Lower lateral leaves often somewhat reflexed, upper with narrow horn-like lobes bearing globose clusters of

reddish-brown gemmae; trigones small. . . .

. . . .Lophoziopsis longidens (Lophozia longidens) (r)

Note: See note under Barbilophozia sudetica above.

– Plants lacking this combination of characters. . . .15 15 Cross section of stem in postical half with 5–20 layers of small cells reaching or extending beyond the middle. . . .16 – Cross section of stem in postical half with 0–4 layers of small

cells reaching at most to lower third. . . .18 16 Group of small cells infected by mycorrhiza yellowish brown to brown, mostly only the postical cortex cells purplish-red;

sometimes also the lower cell layers purplish-red, but always surrounded by a "halo" of brownish cells at the transition towards the larger hyaline medulla cells above;

leaves rectangular to oval, widest below mid-leaf; gemmae mostly frequent.Lophozia ventricosa s.l. (r). . . .17 – Group of small cells infected by mycorrhiza always dark purplish-red, without a "halo" of brownish cells; leaves often widest above mid-leaf, distinctly narrowed towards the base, sometimes nearly cuneate (wedge-shaped); gemmae sparse to lacking. . . .Lophozia longiflora

Note: excluded, specimens revised to L. guttulata.

17 Oil bodies homogeneous, uniformly granular. . .

. . . .Lophozia ventricosa s.str. (r)

Oil bodies biconcentric, finely granular with ± central, glistening homogeneous globule, immediately fugacious, the globule fragmenting on drying. . . .Lophozia silvicola (rr) 18 Cortex cells of stem mostly yellowish brown to brown, partly tinged red; medulla cells mostly ± infected by mycorrhiza and therefore appearing grey; leaves orbicular, oval to broadly oval, often ± concave, lobe apices inflexed, leaves thus appearing imbricate or shoots appearing succulent; gemmae mostly abundant; teeth of perianth mouth consisting of 1–2 cells; on soil, rocks and among bryophytes of siliceous substrates in open to shaded habitats. . . .Lophozia wenzelii (n.s.)

– Postical cortex cells vigorously purplish-red, forming a sharp contrast of colour to the adjoining wide, hyaline, transparent medulla cells mostly not infected by mycorrhiza; leaves elongate ovate to rectangular, not concave, patent to slightly squarrose; trigones mostly bulging; shoots mostly flattened; gemmae lacking or sparse;

perianth mouth always distinctly spinosely dentate to ciliate, teeth mostly of 1–4 cells; on permanently moist rotting wood. . . .Lophozia guttulata (rr) 19(7) Trigones small or absent; underleaves absent or only few and subulate; gemmae absent; perianth clavate; female bracts similar in size and shape to lateral leaves; plants 1–3 cm long, green to blackish; lateral leaves obtuse to rounded;

sterile perianths abundant, mostly caducous; plants calcifuge. . . .Gymnocolea inflata (r) – Trigones present; underleaves present, entire or 2-lobed, often difficult to detect, or absent (Mesoptychia badensis);

gemmae present in Mesoptychia heterocolpos, otherwise absent; perianth cylindrical to pyriform, abruptly contracted at mouth; female bracts mostly larger than lateral leaves;

plants calciphile. . . .Mesoptychia (p.103) Key to species of Diplophyllum and the genus Scapania

1 Postical lobe 3–4 times as long as wide, narrowly lingulate to lingulate, ± parallel-sided, nearly at right angles to stem, slightly secund; antical lobe elliptical-lingulate, forming more acute angle with stem than postical lobe (compare also Scapania umbrosa); median leaf cells rectangular or linear and forming a vitta; gemmae angulate or stellate; perianth ovate, plicate above, narrowed to mouth; small to medium-sized plants 1–6 cm long. . . .2 – Postical lobe up to twice as long as wide, variously shaped, rarely lingulate or parallel-sided, not secund; antical lobe variously shaped, antical and postical lobes at similar angle to stem (except S. umbrosa); median leaf cells isodiametric, not differentiated; gemmae ovoid to elliptical; perianth ± compressed, mostly not plicate, truncate at mouth. .Scapania

2 Leaf lobes with conspicuous vitta of elongate cells (3–8 times as long as wide); cuticle almost smooth; stem with (2) 3–4 (5) layers of distinct, thick-walled cortical cells;

dioicous. . . .Diplophyllum albicans (r) – Vitta in leaf lobes short and only poorly defined or absent;

cells in middle and lower part of postical lobe 2–4 times as long as wide; cuticle papillose; postical lobe mostly 1.6–2.3 times as long as wide; stem with 1–2 layers of cortical cells hardly distinct from medullary cells; paroicous; gemmae

rare. . . .Diplophyllum obtusifolium (r)

Key to species of Scapania

Based on Damsholt (2002), Meinunger and Schröder (2007)

1 Postical lobe of leaves not conspicuously decurrent or only decurrent to the level of the insertion of the keel, or in some cases with a decurrent strip only 1 cell wide, gradually tapering and visible below the insertion of the keel. . . .2 – Postical lobe of leaves distinctly decurrent, with the decurrent strip several cells wide, gradually tapering and visible for ca half of the length of the segment below the insertion of the keel; leaves often dentate. . . .12 2 Antical lobe (0.6) 0.7–0.8 the length of the postical lobe;

gemmae 2-celled; usually both lobes standing away from each other; cuticle with hemispherical papillae; calcicole. . . . . . . .Scapania aequiloba (rr) – Antical lobe 0.3–0.65 the length of the postical lobe; gemmae 1–2-celled. . . .3 3 Postical lobes narrow, 1.3–2 times as long as wide; plants 0.5–3 mm wide and 2–18 mm long. . . .4 – Postical lobes ovate to almost rotundate, 0.8–1.3 times as long as wide; plants 1.8–5 mm wide and 20–100 mm long;

gemmae greenish. . . .Scapania irrigua (r) 4 Leaves bordered by (1) 2–4 rows of equally thick-walled cells lacking trigones. . . .5 – Marginal cells of lobes not differing from median leaf cells

and thus not forming a border, except at the base of the postical lobe, where 1–2 rows of thick-walled cells may occur. . . .7

5 Gemmae greenish to brownish; base of postical lobe never with vinaceous secondary pigmentation; cuticle with hemispherical papillae; calcicole. . . .Scapania calcicola (r) – Gemmae greenish, 2-celled; base of postical lobe often with

vinaceous secondary pigmentation; leaves keeled almost to the base (sect. Curtae). . . .6 6 Postical lobe rounded at apex; marginal cells of the leaves (15) 16–22 µm; perianth mouth with teeth 1–3 cells long, wide entire sections between teeth lacking; keel 0.5–0.6 the length of the postical lobe; antical lobe not directed towards shoot apex. . . .Scapania curta (r) – Postical lobe often acute; marginal cells of the leaves 12–18 µm; perianth mouth entire; keel to 0.3–0.4 the length of the postical lobe; antical lobe directed towards shoot apex. . . . . . . .Scapania parvifolia (rr) 7(4) Gemmae 1-celled, black or reddish-brown, formed at apex of erect shoots with reduced leaves; shoots to 1 mm wide and 2–3 mm long; only on decaying logs. . . . . . .Scapania apiculata (n.s.) – Gemmae (1) 2-celled, greenish, vinaceous or brown; shoot mostly more than 1 mm wide and more than 3 mm long. . . .8 8 Cells with 2–5 (6) large, persistent oil-bodies, 10–14 × 8–11 µm; gemmae green to brownish at maturity, 16–24 µm wide;

perianth inflated and plicate towards the mouth; antical lobe large, 0.4–0.6 the size of the postical lobe, often distantly dentate; cuticle with hemispherical papillae; calcicole. . . . . . . .Scapania calcicola (r) – Cells with smaller, non-persistent oil-bodies, of which the largest are 9–10 × 5 µm, gemmae colourless or greyish or reddish to vinaceous, rarely yellow-brown (sect. Curtae). . . .9 9 Plants pale green or reddish to purplish brown, when exposed; postical lobes mostly rounded at apex, antical lobes almost always acute; cells with 2–6 often large greyish oil-bodies, occluding lumen; gemmiparous leaves strongly dentate; perianth mouth entire (or with single, distant small teeth: var. argutedentata). . . .Scapania scandica (rr) – Plants with brownish secondary pigmentation, never with vinaceous or reddish postical lobe bases or gemmiparous leaves; leaves edentate or only dentate near gemmiparous areas or distantly dentate, but the dentition never reaches

the basal 0.2 of the leaf; perianth mouth laciniate to dentate. . . . . .10 10 Postical lobe rounded, lingulate; marginal cells of lobes 19–

25 µm; leaves often with scattered teeth; cells of leaf middle with 6–12 oil-bodies; perianth mouth with teeth of 1–7 superimposed cells; gemmiparous lobes often dentate. . . . . . . .Scapania lingulata (r) – Postical lobe apiculate, rarely rounded, marginal cells of lobes 13–20 µm; leaves edentate or only denticulate near gemmiparous areas; cells of leaf middle with 2–6 oil-bodies;

perianth mouth with teeth of (1) 2–6 superimposed cells, terminating lobules 2–5 cells wide at base. . . .11 11 Gemmae greenish, rarely reddish, 16–29 × 8–14 µm; antical lobe ca half as large as postical lobe; leaves entire; perianth mouth laciniate-dentate. . . .Scapania mucronata (r) – Gemmae yellowish-brown when ripe, 18–36 × 10–19 µm;

antical lobe ca 0.65 the size of the postical lobe; leaves occasionally with minute dentition; perianth mouth with many teeth, each with several superimposed cells. . . . . . . .Scapania praetervisa (r) 12(1) Antical lobe longly or shortly decurrent. . . .13 – Antical lobe not decurrent, transversely inserted. . . .14 13 Antical lobe longly decurrent; cuticle verruculose, especially at marginal teeth; gemmae 1-celled, brown. . . . . . . .Scapania nemorea (w) – Antical lobe shortly decurrent; cuticle coarsely verruculose,

with hemispherical papillae; gemmae 1–2-celled, whitish green. . . .Scapania aspera (r) 14 Shoot 5–12 mm long; gemmae reddish brown; leaf lobes elliptical-lanceolate, dentate; keel winged; on decaying logs or humus. . . .Scapania umbrosa (n.s.) – Shoot 15–100 mm long; gemmae yellow-green or pinkish, sometimes totally lacking, on wet or submerged stones in streams. . . .Scapania undulata (r)

Supplementary ‘key’ according to habitats

Based on Nebel and Philippi (2005)