• Nem Talált Eredményt

MULTIDISZCIPLINÁRIS KIHÍVÁSOK SOKSZÍNŰ VÁLASZOK

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Ossza meg "MULTIDISZCIPLINÁRIS KIHÍVÁSOK SOKSZÍNŰ VÁLASZOK "

Copied!
19
0
0

Teljes szövegt

(1)
(2)

Budapesti Gazdasági Főiskola, Kereskedelmi, Vendéglátóipari és Idegenforgalmi Kar, Közgazdasági és Társadalomtudományi Intézeti Tanszéki Osztály Tanulmánykötete

On-line tanulmánykötet

Kiadó neve: BGF KVIK Közgazdasági Tanszéki Osztály Kiadó székhelye: Bp, 1054, Alkotmány utca 9-11. I. em. 121.

Kiadásért felelős személy: dr. Hamar Farkas Ph.D.

Főszerkesztő: dr. Hamar Farkas Ph.D.

A borító Czeizel Balázs grafikus ötlete alapján készült ISSN:

(3)

MULTIDISZCIPLINÁRIS KIHÍVÁSOK SOKSZÍNŰ VÁLASZOK

1. kötet

Budapesti Gazdasági Főiskola,

Kereskedelmi, Vendéglátóipari és Idegenforgalmi Kar, Közgazdasági és Társadalomtudományi Intézeti Tanszéki Osztály

Tanulmánykötete

Budapest, 2012. október 15.

(4)

GU8]]ROL$QQDPiULD±6]LOiJ\L'iQLHO

$-(/(1/(*,9È/6È*7(5h/(7,+$7È6$,$

+$=$,(*e6=6e*(*<(1/ė7/(16e*(.

$/$.8/È6È%$1

$] HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHN WiUVDGDOPLJD]GDViJL PHJKDWiUR]RWWViJD GHWHUPLQiOMD KRJ\DJD]GDViJLYiOViJKDWiVVDOYDQDQpSHVVpJHJpV]VpJLiOODSRWiUD9iOViJLGHMpQ DPXQNDQpONOLVpJD]HJ\LNOHJPHJKDWiUR]yEENRFNi]DWLWpQ\H]ĘH]pUWD]HJpV]VpJJ\L V]ROJiOWDWiVRNKR]]iIpUKHWĘYpWpWHOHD]HJ\LNOHJHUHGPpQ\HVHEEPyGV]HUHDWiUVDGDOPL pVHJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNPpUVpNOpVpQHN$OpWEL]RQ\WDODQViJDPXQNDQpONOLVpJD]

HODGyVRGiVpVD]pOHWV]tQYRQDOURPOiVDNLKDWDQpSHVVpJpOHWN|UOPpQ\HLUHN|]YHWOHQO pVYDJ\iWWpWHOHVHQPHQWiOLVHJpV]VpJpUHtJ\EL]RQ\RVEHWHJVpJHNQDJ\REEDUiQ\~PHJ MHOHQpVpUH

.XWDWiVXQNFpONLWĦ]pVHpUWHOPH]QLDPXQNDQpONOLVpJpVD]pOHWHVpO\HN|VV]HIJJpVHLW±

UpV]EHQD]HKKH]N|WĘGĘWHUOHWLIRO\DPDWRNWHNLQWHWpEHQ±NO|QE|]ĘWiUVDGDOPLJD]

GDViJLUpV]EHQGHPRJUi¿DLPXWDWyV]iPRNEHYRQiViYDO$]HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHN WHUOHWLHOHP]pVpWNLVWpUVpJLV]LQWHQYpJH]WNHOPtJD]iOWDOiQRVWHQGHQFLiNOHtUiViUDD PHJ\HLV]LQWĦDGDWRNDWYHWWNDODSXO0HO\HND]HJpV]VpJIRO\DPDWRNWHNLQWHWpEHQOHV]D NDGyWHUOHWHN"/pWH]LNHRO\DQPDUNiQVQ\XJDWNHOHWLPHJRV]WRWWViJD]pOHWHVpO\HNEHQ PLQWDJD]GDViJLIRO\DPDWRNEDQ"$YiOViJKDWiViUDIHOIHGH]KHWĘHDPXQNDQpONOLVpJpV D]pOHWNLOiWiVRNWHUOHWLHORV]OiViEDQYDODPLO\HQV]DEiO\V]HUĦVpJ"$NpUGpVHNPHJYiOD V]ROiViKR]NRUUHOiFLyVUHJUHVV]LyVV]iPtWiVRNDWYpJH]WQNYDODPLQWDWUHQGIHOOHWHOHP ]pVWpVDWHUOHWLDXWRNRUUHOiFLyWDONDOPD]WXN

9L]VJiODWLHUHGPpQ\HLQNNHOEL]RQ\tWRWWXNKRJ\D]HOP~OWpYVRUiQHJ\UHHUĘVHEENDS FVRODWiOOIHQQDPXQNDQpONOLVpJpVDYiUKDWypOHWWDUWDPN|]|WWYDJ\LVDMHOHQOHJLYiOViJ V]HUHSHEL]RQ\RVpUWHOHPEHQGH¿QLiOKDWyD]HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNDNWXiOLVDODNXOi ViEDQ6ĘWD]WWDSDV]WDOWXNKRJ\DPRVWDQLYiOViJHUĘWHOMHVHEEHQKDWRWWDQĘNpOHWNLOiWi VDLUD7HUOHWLYL]VJiODWDLQNEDQDUUDMXWRWWXQNKRJ\DI|OGUDM]LSHULIpULiNHJ\UHURVV]DEE JD]GDViJL KHO\]HWEHQ YDQQDN DPHO\ D] HJpV]VpJIRO\DPDWRNUD LV KDWiVVDO YDQ 8J\DQ QHP OpWH]LN pOHV YiODV]WyYRQDO 0DJ\DURUV]iJRQ D MREE pV URVV]DEE KHO\]HWĦ WHUOHWHN N|]|WWPXQNDQpONOLVpJpVYiUKDWypOHWWDUWDPDODSMiQYLV]RQWDWpUEHOLN|]HOKDWiVpU YpQ\HVODNHGYH]ĘpVNHGYH]ĘWOHQPXWDWyNNDOUHQGHONH]ĘNLVWpUVpJHNV]RPV]pGViJiEDQ ,W LV XQTXHVWLRQDEOH WKDW WKH FULVLV KDV EHHQ WDNLQJ HIIHFW RQ WKH SHRSOH¶V VWDWH RI KHDOWKDOWKRXJKWKHLPSDFWVDUHFRPSOH[+RZGLGWKHFULVLVRIWUDQVLWLRQUHVXOWKHDOWK GHWHULRUDWLRQIRUWKRVHVRFLDOJURXSVZKRDUHPRVWDIIHFWHGE\XQHPSOR\PHQWDQGSRYHUW\

(5)

$] HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHN WiUVDGDOPLJD]GDViJL PHJKDWiUR]RWWViJD GHWHUPLQiOMD KRJ\ D JD]GDViJL YiOViJ KDWiVVDO YDQ D QpSHVVpJ HJpV]VpJL iOODSRWiUD$] RNRNR]DWL

|VV]HIJJpVHNERQ\ROXOWDNGHDKiWUiQ\RVIRO\DPDWRNV]HUHSHHJ\pUWHOPĦD]HJ\pQHN PXQNDHUĘSLDFLSR]tFLyMiQDNpVDKi]WDUWiVRNIRJ\DV]WiVLV]RNiVDLQDNPHJYiOWR]iViEDQ iWDODNXOiViEDQ9iOViJLGHMpQDPXQNDQpONOLVpJD]HJ\LNOHJPHJKDWiUR]yEENRFNi]DWL WpQ\H]Ę H]pUW D] HJpV]VpJJ\L V]ROJiOWDWiVRN KR]]iIpUKHWĘYp WpWHOH D] HJ\LN OHJHUHG PpQ\HVHEEPyGV]HUHDWiUVDGDOPLpVHJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNPpUVpNOpVpQHN$OpW EL]RQ\WDODQViJDPXQNDQpONOLVpJD]HODGyVRGiVpVD]pOHWV]tQYRQDOURPOiVDNLKDWD QpSHVVpJpOHWN|UOPpQ\HLUHN|]YHWOHQOpVYDJ\iWWpWHOHVHQPHQWiOLVHJpV]VpJpUHtJ\

EL]RQ\RVEHWHJVpJHNQDJ\REEDUiQ\~PHJMHOHQpVpUH

$YiOViJKHO\]HWHNHJ\DUiQWYHV]pO\H]WHWLNDODNRVViJ¿]LNDLpVOHONLiOODSRWiWYDODPLQW D]HJpV]VpJJ\LUHQGV]HUpVDV]RFLiOLVHOOiWyKiOy]DWPĦN|GpVpW$]HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘW OHQVpJHNWiUVDGDOPLPHJKDWiUR]yLQDNpUWHOPH]pVHIHOYHWLKRJ\DYiOViJRNLGHMpQDYDOyV pVDYpOWHJpV]VpJV]HPSRQWMiEyOQHPFVDNDPXQNDHUĘSLDFLSR]tFLypVDM|YHGHOHPV]LQW V]iPtWKDQHPDPHJOpYĘWiUVDGDOPLpVHJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNPpUWpNHQ|YHNHGp VH$]HJpV]VpJJHO|VV]HIJJĘWiUVDGDOPLHVpO\HJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJPLQGHQRUV]iJEDQMHOHQ DWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHV"'RHVWKHSUHVHQWFULVLVKDYHHIIHFWVRQKHDOWKDQGOLIH H[SHFWDQF\DWDOO"7KHPDLQJRDORIWKLVVWXG\LVWRHPSKDVL]HSULPDULO\WKHUHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQXQHPSOR\PHQWDQGOLIHVSDQDQGLVDOVRDQDO\VHWKHVSDWLDOGLPHQVLRQRIKHDOWK LQHTXDOLWLHVGXULQJWKHWHUPVRIFULVLV

7KHVSDWLDOVWUXFWXUHRIXQHPSOR\PHQWDQGOLIHH[SHFWDQF\RQWKHPLFURUHJLRQOHYHOFDQ JLYHPRUHVR¿VWLFDWHGIDFHDERXWKHDOWKLQHTXDOLWLHVGXHWRWKHHFRQRPLFFULVLV7KHORFDO GLIIHUHQFHV RI XQHPSOR\PHQW DQG OLIH H[SHFWDQF\ SURYH XQDPELJXRXVO\ XQIDYRXUDEOH SRVLWLRQ1RUWK(DVWHUQDQG6RXWK:HVWHUQSDUWRIWKHFRXQW\ZKLOH1RUWK:HVWHUQDQG

&HQWUDO+XQJDU\¶VIDYRXUDEOHVLWXDWLRQ,QWKH&HQWUDO5HJLRQWKHPRVWDGYDQWDJHRXV OLIHVSDQDQGVRFLRHFRQRPLFHQYLURQPHQWFDQEHIRXQGLQWKH1RUWKHUQ±H[FHSWIRU6]R ELPLFURUHJLRQV±DQG:HVWHUQSDUWRIWKHUHJLRQDQGDOVRLQWKHFDSLWDOZLWKLWVORFDO SRSXODWLRQ¶VEHWWHUOLIHFLUFXPVWDQFHV7KHVLWXDWLRQLVPRUHGLIIHUHQWLDWHGLQ(DVWHUQ+XQ JDU\,QWKH1RUWK(DVWHUQPLFURUHJLRQVOLYHWKHPRVWO\DIIHFWLQJSRRUDQGYXOQHUDEOH VRFLDOJURXSVZLWKLWVZRUVHODERXUPDUNHWSRVLWLRQ$WWKHVDPHWLPHLQ(DVWHUQ+XQJDU\

&VRQJUiGFRXQW\DQG6]HJHGPLFURUHJLRQSRVLWLYHO\GLIIHUVIURPWKHDYHUDJHOHYHORI

*UHDW3ODLQ7KHUHLVDQRWKHUµEUHDNLQJRII¶DUHDLQWKH6RXWK:HVWHUQSDUWRI+XQJDU\

LQ6RPRJ\FRXQW\ZKLFKLVYHU\VLPLODUWRWKH1RUWK(DVWHUQDUHD3DUWLFXODUO\WKHPRVW GLVDGYDQWDJHRXV VLWXDWLRQ FDQ EH H[SHULHQFHG LQ JHRJUDSKLFDOO\ UXUDO PLFURUHJLRQV DORQJWKHERUGHUOLQHRIWKHFRXQWU\7KHXUEDQHQYLURQPHQWLQVXUHVVSHFLDOOLIHFRQGLWLRQV WKDWIDLUO\LQÀXHQFHORFDOSRSXODWLRQ¶VOLIHFKDQFHV)URP*|G|OOĘPLFURUHJLRQVWKURXJK

%XGDSHVWDQG*\ĘUPLFURUHJLRQVWRHJ0RVRQPDJ\DUyYiUPLFURUHJLRQVLVRXWOLQHG DQD[LVEDVHGRQLWVPDQ\IDYRXUDEOHKHDOWKHQYLURQPHQWDODQGRWKHUVRFLRHFRQRPLF IDFWRUVRULQGLFDWRUV

(6)

YDQpVQDJ\PpUWpNEHQIJJDPDNURJD]GDViJLIHOWpWHOHNWĘO$]HJpV]VpJJHO|VV]HIJ JĘHVpO\HJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNP|J|WWDJD]GDViJLHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHND]HORV]WiVLUHQGV]HUHN LJD]ViJWDODQViJDLDNHGYH]ĘWOHQPXQNDHUĘSLDFLSR]tFLyD]HJpV]VpJJ\LHOOiWiVKR]pV D]RNWDWiVKR]YDOyKR]]iIpUpVDNDGiO\DLDURVV]ODNiVpVpOHWN|UOPpQ\HNYDODPLQWD]

HJpV]VpJHVpOHWUHYDOyHVpO\WHOHQVpJiOOQDN%HQDFKHWDO

$] HJpV]VpJL iOODSRWUD D PXQNDQpONOLVpJ KDW D OHJLQNiEE %|FNHUPDQ,OPDNXQQDV /HJURVV]DEEDKHO\]HWDN|]pSNRU~IpU¿DNHVHWpEHQDNLNiOWDOiEDQHOĘV]|UYiOQDN PXQNDQpONOLYpDYiOViJRNLGHMpQ$PXQNDQpONOLVpJYDOyEDQEHWHJJpWHV]KLV]HQQH JDWtYKDWiVWJ\DNRUROD]HJ\pQLGHQWLWiViUDpU]HOPLYLOiJiUD|QpUWpNHOpVpUH$NLOiWiVWD ODQViJDGHSUHVV]LyVWQHWHNYDODPLQWD]|QJ\LONRVViJNRFNi]DWiWQ|YHOL+HJHUOHWDO 9iOViJLGHMpQPLQGHQNLW|UHNV]LNPXQNDKHO\pQHNPHJĘU]pVpUH(PLDWWD]iOODQGy EL]RQ\WDODQViJDIRNR]RWWVWUHVV]KDWiVN|YHWNH]WpEHQQ|YHNV]LND¿]LNDLpVSV]LFKLNDL PHJEHWHJHGpVHNV]iPD$PXQNDQpONOLVpJRNR]WDVWUHVV]DNRFNi]DWRVPDJDWDUWiVIRU PiNJ\yJ\V]HUIRJ\DV]WiVDONRKROL]PXVPpUWpNWHOHQGRKiQ\]iVV]pOHVN|UĦHOWHUMHGp VpKH]YH]HWKHW

$] HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHN D] HJ\pQHN pV FVRSRUWRN HOWpUĘ WiUVDGDOPLJD]GDViJL KHO\]HWpUHYH]HWKHWĘNYLVV]DH]pUWD]RNLJD]ViJWDODQQDNPpOWiQ\WDODQQDNWHNLQWKHWĘN 0DFNHQEDFK%DNNHU(J\RUV]iJHJpV]VpJJ\LHOOiWyUHQGV]HUHDNNRUPĦN|GLN KDWpNRQ\DQpVVLNHUHVHQKDPLQGD]HJpV]VpJHOWpUpVHNEHQPLQGD]HJpV]VpJHJ\HQ OĘWOHQVpJHNEHQPpUVpNOĘGpVWDSDV]WDOKDWyYDJ\LVMDYXODWHOMHVQpSHVVpJHJpV]VpJLiO ODSRWD FV|NNHQ D WiUVDGDOPL FVRSRUWRN HJpV]VpJpEHQ WDSDV]WDOKDWy NO|QEVpJ HQ\KO EL]RQ\RVWHUOHWHNSHULIpULiNIpOSHULIpULiNOHPDUDGiVDD]RUV]iJRViWODJRNKR]NpSHVWD KHO\LODNRVViJpOHWNLOiWiVDLEDQ

$]HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNDODNXOiViWV]iPRVHJ\LGHMĦOHJKDWyWpQ\H]ĘERQ\ROXOW|V]

V]HIJJpVUHQGV]HUHKDWiUR]]DPHJ$PHJKDWiUR]y±SOWiUVDGDOPLVWUXNW~UiN±pVDEH IRO\iVROyWpQ\H]ĘN±SOODNyN|UQ\H]HWpOHWNRUPXQNDHUĘSLDFLSR]tFLyVWE±5DSKDHO PHJLVPHUpVHRNRNR]DWLNDSFVRODWDLNIHOWiUiVDWXGRPiQ\RVEL]RQ\tWpNXOV]ROJiOKDW PHJIHOHOĘWXGiVWpVHJpV]VpJLQIRUPiFLyWQ\~MWYDDV]DNSROLWLNDLG|QWpVKR]yNV]iPiUD

&pORNpVPyGV]HUHN

$MHOHQOHJLJOREiOLVSpQ]J\LYiOViJYDODPLQWDKD]DLJD]GDViJLUHFHVV]LyRO\DQW|PHJHV MHOHQVpJHNPLQWDOpWEL]RQ\WDODQViJDPXQNDQpONOLYpYiOiVD]pOHWV]tQYRQDOFV|NNH QpVDWiUVDGDOPLSR]tFLyYHV]WpVDIRNR]yGyVWUHVV]KDWiVHJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNDOD NXOiViEDQEHW|OW|WWV]HUHSpQHNHOHP]pVpUHDONDOPDVDN

7DQXOPiQ\XQNEDQDODSYHWĘHQDEEyOD]DODSWpWHOEĘOLQGXOWXQNNLKRJ\KDDNUt]LVPLDWWD PHJYiOWR]RWWPDNURJD]GDViJLIHOWpWHOHNEL]RQ\RVWiUVDGDOPLFVRSRUWRNHVHWpEHQHJpV]

(7)

VpJURPOiVWHUHGPpQ\H]QHNDNNRUD]tJ\NLDODNXOWHJpV]VpJHOWpUpVHNHONHUOKHWĘQHNWH NLQWKHWĘN$]D]DUHFHVV]LyRNR]WDÄKiWUiQ\RVViJ´QHPD]HOWpUĘELROyJLDLDGRWWViJRNEyO IDNDGKDQHPDYiOViJHUHGPpQ\H]WHLJD]ViJWDODQViJRNEyOPpOWiQ\WDODQViJRNEyO$WiU VDGDOPLpVJD]GDViJLIHOWpWHOUHQGV]HURNiQNLDODNXOyHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNPLQGD]HJpV]Vp JLiOODSRWEDQPLQGSHGLJD]HJpV]VpJJ\LUHQGV]HUV]tQYRQDOiEDQpVLJpQ\EHYpWHOpEHQ XWROpUKHWĘN(]XWyEELYDOMHOHQGROJR]DWEDQQHPIRJODONR]WXQN

$ YiOViJ QpSHJpV]VpJJ\L ± WHKiW HOVĘVRUEDQ HJpV]VpJL ± KDWiVDLQDN EL]RQ\tWiVD |V]

V]HWHWW NRPSOH[ IHODGDW D ERQ\ROXOW |VV]HIJJpVHN LOOHWYH D] HJpV]VpJ iOODSRWUD KDWy V]iPRVWiUVDGDOPLJD]GDViJLWpQ\H]ĘPLDWW&pO]RWWNXWDWiVXQNEDQHOVĘGOHJHVHQDPXQ NDQpONOLVpJ±PLQWYiOViJWpQ\H]ʱYDODPLQWDV]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDP

±PLQWD]pOHWNLOiWiVRNUHOHYiQVPXWDWyMD±NDSFVRODWUHQGV]HUpQNHUHV]WOpUWHOPH]WND]

iOOiVWDODQViJPHJKDWiUR]yHUHMpWD]HJpV]VpJpVWHUOHWLHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNEHQHJ\DUiQW

$ĘV]pQEHN|YHWNH]ĘKLWHOpVSpQ]SLDFLYiOViJKD]DLPXQNDHUĘSLDFLKDWiVDLOHJ LQNiEEWĘOYROWDNWDSDV]WDOKDWyNtJ\DQ\DUiQUHQGHONH]pVUHiOOyVWDWLV]WLNDL DGDWRNN|]OHJ\HOĘUHFHOpV]HOD]RQRVtWRWWXNDMHOHQOHJLYiOViJRW$]RQEDQ D]HJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNYL]VJiODWDNRUNO|Q¿J\HOPHWV]HQWHOWQNDMHOHQOHJLYiOViJWLSLNXV pYpQHNNLYiODV]WiViUD$]|VV]HVYL]VJiODWRWHOHP]pVLHOMiUiVWHOYpJH]WNPLQGD HVPLQGDHVDGDWVRURNUDYRQDWNR]yDQPDMGD]HUHGPpQ\HNELUWRNiEDQG|QW|WWQN D]XWyEELÄYiOViJpY´KDV]QiODWiUyO

(QQHNIĘRNDLDN|YHWNH]ĘNYROWDN

‡ EHQDOHJW|EEHVHWEHQV]RURVDEEYROWDNRUUHOiFLyVNDSFVRODWDYL]VJiOWPXWDWy V]iPRNN|]|WWKH]NpSHVW

‡ EHQDPXQNDQpONOLVpJHVHWpEHQDNHGYH]ĘWOHQHEEKHO\]HWĦNLVWpUVpJHNURV]

V]DEERGiVDDYiUKDWypOHWWDUWDPDODSMiQSHGLJDNHGYH]ĘEEHNMDYXOyWHQGHQFLiMiQDN PpUVpNOĘGpVHYROWWDSDV]WDOKDWyKH]NpSHVW

‡ EHQV]DEiO\V]HUĦEEHQDODNXOWDNDV]RPV]pGViJLYLV]RQ\RNDPXQNDQpONOLVpJ pVD]pOHWNLOiWiVRNWHUOHWLHORV]OiViEDQ

‡ HVHWpEHQPDUNiQVDEEDWpUEHOLVpJPLQWPDJ\DUi]yWpQ\H]ĘV]HUHSHPLQGDPXQ NDQpONOLVpJPLQGDYiUKDWypOHWWDUWDPWHUOHWLUDM]RODWiEDQKH]NpSHVW

$NXWDWiVIĘFpONLWĦ]pVpQHNPHJIHOHOĘHQOHJIRQWRVDEEYL]VJiODWLNpUGpVQNDN|YHWNH]Ę YROW$PXQNDQpONOLVpJpVD]pOHWNLOiWiVRN|VV]HIJJpVUHQGV]HUHKRJ\DQKDWD]HJpV]Vp JLiOODSRWEDQPHJOpYĘWHUOHWLHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNUH"

$]HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNWHUOHWLHOHP]pVpWNLVWpUVpJLV]LQWHQYpJH]WNHOD HVNLVWpUVpJLEHVRUROiVDODSMiQ$]iOWDOiQRVWHQGHQFLiNOHtUiViUDDPHJ\HLV]LQWĦDGDWRNDW YHWWNDODSXO$]HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNWHUOHWLYL]VJiODWiEDQIHODGDWXQNYROWHJ\

(8)

UpV]WPHJQHYH]QLDYiOViJPLDWWD]HJpV]VpJIRO\DPDWRNWHNLQWHWpEHQOHV]DNDGyWHUOHWH NHWPiVUpV]WPHJ¿J\HOQLKRJ\DPXQNDQpONOLVpJpVD]pOHWNLOiWiVRNWHUOHWLHORV]OiVi EDQIHOIHGH]KHWĘHYDODPLO\HQV]DEiO\V]HUĦVpJ

$V]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDPpVDPXQNDQpONOLVpJLDUiQ\N|]|WWLNDSFVRODW YDJ\LVDYiOViJpOHWNLOiWiVRNUDNLIHMWHWWKDWiViQDNEL]RQ\tWiViUDD3HDUVRQIpOHNRUUHOiFL yVHJ\WWKDWyWYDODPLQWDNpWYiOWR]yVOLQHiULVUHJUHVV]LyVPRGHOOWKDV]QiOWXN$NRUUHOi FLyVV]iPtWiVRNV]LJQL¿NiQVHUHGPpQ\HLWHJ\NRUUHOiFLyVPiWUL[EDQ|VV]HJH]WN$WpU EHOLVpJYL]VJiODWiEDQDWHUOHWLDXWRNRUUHOiFLyWpVDNHUHV]WWiEODDONDOPD]iVWKDV]QiOWXQN 6]LOiJ\L8]]ROL

$PXQNDQpONOLVpJLDUiQ\V]iPtWiViKR]V]NVpJHVJD]GDViJLODJDNWtYQpSHVVpJDGDWDQHP HOpUKHWĘNLVWpUVpJLV]LQWHQH]pUWYL]VJiODWDLQNEDQD]DNWtYNRU~QpSHVVpJHWYHWWNDODSXO

$PXWDWyDN|YHWNH]ĘNpSSHQpSOWIHO

0XQNDQpONOLHNDUiQ\D Q\LOYiQWDUWRWWYDJ\UHJLV]WUiOWiOOiVNHUHVĘNV]iPDIĘ DNWtYNRU~QpSHVVpJV]iPDIĘ

>0HJMHJ\]pVEDQpVEHQUHJLV]WUiOWiOOiVNHUHVĘYROWDKLYDWDORVPHJQHYH]pV$]

DNWtYNRU~QpSHVVpJUHYRQDWNR]yODJKLYDWDORVDQD±pYN|]|WWLHNDGDWDLWKDV]QiOWXNIHO@

$]pOHWNLOiWiVRNpVDPXQNDQpONOLVpJKD]DLDODNXOiVDXWiQ

$]HVpYHNHOHMpQHNPDJ\DUPXQNDHUĘSLDFiWDIRJODONR]WDWiVLKHO\]HWURKDPRVURP OiVDpVDPXQNDQpONOLVpJJ\RUVHPHONHGpVHMHOOHPH]WH$PXQNDQpONOLVpJLUiWD EDQpUWHHOFV~FVSRQWMiWDPLNRUHJ\~WWDODOHJPDJDVDEEYROWDKDOiOR]iVLDUiQ\

ÅN|]HOIĘV|VV]KDOiOR]iVpVOHJU|YLGHEEDYiUKDWypOHWWDUWDPpY IpU¿DNQiOpYQĘNQpOpY$MDYXOiVDNLOHQFYHQHVpYHNN|]HSpWĘOLQGXOWPHJ 0DJ\DURUV]iJRQLJV]LQWHIRO\DPDWRVYROWDPXQNDQpONOLVpJFV|NNHQpVHiEUD (NNRUpUWHHODPXWDWyDOHJNHGYH]ĘEEpUWpNpWD]yWDPpUVpNHOWHQGHiOODQGyPpU WpNNHOQ|YHNHGHWWYpJOWĘOI|OpHPHONHGHWW$YiOViJKDWiViUDKR]NpSHVW UHDKD]DLPXQNDQpONOLVpJEHQV]i]DOpNSRQWRVHPHONHGpVN|YHWNH]HWWEH

$]pOHWNLOiWiVRNODVV~PpUVpNHOWIRNR]DWRVHPHONHGpVHEDQNH]GĘG|WWVPpJPD LVWDUWWyOpYWĘOpYWĘOpYWyOpYWĘOpYI|Op HPHONHGHWWpUWpNHYDJ\LVN|]|WWpYYHOMDYXOWDND]pOHWNLOiWiVRNiEUD

$,,YLOiJKiERU~WN|YHWĘpYEHQDV]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDP0DJ\DURU V]iJRQOiWYiQ\RVDQQ|YHNHGHWWPDMGPLQWHJ\pYHQNHUHV]WO±DPHO\DODWWD](XUySDL 8QLyWHUOHWpQW|UHWOHQYROWD]HPHONHGpV±DOLJYiOWR]RWW1HPHNV]HULQWLERQWiVEDQLV KDVRQOyNHGYH]ĘWHQGHQFLDYROWWDSDV]WDOKDWyDIpU¿DNpOHWHVpO\HLpYYHODQĘNp pYYHOMDYXOWDN,JD]DIpU¿DNV]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDPDFVDNEHQpUWH HODpYHWPLN|]EHQDQĘNpOHWNLOiWiVDLPiUEHQMREEDNYROWDNpYQpOLV$NpW

(9)

QHPpOHWHVpO\EHOLNO|QEVpJHN|]|WWYROWDOHJPDJDVDEEpYPDMGD]

HOP~OWpYEHQIRNR]DWRVDQFV|NNHQWD]HOWpUpVMHOHQOHJpY$Q\HUVKDOiOR]iVL DUiQ\V]iP ODVV~ MDYXOiVD XWiQ LQGXOW PHJ GH D PXWDWy EHQ LVPpW HOpUWH D ÅHVpUWpNHWEiUD]yWDÅN|]|WWLpUWpNHNNHOiOODQGyVXOQLOiWV]LNiEUD

$ NLOHQFYHQHV pYHN HOVĘ IHOpKH] NpSHVW D PXQNDQpONOLVpJ NLYiOWy RNDL LV DODSYHWĘHQ PHJYiOWR]WDNDMHOHQOHJLYiOViJLGĘV]DNiEDQ$UHQGV]HUYiOWR]iVKDWiViUDIĘNpQWDPH ]ĘJD]GDViJpVD]LSDUIRJODONR]WDWiVLOHKHWĘVpJHLV]ĦNOWHNEHGHDNLOHQFYHQHVpYHNYp JpWĘOQ|YHNHGQLNH]GHWWDIHOVĘIRN~YpJ]HWWVpJĦSiO\DNH]GĘGLSORPiVPXQNDQpONOLHN UpV]DUiQ\DÄ$UHQGV]HUYiOWR]iVQDNQHPFVDNDPXQNDHUĘSLDFRQpVD]pOHWN|UOPpQ\HN WHUpQKDQHPD]pOHWNLOiWiVRNEDQLVHJ\pUWHOPĦYHV]WHVHLDOHJDODFVRQ\DEELVNRODLYpJ ]HWWVpJĦHNYROWDN´+DEOLFVHN.RYiFV$MHOHQOHJLYiOViJMHOHQWĘVPpUWpNEHQ pULQWHWWHDPDJDVDQNYDOL¿NiOWPXQNDHUĘWDWHUFLHUpVNYDWHUQHUV]HNWRUIRJODONR]WDWRWW MDLWD]HOP~OWEĘpYWL]HGEHQDPDJDVDEELVNRODLYpJ]HWWVpJJHOVtJ\NHGYH]ĘEEHJpV]

VpJPXWDWyNNDOMREEpOHWNLOiWiVRNNDOEtUyWiUVDGDOPLFVRSRUWRNMHOHQWHNPHJDPXQND QpONOLHNN|]|WW(PLDWW௅D]RSWLPLVWiEESURJQy]LVRNV]HULQW௅DYiOViJKDWiVDNpQWD V]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDPQ|YHNHGpVLWHPHVWDJQiOPDMG0DJ\DURUV]iJRQ GHQHPNH]GHOFV|NNHQQL1HKp]PHJtWpOQLKRJ\DYiUKDWypOHWWDUWDPM|YĘEHOLDODNX OiViUDPLO\HQWpQ\H]ĘNOHV]QHNKDWiVVDOD]YLV]RQWWpQ\KRJ\DPDJ\DUpOHWNLOiWiVRN pYWL]HGHNyWDiWODJRVDQpYYHOPDUDGQDNHODQ\XJDWHXUySDLiWODJWyO

$PXQNDQpONOLVpJLDUiQ\V]iP0DJ\DURUV]iJRQiEUD

$GDWRNIRUUiVDSRUWDONVKKX

>0HJMHJ\]pV$.|]SRQWL6WDWLV]WLNDL+LYDWDOyWDN|]|OPXQNDQpONOLVpJLDGDWRNDW@

(10)

$V]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDPpY0DJ\DURUV]iJRQiEUD

$GDWRNIRUUiVDSRUWDONVKKX

$Q\HUVKDOiOR]iVLDUiQ\V]iPÅ0DJ\DURUV]iJRQiEUD

$GDWRNIRUUiVDSRUWDONVKKX

$PXQNDQpONOLVpJDHVpYHNHOHMpUHDIHOVĘIRN~YpJ]HWWVpJĦHNN|]|WWIĘNpQWDIĘ LVNRODLGLSORPiYDOUHQGHONH]ĘNHWpULQWHWWHGHDMHOHQOHJLYiOViJPLDWWDGXSOiMiUDQĘWWD]

(11)

HJ\HWHPLYpJ]HWWVpJĦUHJLV]WUiOWPXQNDQpONOLHNDUiQ\DLV$UHQGV]HUYiOWR]iVYiOViJD OHJKiWUiQ\RVDEEDQD]iOWDOiQRVLVNRODLYpJ]HWWVpJĦHNHWpVDV]DNPXQNiVRNDWpULQWHWWHD NLOHQFYHQHVpYHNHOHMpQ0tJD]XWyEELDNHVHWpEHQQDSMDLQNUDQpPLPpUVpNOĘGpVWDSDV]

WDOKDWyDGGLJD]HOĘEELHNWRYiEEUDLVYHV]pO\H]WHWHWWHNDPXQNDQpONOLVpJiOWDO$NH YHVHEEPLQWRV]WiO\WYpJ]HWWHNN|UpEHQXJ\DQNLVHEEHQ\KOpV¿J\HOKHWĘPHJDPXQ NDQpONOLVpJDUiQ\iEDQGHHEEHQD]HVHWEHQV]iPROQLNHOOD]]DOKRJ\VRNDQN|]ON WHOMHVHQNLV]RUXOWDND]HOOiWyUHQGV]HUEĘOtJ\QLQFVHQHNLVSRQWRVLQIRUPiFLyLQNUyOXN$

N|]pSIRN~ YpJ]HWWVpJĦHN V]DNN|]pSLVNROD JLPQi]LXP WHFKQLNXP PXQNDQpONOLVpJL DUiQ\iEDQIRO\DPDWRVEiUPpUVpNHOWQ|YHNHGpVN|YHWNH]HWWEHD]HOP~OWpYWL]HGEHQ

$]HJ\PiVUDKDWiVRN|VV]HIJJpVHNWHUOHWLVpJH

$PXQNDQpONOLVpJpVD]pOHWNLOiWiVRNN|]|WWV]RURVNDSFVRODWiOOIHQQpVWiEOi]DW DPLDIpU¿DNHVHWpEHQHUĘVHEE|VV]HIJJpVWPXWDW$]HJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNPpUWpNHDNpW YiOViJpYpVYLV]RQ\ODWiEDQMHOHQWĘVHEEDPXQNDQpONOLVpJWHNLQWHWpEHQEiU DYL]VJiOWPXWDWyNHVHWpEHQEHQPpUVpNOĘGpVWDSDV]WDOKDWyKH]NpSHVW+D DPXQNDQpONOLVpJiOWDOOHJLQNiEEYHV]pO\H]WHWHWWN|]pSNRU~QpSHVVpJHWWHNLQWMNPpJ LQNiEEUHOHYiQVDND]pOHWHVpO\PXWDWyNpVDJD]GDViJLPXWDWyNN|]|WWL|VV]HIJJpVHN

$]HJ\IĘUHMXWy*'3DN|]pSNRU~IpU¿DNHJpV]VpJEHQYiUKDWypOHWWDUWDPiYDOPXWDWMDD OHJV]RURVDEENDSFVRODWRW$IRJODONR]WDWiVLDUiQ\D]HJpV]VpJEHQYiUKDWypOHWWDUWDPRN NDOiOODOHJV]RURVDEENDSFVRODWEDQYLV]RQWDIpU¿DNQiOPHJKDWiUR]yEE7HKiWDIpU¿DN ÄHJpV]VpJHV´pOHWNLOiWiVDLWQDJ\REEPpUWpNEHQEHIRO\iVROMDDIRJODONR]WDWiVLKHO\]HW(]W WiPDV]WMDDOiKRJ\DPXQNDQpONOLVpJLDUiQQ\DOLVLJHQV]RURVNDSFVRODWEDQYDQDIpU¿DN HJpV]VpJEHQYiUKDWypOHWWDUWDPD$YL]VJiOWJD]GDViJLPXWDWyNN|]ODPXQNDQpONOLVp JLUiWDDOHJPHJKDWiUR]yEED]pOHWHVpO\HNDODNXOiViEDQNLYiOWDN|]pSNRU~IpU¿DNQiO XJ\DQLVDPXQNDQpONOLHNDIpU¿0DJ\DURUV]iJRQ

(12)

WiEOi]DW

$]pOHWHVpO\PXWDWyNpVDJD]GDViJLPXWDWyNN|]|WWL 3HDUVRQIpOHNRUUHOiFLyVNDSFVRODWU

*D]GDViJLPXWDWyN

eOHWHVpO\PXWDWyN *'3IĘ

IRULQWH]HU

)RJODO NR]WDWiVL DUiQ\

0XQND QpONOLVpJL DUiQ\

)pU¿DNpYHVNRUEDQHJpV]VpJEHQYiUKDWypOHW

WDUWDPDpY

)pU¿DNpYHVNRUEDQEHWHJVpJEHQYiUKDWypOHW

WDUWDPDpY

1ĘNpYHVNRUEDQHJpV]VpJEHQYiUKDWypOHWWDU

WDPDpY

1ĘNpYHVNRUEDQEHWHJVpJEHQYiUKDWypOHWWDU

WDPDpY

$GDWRNIRUUiVDSRUWDONVKKX

WiEOi]DW

$PXQNDQpONOLVpJLDUiQ\pVDV]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDPN|]|WWL 3HDUVRQIpOHNRUUHOiFLyVNDSFVRODWU

V]OHWpVNRU YiUKDWyiWODJRV

pOHWWDUWDP

V]OHWpVNRU YiUKDWyiWODJRV pOHWWDUWDPIpU¿

V]OHWpVNRU YiUKDWyiWODJRV

pOHWWDUWDPQĘ

PXQNDQpONOLHNDUiQ\D

PXQNDQpONOLHNDUiQ\DIpU¿

PXQNDQpONOLHNDUiQ\DQĘ

$GDWRNIRUUiVDSRUWDONVKKX

$]RUV]iJPHJRV]WRWWViJDDPXQNDQpONOLVpJpVD]pOHWHVpO\HNNDSFVRODWUHQGV]HUpQHNWH UOHWLPHJMHOHQpVpEHQMHOOHJ]HWHVWpUV]HUNH]HWWHOSiURVXO.HUHV]WWiEODVHJtWVpJpYHOSiUED iOOtWRWWXNPLQGNpWPXWDWyHVHWpEHQDPDJDViWODJRVDODFVRQ\pUWpNHNNHOEtUyNLVWpUVpJH NHWPDMGH]HNHWWpUNpSHQiEUi]ROWXN$MREEiWOiWKDWyViJpUGHNpEHQDHViOODSRWRW N|]|OMN

$]pOHWHVpO\HNpVDPXQNDQpONOLVpJNDSFVRODWiQDNWpUEHOLVpJHDODSMiQNLVHEEPpUWpN EHQ¿J\HOKHWĘPHJDNLVWpUVpJHNSR]tFLyYHV]WpVHpVYDJ\SR]tFLyQ\HUpVHPLQGDPXQ NDQpONOLVpJPLQGDYiUKDWypOHWWDUWDPHVHWpEHQpVN|]|WW$OHJMREEKHO\

]HWĦNLVWpUVpJHNYDJ\DIĘYiURVLN|UOLDJJORPHUiFLyEDQYDJ\DQ\XJDWLRUV]iJUpV]EHQ PtJDOHJURVV]DEEKHO\]HWĦHND]pV]DNNHOHWLpVYDJ\GpOQ\XJDWLWHUOHWHNHQWDOiOKDWyDN

(13)

iEUD$PXQNDQpONOLVpJLDUiQ\pVDV]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDPNLVWpUVpJL NO|QEVpJHLMHOOHJ]HWHVWHUOHWLPLQWi]DWUDKtYMiNIHOD¿J\HOPHW

$]XWiQLKD]DLYiOViJRNIHOHUĘVtWHWWpND]RNDWDWHUOHWLIRO\DPDWRNDWDPHO\HNHJ\

UpV]WDWiUVDGDOPLJD]GDViJLKHO\]HWEĘOPiVUpV]WD]HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNWHUOHWL DODNXOiViEyON|YHWNH]WHN

‡ $NLOHQFYHQHVpYHNHOHMpQD]pOHWNLOiWiVRNPLQGHQKROURVV]DEERGWDNOHJNHYpVEpD IHMOHWWHEEWHUOHWHNHQ

‡ $NLOHQFYHQHVpYHNN|]HSpWĘOD'pO$OI|OG|QpVD.|]pS'XQiQW~ORQMDYXOWDNOHJLQ NiEED]pOHWHVpO\HN

‡ $NLOHQFYHQHVpYHNHOHMHyWDHJ\pUWHOPĦHQOHV]DNDGyWHUOHWHNeV]DNNHOHWpV'pO Q\XJDW0DJ\DURUV]iJ

$ Q\XJDWNHOHW UHOHYDQFLD pUWHOPH]KHWĘ D PXQNDQpONOLVpJ pV D] pOHWHVpO\HN NDSFVR ODWUHQGV]HUpQHN WHUOHWLVpJpEHQ $]RQEDQ KDQJV~O\R]QL NHOO KRJ\ D] |VV]HVVpJpEHQ NHGYH]Ę KHO\]HWĦ 1\XJDW0DJ\DURUV]iJRQ LV YDQQDN D] RUV]iJRV iWODJRNKR] NpSHVW OpQ\HJpEHQyWDOHV]DNDGyWHUOHWHNPtJ.HOHW0DJ\DURUV]iJVHPWHOMHVHJpV]p EHQ NHGYH]ĘWOHQ KHO\]HWĦ (] XWyEEL HVHWpEHQ YDQQDN RO\DQ WHUOHWHN DPHO\HN MHOHQ WĘVMDYXOiVWpOWHNPHJD]HOP~OWPiVIpOpYWL]HGEHQVDNiUPpJD]iWODJRNKR]NpSHVWLV MREEPXWDWyNNDOEtUQDN$Q\XJDWNHOHWPHJKDWiUR]RWWViJ~WHUOHWLV]HUNH]HWEHQNLVHEE D]HVpO\HDQQDNKRJ\V]LJHWV]HUĦHQMHOHQQpQHNPHJQDJ\V]iPEDQDNiUMyDNiUURVV]

KHO\]HWĦNLVWpUVpJHNDYL]VJiOWNpWPXWDWyDODSMiQ$Q\XJDWNHOHWPHJRV]WRWWViJPHOOHWW DFHQWUXPSHULIpULDNDSFVRODWRNQDNLVYDQEHIRO\iVROyV]HUHSHDWHUOHWLVpJDODNXOiVi EDQ+DWiUR]RWWDQHONO|QOQHNDMypVURVV]KHO\]HWĦWHUOHWHND]RUV]iJEDQEiUpOHV WHQJHO\V]HUĦYiODV]WyYRQDODWNHYpVEpOHKHWIHOIHGH]QLN|]|WWN0HJ¿J\HOKHWĘKRJ\D QDJ\REEUpV]WNHGYH]ĘWOHQKHO\]HWĦWHUOHWHNHQLQNiEEDPHJ\HV]pNKHO\HNKH]YiURVRN KR]N|WKHWĘDMDYXOyWHQGHQFLD

(14)

$PXQNDQpONOLVpJLDUiQ\pVDV]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDPpYiEUD RUV]iJRViWODJRNKR]YDOyYLV]RQ\tWiVDDNLVWpUVpJHNEHQ

$GDWRNIRUUiVDWHLUYDWLKX

$]RUV]iJEDQQHPPLQGHQKROLJD]KRJ\DPDJDVDEEPXQNDQpONOLVpJDODFVRQ\DEEYiU KDWypOHWWDUWDPPDOSiURVXO/HJURVV]DEEDKHO\]HW%RUVRG$ED~M=HPSOpQpV6]DEROFV 6]DWPiU%HUHJ PHJ\pEHQ DKRO D YiOViJ HOĘWW LV PDJDV YROW D PXQNDQpONOLVpJ H]

EHQWRYiEEQ|YHNHGHWWVH]HNEHQDPHJ\pEHQYROWRUV]iJRVDQDOHJDODFVRQ\DEE D]pOHWHVpO\EHOLMDYXOiVXWiQ%XGDSHVWNLPDJDVOyWiUVDGDOPLJD]GDViJLIHMOHWWVpJH PLDWWQDJ\YDOyV]tQĦVpJJHODPXQNDQpONOLVpJLDUiQ\NHYpVEpG|QWĘDYiUKDWyiWODJRV pOHWWDUWDPDODNXOiViEDQ$]RUV]iJQ\XJDWLpVN|]pSVĘUpV]pQDNHGYH]ĘEEWiUVDGDOPL JD]GDViJLN|UQ\H]HWPDJDXWiQYRQMDDMREEpOHWHVpO\HNHW(]DOyONLYpWHO.RPiURP (V]WHUJRPpV3HVWPHJ\H.HOHWLOOHWYHeV]DNNHOHW0DJ\DURUV]iJRQD]RUV]iJRViWODJRW PHJKDODGyPXQNDQpONOLVpJDOHJURVV]DEEpOHWNLOiWiVRNNDOSiURVXO

$V]RPV]pGViJLWHUOHWLKDWiVRN

7HUOHWLYL]VJiODWDLQNEDQWHKiWIHODGDWNpQWWĦ]WNNLDQQDNPHJ¿J\HOpVpWKRJ\DPXQ NDQpONOLVpJ pV D] pOHWNLOiWiVRN WHUOHWL HORV]OiViEDQ IHOIHGH]KHWĘH YDODPLO\HQ V]D EiO\V]HUĦVpJYDJ\SHGLJYpOHWOHQV]HUĦQHNPRQGKDWyHD]DGDWRNWHUOHWLHORV]OiVD$

NRUUHOiFLyV PpUĘV]iPRNNDO XJ\DQ pUWHOPH]QL WXGWXN EL]RQ\RV PXWDWyV]iPRN N|]|WWL NDSFVRODWHUĘVVpJpWGHQHPWXGWXNYL]VJiOQLDWpUEHOLHJ\PiVUDKDWiVWÄN|]HOKDWiVW´

D]HJ\WWPR]JiVWpVD]RNPpUWpNpWV]RURVViJiW(QQHNV]iPV]HUĦVtWpVpWD]~QWHUOHWL DXWRNRUUHOiFLyPyGV]HUpYHOYDOyVtWRWWXNPHJ

$WHUOHWLDXWRNRUUHOiFLyRO\DQWHUOHWLPRGHOODPHO\HJ\DGRWWWiUVDGDOPLMHOHQVpJQHN HJ\DGRWWKHO\HQLOOHWYHDKHOO\HOV]RPV]pGRVKHO\HNHQPpUWpUWpNHLN|]|WWLNDSFVRODWRW

DODFVRQ\PDJDV DODFVRQ\iWODJRV DODFVRQ\DODFVRQ\

iWODJRVPDJDV iWODJRViWODJRV iWODJRVDODFVRQ\

PDJDVPDJDV PDJDViWODJRV PDJDVDODFVRQ\

0XQNDQpONOLVpJYiUKDWypOHWWDUWDP

(15)

|VV]HIJJpVWPXWDWMDNL1HPHV1DJ\6]DEiO\V]HUĦHOUHQGH]ĘGpVHVHWpQD]

HJ\PiVVDOV]RPV]pGRVWHUOHWHJ\VpJHNHEEHQD]HVHWEHQDNLVWpUVpJHNDGDWDLHJ\PiV KR]KDVRQOyDNDQDJ\pUWpNN|]HOpEHQQDJ\pUWpNHWDNLVpUWpNN|]HOpEHQNLVpUWpNHWWDOi OXQNSR]LWtYDXWRNRUUHOiFLyYDJ\DV]RPV]pGRVWHUOHWHNNO|QE|]QHNHJ\PiVWyOD]D]

DQDJ\pUWpNĦWHUOHWHNPHOOHWWNLVpUWpNĦWHUOHWHNKHO\H]NHGQHNHOpVIRUGtWYDQHJDWtY DXWRNRUUHOiFLy'XVHN

$WHUOHWLDXWRNRUUHOiFLyV]iPtWiViQDNHOĘIHOWpWHOHDV]RPV]pGViJLNDSFVRODWRNPHJKD WiUR]iVD-DNREL-HQH\(]HQNDSFVRODWRNPHJKDWiUR]iViUDW|EEIpOHOHKHWĘVpJiOO UHQGHONH]pVUHDYL]VJiODWRNVRUiQDYDOyVV]RPV]pGViJRWYHWWNDODSXOYDJ\LVKDNpW NLVWpUVpJUHQGHONH]LNN|]|VKDWiUUDODNNRUD]RNDWHJ\PiVV]RPV]pGMDNpQWpUWHOPH]WN

$JOREiOLVWHUOHWLDXWRNRUUHOiFLyPHOOHWWORNiOLVWHUOHWLDXWRNRUUHOiFLyV]iPtWiVRNDWLV HOYpJH]WQNXJ\DQLVHQQHNVHJtWVpJpYHODWpUEHOLVWUXNW~UiNKHO\LVDMiWRVViJDLUDQ\tOLN UiOiWiVXQN0tJDJOREiOLVDXWRNRUUHOiFLyHJ\HWOHQpUWpNEHQPXWDWUiD]DXWRNRUUHOiFLy PpUWpNpUHDGGLJDORNiOLVDXWRNRUUHOiFLyPyGV]HUpYHOD]|VV]HVPHJ¿J\HOpVLHJ\VpJUH NDSXQNpUWpNHNHW$PyGV]HUVHJtWVpJpYHOPHJKDWiUR]KDWMXNKRJ\PLO\HQNDSFVRODWiOO IHQQDGRWWNLVWpUVpJpVV]RPV]pGMDLN|]|WW1pJ\UHOiFLyWNO|QtWKHWQNHOPDJDVPDJDV ++DODFVRQ\DODFVRQ\//PDJDVDODFVRQ\+/LOOHWYHDODFVRQ\PDJDV//$]

iWODJIHOHWWLHNHWPDJDVQDND]iWODJDODWWLDNDWDODFVRQ\QDNQHYH]]N

$JOREiOLVWHUOHWLDXWRNRUUHOiFLyPyGV]HUpYHOD]HJpV]DGDWVRUWHJ\HWOHQV]iPPDOWXGMXN MHOOHPH]QL$PXWDWyNRUOiWRVpVN|]|WWLpUWpNHNHWYHKHWIHO+DH]D]pUWpNSR]LWtY DNNRUD]WEL]RQ\tWMDKRJ\DV]RPV]pGViJDGRWWMHOHQVpJWHNLQWHWpEHQHJ\PiVUDKDWiVVDO LVMiU$]KH]N|]HOLHJ\WWKDWypUWpNRO\DQWHUOHWLVpPiUDXWDOPHO\EHQDV]RPV]p GRVWHUOHWHJ\VpJHNKDVRQOyDNHJ\PiVKR]+DD]HJ\WWKDWypUWpNHKH]N|]HOLDN NRUD]HOĘEELPHJiOODStWiVQHPYDOyVXOPHJDQDJ\pUWpNNHOUHQGHONH]ĘWHUOHWHJ\VpJHN V]RPV]pGViJiEDQNLVpUWpNNHOUHQGHONH]ĘWHUOHWHJ\VpJHNDMHOOHP]ĘN+DD]HJ\WWKDWy pUWpNHN|UOLDNNRUSHGLJWHOMHVHQYpOHWOHQV]HUĦD]DGRWWPXWDWyWHUOHWLPLQWi]DWD$

JOREiOLVWHUOHWLDXWRNRUUHOiFLyV]iPtWiVVDOEL]RQ\tWRWWXNKRJ\PLQGDPXQNDQpONOLVpJ PLQGDV]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDPHVHWpEHQSR]LWtYWHUOHWL DXWRNRUUHOiFLy¿J\HOKHWĘPHJEHQ$PXQNDQpONOLVpJWHNLQWHWpEHQKRPRJpQHEE WpUV]HUNH]HWMHOOHP]ĘPLQWD]pOHWNLOiWiVRNWHUOHWLPLQWi]DWiEDQ$]HUHGPpQ\HNDODSMiQ PHJiOODStWKDWyKRJ\DV]RPV]pGViJD]HJ\PiVKR]YDOyN|]HOVpJPHJKDWiUR]yDPXQ NDQpONOLVpJpVD]pOHWNLOiWiVRNWHUpQLViPD]HOĘEELQpOQDJ\REEPpUWpNEHQ

$ ORNiOLV WHUOHWL DXWRNRUUHOiFLy V]iPtWiVD VRUiQ D PXQNDQpONOLVpJ DUiQ\ pUWpNpQHN UHFLSURNiYDOV]iPROWXQN6]LOiJ\L8]]ROL

$ PXQNDQpONOLVpJL DUiQ\ pV D V]OHWpVNRU YiUKDWy iWODJRV pOHWWDUWDP ORNiOLV WHUOHWL DXWRNRUUHOiFLyMiQDNNLV]iPtWiVDXWiQHJ\VDMiWRVPHJN|]HOtWpVWGROJR]WXQNNLpVDONDO

(16)

PD]WXQNDKKR]KRJ\DNpWPXWDWyMHOOHP]ĘLW|VV]HWXGMXNKDVRQOtWDQL(KKH]HOĘV]|U HJ\LUiQ\~VtWDQLNHOOHWWD]DGDWRNDWKLV]HQDPDJDVV]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDU WDPSR]LWtYXPNpQWN|Q\YHOKHWĘHOPtJDPDJDVPXQNDQpONOLDUiQ\UyOXJ\DQH]QHP PRQGKDWyHOËJ\HOVĘOpSpVEHQDPXQNDQpONOLHNDUiQ\DpUWpNHNUHFLSURNiWV]iPROWXN NLYDJ\LVD]DNWtYNRU~QpSHVVpJNHUOWDV]iPOiOyEDpVDUHJLV]WUiOWPXQNDQpONOLHN V]iPDDQHYH]ĘEHËJ\HUUHD]DGDWVRUUDYDODPLQWDV]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDU WDPUDV]iPROWXQNORNiOLVWHUOHWLDXWRNRUUHOiFLyW(]HQV]iPtWiVRNPiU|QPDJXNEDQVRN pUGHNHVVpJUHPXWDWQDNUiGHDFpOXQND]YROWKRJ\DNDSRWWHUHGPpQ\HNHW|VV]HYHVVN 0HJQp]WN KRJ\ DGRWW NLVWpUVpJ PLO\HQ MHOOHP]ĘYHO ++ +/ /+ // EtU D] HJ\LN pVDPiVLNPXWDWyV]HULQW.LHPHOWND]RNDWDWpUVpJHNHWDPHO\HNQHNPLQGNpWPXWDWy V]HULQWXJ\DQRO\DQMHOOHP]ĘMHYROWWHKiWSODV]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDPpV DUHFLSURNPXQNDQpONOLHNDUiQ\DV]HULQWLV++(]WN|YHWĘHQSHGLJPpJHJ\V]ĦUpVW LNWDWWXQNEHDPLYHONLYiORJDWWXNDV]LJQL¿NiQVHUHGPpQ\HNHW(KKH]D/RFDO0RUDQ, pUWpNHNHWYHWWNDODSXOVtJ\D]RQNLVWpUVpJHNPDUDGWDNEHQWDV]iPtWiVEDQDPHO\HNQHN PLQGNpWPXWDWyV]HULQWL/RFDO0RUDQ,pUWpNHNLVHEEYROWPLQW±YDJ\QDJ\REEYROW PLQW(]]HOD]YROWDFpOXQNKRJ\DV]ĦUpVHNXWiQDV]iPtWiVEDQPDUDGWNLVWpUVpJHN iOWDOMyOOHKDWiUROKDWyDNOHJ\HQHNDPLQGNpWPXWDWyV]HULQWLMypVURVV]KHO\]HWEHQOpYĘ WHUOHWHN]yQiN

$PXQNDQpONOLVpJpVD]pOHWNLOiWiVRNN|]|WWLOHJV]HPEHWĦQĘEENO|QEVpJD]KRJ\D]

HOĘEELQpOW|EENLVWpUVpJNHUOWD++pV//OHJMREEpVOHJURVV]DEEFVRSRUWEDiEUD DPLKRPRJpQHEEWpUV]HUNH]HWUHXWDOVH]WDJOREiOLVWHUOHWLDXWRNRUUHOiFLyV]iPtWiVDLV PHJHUĘVtWHWWHN$V]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDPV]HULQWWHKiWMyYDOPR]DLNRVDEE WHUOHWLPLQWi]DWRWNDSWXQNHUHGPpQ\ONHYpVEpOHKHWHWWNLMHO|OQLQDJ\|VV]HIJJĘKR PRJpQQHNWHNLQWKHWĘWHUOHWHNHW$]|VV]HYRQWpUWpNHNDODSMiQFVDND]RNDNLVWpUVpJHN MHOHQQHNPHJDWpUNpSHNHQNO|QIpOHV]tQHNNHOiEUDDPHO\HNPLQGNpWPXWDWyWH NLQWHWpEHQD]RQRVMHOOHP]ĘYHOEtUWDNpVV]LJQL¿NiQVQDNV]iPtWRWWDN3pOGiXO%XGDSHVW PLQGDPXQNDQpONOLVpJPLQGD]pOHWNLOiWiVRNWHUpQ++EHVRUROiVWNDSRWWOHJNHGYH ]ĘEEKHO\]HWWHKiWDV]RPV]pGRVNLVWpUVpJHNKDVRQOyDQMyKHO\]HWĦHNYROWDNHJ\PiVKR]

NpSHVWEHQLO\HQNLVWpUVpJYROWD]RUV]iJEDQVWHUOHWLOHJpV]DNQ\XJDWRQpVD .|]pS0DJ\DURUV]iJUpJLyQ\XJDWLpVpV]DNLV]HNWRUiEDQWDOiOMXNĘNHW(]HNDNLVWpUVp JHND]RNDWDQDJ\|VV]HIJJĘWHUOHWHNHWMHO|OWpNNLDPHO\HNDPXQNDQpONOLVpJHWpVD]

pOHWNLOiWiVRNDWHJ\WWYpYHDOHJMREEKHO\]HWEHQYROWDND]RUV]iJEDQ

(17)

$PXQNDQpONOLVpJLDUiQ\pVDV]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDPiEUD ORNiOLVWHUOHWLDXWRNRUUHOiFLyMD

$GDWRNIRUUiVDWHLUYDWLKX

$]//FVRSRUWNLVWpUVpJHLD]RNDPHO\HNPLQGNpWPXWDWyHVHWpEHQDOHJNHGYH]ĘWOHQHEEHN RUV]iJRVDQpVDV]RPV]pGRVNLVWpUVpJHNKDVRQOyDQURVV]KHO\]HWĦHNYROWDNHJ\PiVKR]

NpSHVWEHQ$]//FVRSRUWNLVWpUVpJHLHJ\|QWHWĦHQD]RUV]iJpV]DNNHOHWLUpV]pEHQ D]RUV]iJKDWiUPHQWLSHULIpULNXVWHUOHWHNHQKHO\H]NHGWHNHO+DVRQOyDWpUEHQQDJ\REE

|VV]HIJJĘGHD]HOĘEELKH]NpSHVWNLVHEENLWHUMHGpVĦWHUOHWDGpOQ\XJDWLSHULIpULNXV V]LQWpQ RUV]iJKDWiU PHQWL UpV]HQ IRUGXOW HOĘ /HJNLVHEE PpUWpNEHQ pV NLWHUMHGpVEHQ D .|]pSVĘ7LV]DYLGpNpQLVWDOiOKDWy//FVRSRUW

gVV]HIRJODOiV

7HUOHWLHOHP]pVQNEĘOD]WDN|YHWNH]WHWpVWYRQKDWMXNOHKRJ\DMHOHQOHJLYiOViJKDWiViUD QDJ\PpUWpNEHQQHPYiOWR]RWWD]HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNWpUV]HUNH]HWH0DJ\DURUV]i JRQXJ\DQD]RNDWHUOHWHNWHNLQWKHWĘNMyLOOHWYHURVV]KHO\]HWĦQHNPLQWDYiOViJHOĘWW 6ĘWD]iWODJRVN|]HSHVKHO\]HWĦNLVWpUVpJHNN|]|WWVLQFVHQHNRO\DQRNDPHO\HNKHO\]HWH NLIHMH]HWWHQDJD]GDViJLUHFHVV]LyPLDWWURPORWWDNYROQDSR]tFLyYHV]WpV$Q\XJDWNHOHW PHJKDWiUR]RWWViJ~WHUOHWLV]HUNH]HWEHQMHOHQWĘVPpUWpNEHQpUYpQ\HVOQHNDV]RPV]pG ViJL YLV]RQ\RN D] HJ\PiVKR] YDOy N|]HOVpJ V]HUHSH YDJ\LV NLVHEE D] HVpO\H DQQDN KRJ\V]LJHWV]HUĦHQMHOHQQpQHNPHJQDJ\V]iPEDQDNiUMyDNiUURVV]KHO\]HWĦNLVWpUVp JHNDYL]VJiOWNpWPXWDWyDODSMiQ$V]RPV]pGViJLNDSFVRODWRNpUYpQ\pQHNN|V]|QKHWĘHQ D YiOViJ LGHMpQ Q|YHNHGHWW D URVV] KHO\]HWĦNpQW GH¿QLiOW NLVWpUVpJHNEĘO iOOy WHUOHWHN WpUEHOLNLWHUMHGpVHXJ\DQH]DMyKHO\]HWĦWHUOHWHNHVHWpEHQNHYpVEpOiWYiQ\RVPtJD N|]HSHViWODJRVKHO\]HWĦNLVWpUVpJHNWpUEHOLOHJiOODQGyVXOQLOiWV]DQDN

++ +/

/+ //

0XQNDQpONOLVpJLDUiQ\UHFLSURN

FVRSRUWRN 6]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRV

pOHWWDUWDPFVRSRUWRN FVRSRUWRN

++ +/

/+ //

QHPHJ\H]HWWYDJ\QHPV]LJQL¿NiQV

++

+/

/+

//

0XQNDQpONOLVpJLDUiQ\ 6]OHWpVNRUYiUKDWyiWODJRVpOHWWDUWDP gVV]HYRQWpUWpNHN

(18)

$]HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNFV|NNHQWpVHQHPFVDNYLOiJV]LQWHQKDQHPDYLOiJOHJIHM OHWWHEERUV]iJDLEDQLVMHOHQWĘVNLKtYiVWMHOHQWDNO|QE|]ĘV]DNSROLWLNiNV]iPiUD8J\DQ D](XUySDL8QLyiOODPDLEDQKRVV]DEELGHLJpOQHND]HPEHUHNMREEDND]HJpV]VpJPXWD WyLNNHGYH]ĘEEHND]pOHWIHOWpWHOHLNPpJVHPPLQGHQNLV]iPiUDHJ\HQOĘPpUWpNEHQEL]

WRVtWRWWD]HJpV]VpJJ\LV]ROJiOWDWiVRNKR]YDOyKR]]iIpUpV

$WiUVDGDOPLHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNPHQWpQpUWHOPH]HWWHJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNRUV]iJRN N|]|WWpVRUV]iJRNRQEHOOLVMHOHQWĘVPpUWpNĦHN6]LQWHPiUN|]KHO\KRJ\D]DODFVRQ\

WiUVDGDOPLVWiWXV~DNpVEL]RQ\RVYHV]pO\H]WHWHWWFVRSRUWRNHJpV]VpJHMyYDOURVV]DEED]

iWODJRVQiOU|YLGHEELGHLJpOQHNHVHWNEHQEL]RQ\RVPHJEHWHJHGpVHNpVKDOiORNRNHOĘ IRUGXOiVDNpWV]HUKiURPV]RUJ\DNRULEEEL]RQ\RVHOOiWiVIDMWiNpVV]ROJiOWDWiVRNLJpQ\

EHYpWHOpEĘOWHOMHVPpUWpNEHQNLUHNHV]WHWWHN$JD]GDViJLYiOViJDQ|YHNYĘPXQNDQpO NOLVpJDFV|NNHQĘM|YHGHOPHNDOpWEL]RQ\WDODQViJpVD]iOODQGyVWUHVV]KDWiVNO|Q|V DNWXDOLWiVWDGDSUREOpPDN|UQHN

$] HJpV]VpJ WiUVDGDOPL PHJKDWiUR]yL IHOKtYMiN D ¿J\HOPHW DUUD KRJ\ D OHJIRQWRVDEE HJpV]VpJSUREOpPiN ± NRUDL KDOiOR]iV EHWHJVpJEĘO IDNDGy DODFVRQ\DEE V]LQWĦ pOHWPL QĘVpJ ± RNDL PHJKDWiUR]y pV EHIRO\iVROy WpQ\H]ĘL D WiUVDGDOPLJD]GDViJL N|UQ\H]HW IHOWpWHOHLN|]|WWNHUHVHQGĘN$ODNiVpVPXQNDN|UOPpQ\HNDN|UQ\H]HWLKDWiVRND]

RNWDWiVKR]pVD]HJpV]VpJJ\K|]YDOyKR]]iIpUpVOHKHWĘVpJHLD]LVNRODLYpJ]HWWVpJpV DPXQNDHUĘSLDFLSR]tFLyDM|YHGHOHPV]LQWpVDIRJ\DV]WiVLV]RNiVRNDIRJODONR]WDWiV pV D PXQNDQpONOLVpJ D V]HJpQ\VpJ pV D WiUVDGDOPL NLUHNHV]WpV NO|QE|]Ę PyGRQ pV PpUWpNEHQpULQWLND]HJ\HVWiUVDGDOPLFVRSRUWRNDWVUpV]EHQD]HJpV]VpJJ\|QNtYOiOOy N|UOPpQ\HNN|YHWNH]PpQ\HL

$]HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHNPpUVpNOpVHWHKiWQHPFVDND]HJpV]VpJSROLWLNDIHODGDWD D] HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHN WiUVDGDOPLJD]GDViJL PHJKDWiUR]yLQDN PHJYiOWR]WDWiVi EDQ LOOHWYH D QpSHJpV]VpJJ\ MDYtWiViUD LUiQ\XOy W|UHNYpVHNEHQ LQWHUV]HNWRUiOLV PHJ N|]HOtWpVUH YDQ V]NVpJ$] HJpV]VpJ WiUVDGDOPL PHJKDWiUR]yL V]pOHVN|UĦHN D]D] D]

LQWHUV]HNWRUiOLVEHDYDWNR]iVW|EEV]HUHSOĘVWHYpNHQ\VpJDSUREOpPDPHJROGiVDPHJIH OHOĘpUGHNHOWWHOpULQWHWWHOYDOyKDWpNRQ\HJ\H]WHWpVWMHOHQWL

$WDQXOPiQ\D]07$%RO\DL-iQRV.XWDWiVLgV]W|QGtMWiPRJDWiViYDONpV]OW

(19)

+,9$7.2=È62.

$%(1$&+-±0817$1(5&±6$17$1$9(PSOR\PHQW&RQGLWLRQV DQG+HDOWK,QHTXDOLWLHV:+2±&6'+0RQWUHDO

%/$&.'±0255,6-1±72:16(1'3,QHTXDOLWLHVLQKHDOWK 7KH%ODFN5HSRUW3HQJXLQ%RRNV+DPPRQGVZRUWK0LGGOHVH[

%g&.(50$13±,/0$.811$638QHPSOR\PHQWDQGVHOIDVVHVVHG KHDOWKHYLGHQFHIURPSDQHOGDWD+HDOWK(FRQRPLFV௅

'86(.7$WHUOHWLHOHP]pVHNDODSMDL5HJLRQiOLV7XGRPiQ\L7DQXOPiQ\RN (/7(5HJLRQiOLV)|OGUDM]L7DQV]pN±07$(/7(5HJLRQiOLV7XGRPiQ\L

.XWDWyFVRSRUW%XGDSHVW

+$%/,&6(./±.29È&6.$]pOHWNLOiWiVRNGLIIHUHQFLiOyGiVD LVNROi]RWWViJV]HULQW.XWDWiVL-HOHQWpVHN.6+%XGDSHVW

+(*(5/8±:,770$110±$5(160$1(±9$1$8'(1+29(&+±

%28/($8-+±)(/7=&251(/,6&+±*860$25±.2330 7KH³(XURSHDQ$OOLDQFH$JDLQVW'HSUHVVLRQ($$'´$PXOWLIDFHWHGFRPPXQLW\

EDVHGDFWLRQSURJUDPPHDJDLQVWGHSUHVVLRQDQGVXLFLGDOLW\7KH:RUOG-RXUQDORI

%LRORJLFDO3V\FKLDWU\௅

-$.2%,ȱ-(1(</$V]RPV]pGViJLPiWUL[SUREOHPDWLNiMiQDNPHJROGiVL OHKHWĘVpJHL±HOPpOHWpVJ\DNRUODW7HUOHWL6WDWLV]WLND௅

0$&.(1%$&+-3±%$..(50HGV5HGXFLQJ,QHTXDOLWLHVLQ+HDOWK

$Q(XURSHDQ3HUVSHFWLYH5RXWOHGJH/RQGRQ

1(0(61$*<-$WpUDWiUVDGDORPNXWDWiVEDQ%HYH]HWpVDUHJLRQiOLV WXGRPiQ\ED+LOVFKHU5H]VĘ6]RFLiOSROLWLNDL(J\HVOHW%XGDSHVW

5$3+$(/',QWURGXFWLRQWRWKHVRFLDOGHWHUPLQDQWVRIKHDOWK,Q5DSKDHO 'HG6RFLDO'HWHUPLQDQWVRI+HDOWK&DQDGLDQ3HUVSHFWLYHVQG(GLWLRQ&DQDGLDQ 6FKRODUV3UHVV7RURQWR௅

6=,/È*<,'È1,(/±8==2/,$11$0È5,$$]HJpV]VpJHJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHN WHUOHWLDODNXOiVDD]XWiQLYiOViJRNLGHMpQ0DJ\DURUV]iJRQ7HUOHWL6WDWLV]WLND PHJMHOHQpVDODWW

Hivatkozások

KAPCSOLÓDÓ DOKUMENTUMOK

Ez az eredmény is azt erősíti meg, hogy a biztosítók nagy része inkább reklám lehetőséget lát a CSR tevékenységben, mint önzetlen (esetleg névtelen)

Habár a végeredmény az albán és a magyar közgazdász hallgatói minta között alapvetően aligha mutat ki számottevő eltérést a határozottan vállalkozói

Gebbers és Adamchuk (2010) szerint a precíziós gazdálkodás olyan műszaki, informatikai, információs technológiai és termesztéstechnológiai alkalmazások

A modern cégek rájöttek arra, hogy a munkaerő megtartásának és a hatékony munkavégzésnek a záloga az, ha a munkavállaló nyugodt környezetben tudhatja a

A kutatás számos kérdésre választ adott, mint például, hogy milyen technológiákat alkalmaznak milyen célok érdekében a hazai üzleti szolgáltató központok,

Lényeges kérdést jelent az integrációs szervezetből történő kiválás során annak megválaszolása, hogyan alakulnak az Európai Unió és a

Ezen mérlegelés során pedig nemcsak az egyes geopolitikai relációkban elérhető előnyök/hátrányok a mérvadók, hanem a saját gazdasági érdekek is (pl.: hogyan hat az

2002-re egy 350 ezres látogatógatószámmal rendelkező fesztivált hoztak létre, aminek az 1/3-át már külföldiek tették ki (ekkor még a németek domináltak).