinρdρ= +∞. (2.5) Since cosρ >1−ρ2, nλ−cosρ≥n−1and sinρ≥ π2ρ for every ρ∈(0, δ) and λ >1, it suffices to prove that

λ→1lim Z δ

0

ρn+1

(λ−1 +ρ2)ndρ= +∞.

In order to check the latter limit, by changes of variables one has

λ→1lim

(λ−1)n2−1 Z δ

0

ρn+1

(λ−1 +ρ2)n

= lim

λ→1

Z δ/ λ−1

0

τn+1

(1 +τ2)ndτ [ρ=√

λ−1τ]

= Z

0

τn+1 (1 +τ2)n

= 1 2

Z 1

0

θn2(1−θ)n2−2

"

τ = r θ

1−θ

#

= 1 2 Bn

2 + 1,n 2 −1

.

Step 2 (ODE vs. ODI; global comparison of f and s). Due to Aubin [1], the extremal function in (1.1) when(M, g) = (Sn, g0)isuλ(x) = (λ−cosd0)1−n2 for everyλ >1. Thus, inserting uλ into (1.1) when (M, g) = (Sn, g0) and using the notation in (2.2), we have the following ODE:

s00(λ) (n−2)(n−1)

22

= 2 nω

2

nn

1−λ2

2(n−1)s00(λ)−λs0(λ) +s(λ)

, λ >1. (2.6) LetK0 = n2ω

2

nn andC =K0maxn

A A0,BB

0

o

. Without loss of generality, we may assume that A > A0; indeed, sinceA≥ A0, we may take A=A0+ε for ε >0 sufficiently small.

Since B ≥Volg(M)n2 ≥B0, it turns out thatC > K0. By introducing the function H(λ) =

K0 C

n2

J(s) = K0

C n2

(s(λ)−λs0(λ)), one has H0(λ) =−λ KC0n2

s00(λ),therefore s00(λ) =−H0λ(λ) KC0n2

. This means that the second order ODE (2.6) is equivalent to the following first order ODE:

− H0(λ) λ(n−2)(n−1)

22

=C

λ2−1

2λ(n−1)H0(λ) +H(λ)

, λ >1. (2.7) Now, if we replace wλ(x) = (λ−cosdg)1−n2 for every λ >1 into (1.1) and we explore the eikonal equation |∇gdg|= 1 valid a.e. on M, we obtain

Z

M

(λ−cosdg)−ndvg 22

≤A Z

M

(λ−cosdg)−nsin2dgdvg+B Z

M

(λ−cosdg)2−ndvg.

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By using the notation in (2.2), the latter inequality can be rewritten into f00(λ)

(n−2)(n−1) 22

≤K0 A

A0

1−λ2

2(n−1)f00(λ)− A

A0λf0(λ) +

2−n 2

A A0 +n

2 B B0

f(λ)

, for every λ >1. Since

1−λ2

2(n−1)f00(λ)−λf0(λ) + 2−n

2 f(λ) = n−2 2

Z

M

(λ−cosdg)−nsin2dgdvg ≥0, and C =K0maxn

A A0,BB

0

o

, the latter inequality implies that f00(λ)

(n−2)(n−1) 22

≤C

1−λ2

2(n−1)f00(λ)−λf0(λ) +f(λ)

, λ >1.

SinceI(λ) =f(λ)−λf0(λ), we get the following first order ordinary differential inequality:

− I0(λ) λ(n−2)(n−1)

22

≤C

λ2−1

2λ(n−1)I0(λ) +I(λ)

. (2.8)

We claim that

I(λ)≥H(λ), ∀λ >1. (2.9)

First of all, by (2.3) we clearly have that lim inf

λ→1+

I(λ)

H(λ) = lim inf

λ→1+

f(λ)−λf0(λ)

K0

C

n2

(s(λ)−λs0(λ))

≥ C

K0 n2

>1.

Thus, for sufficiently small δ0 >0one has

I(λ)≥H(λ), ∀λ ∈(1, δ0+ 1).

Assume by contradiction that I(λ0) < H(λ0) for some λ0 >1. Clearly, λ0 >1 +δ0. Let us define

λs:= sup{λ < λ0 :I(λ) = H(λ)}< λ0. Thus for any λ∈[λs, λ0] we have I(λ)≤H(λ).It is also clear that

− I0(λ)

λ(n−2)(n−1) = f00(λ)

(n−2)(n−1) >0 and

− H0(λ)

λ(n−2)(n−1) = s00(λ)

(n−2)(n−1) >0.

Let us define the increasing function ϕλ : (0,∞)→Rby ϕλ(t) =t22 +(n−2)

2 C(λ2−1)t.

By relations (2.7), (2.8) and the definition of ϕλ, for every λ∈[λs, λ0] we have that ϕλ

− I0(λ) λ(n−2)(n−1)

=

− I0(λ) λ(n−2)(n−1)

22

+(n−2)

2 C(λ2−1)

− I0(λ) λ(n−2)(n−1)

≤CI(λ)

≤CH(λ)

λ

− H0(λ) λ(n−2)(n−1)

.

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Therefore, the monotonicity of ϕλ implies

I0(λ)≥H0(λ), ∀λ ∈[λs, λ0].

In particular λ 7→ I(λ)−H(λ) is non-decreasing on the interval [λs, λ0]. Consequently, we have

0 = I(λs)−H(λs)≤I(λ0)−H(λ0)<0, a contradiction, which shows the validity of (2.9).

Step 3 (proving (1.3)). Due to (2.1), the claim is concluded once we prove Volg(M)

Volg0(Sn) ≥min A0

A ,B0 B

n2

. (2.10)

Note that relation (2.9) is equivalent to (n−2)

Z DM

0

Volg(BM(x0, ρ)) nλ−cosρ

(λ−cosρ)nsinρdρ+ Volg(M)(n−1)λ−cosDM (λ−cosDM)n−1

≥ K0

C n2

(n−2) Z π

0

Volg0(BSn(y0, ρ)) nλ−cosρ

(λ−cosρ)nsinρdρ+ Volg0(Sn)(n−1)λ+ 1 (λ+ 1)n−1

, for every λ >1.

Let us multiply the above inequality by λn−2 and take the limit when λ → ∞; the Lebesgue dominance theorem implies that both integrals tend to 0, remaining

Volg(M)≥ K0

C n2

Volg0(Sn).

Since C = K0maxn

A A0,BB

0

o

, the latter relation implies (2.10) at once, which concludes

the proof of (1.3).

Proof of Corollary 1.1. Since max nA

A0,BB

0

o

≤ (1− δn)2n, by the quantitative volume estimate (1.3) it follows that

Volg(M)≥(1−δn)Volg0(Sn).

The statement follows by Cheeger and Colding [2].

If (M, g) is isometric to (Sn, g0), it is clear that A = A0 and B = B0, due to Aubin [1]. Conversely, when A =A0 and B =B0, we apply (1.3) and (2.1) in order to obtain Volg0(BSn(y0, ρ)) = Volg(BM(x0, ρ)) for every ρ ∈ [0, π] (in fact, for every ρ ∈ [0,∞)).

Now, the equality in the Bishop-Gromov comparison principle implies that (M, g)is iso-

metric to (Sn, g0).

Acknowledgment. The authors are supported by the National Research, Develop- ment and Innovation Fund of Hungary, financed under the K_18 funding scheme, Project No. 127926. A. Kristály is also supported by the STAR-UBB grant.

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References

[1] Th. Aubin, Équations différentielles non linéaires et problème de Yamabe concernant la courbure scalaire. J. Math. Pures Appl. (9) 55 (1976), no. 3, 269–296.

[2] F. Cheeger and T.H. Colding, On the structure of spaces with Ricci curvature bounded below. I. J.

Differential Geom. 46 (1997), no. 3, 406–480.

[3] S. Y. Cheng, Eigenvalue comparison theorem and its geometric applications. Math. Z. 143 (1975), 289–297.

[4] M. P. do Carmo and C. Xia,Complete manifolds with non-negative Ricci curvature and the Caffarelli- Kohn-Nirenberg inequalities. Compos. Math. 140 (2004), no. 3, 818–826.

[5] E. Hebey,Nonlinear analysis on manifolds: Sobolev spaces and inequalities. Courant Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 5. New York University, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York;

American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI (1999).

[6] A. Kristály, Metric measure spaces supporting Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities: volume non- collapsing and rigidities. Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations 55 (2016), no. 5, Art. 112, 27 pp.

[7] A. Kristály,Sharp Morrey-Sobolev inequalities on complete Riemannian manifolds.Potential Anal.

42 (2015), no. 1, 141–154.

[8] A. Kristály and S. Ohta,Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequality on metric measure spaces with appli- cations. Math. Ann. 357 (2013), no. 2, 711–726.

[9] M. Ledoux,On manifolds with non-negative Ricci curvature and Sobolev inequalities. Comm. Anal.

Geom. 7 (1999), no. 2,347–353.

[10] G. Perelman, Manifolds of positive Ricci curvature with almost maximal volume. J. Amer. Math.

Soc. 7 (1994), no. 2, 299–305.

[11] V. H. Nguyen, Manifolds with nonnegative Ricci curvature and Sobolev inequalities;

https://vanhoangnguyen.wordpress.com/2016/10/01/manifolds-with-nonnegative-ricci-curvature- and-sobolev-inequalities/

[12] K. Shiohama,A sphere theorem for manifolds of positive Ricci curvature. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.

275 (1983), no. 2, 811–819.

Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Sapientia University, Tg. Mureş, Roma- nia

E-mail address: farkas.csaba2008@gmail.com; farkascs@ms.sapientia.ro

Department of Economics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Óbuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary

E-mail address: kristaly.alexandru@nik.uni-obuda.hu; alex.kristaly@econ.ubbcluj.ro Institute of Applied Mathematics, Óbuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary E-mail address: mester.agnes@yahoo.com

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