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Genitive constructions with suspended cliticization

Suspended cliticization in Sumerian is the grammatical phenomenon when in an appositive or coordinate construction only the last unit of the construction may be case-marked. Suspended cliticization in appositive constructions is often attested in inscriptions of the 3rd millennium BCE. In ex. (41) below the construction has three units: enlil, lugal kur-kur=ak, and abba diŋir=enē=ak, but only the last one is case-marked with the ergative.

(41) En-metena 1 1:1–3 (RIME 1.9.5.1) (Lagash, 25th c.) (Q001103)

den-lil₂, lugal kur-kur-ra,

P1enlil P1lugal P3[P1kur~kur=P5ak]

P1DN P1king P3[P1land~PL=P5GEN] ab-ba diŋir-diŋir-re₂-ne-ke₄

P1abba P3[P1diŋir~diŋir=P4enē=P5ak]=P5e

P1father P3[P1god~PL=P4PL=P5GEN]=P5ERG

“Enlil, the king of all lands, the father of all gods”

One could argue that in constructions like ex. (41) above, the three units of the appositive construction are considered as a single unit from a syntactic point of view, consequently the ergative case-marker of the case governed by the verb attaches to its very end. The same happens in ex. (42) below, where the appositive construction nammaḫne, ensik lagaš=ak“Nam-mahne, the ruler of Lagash” functions as the possessor of the possessum namtil“life, well-being”.

The appositive construction is regarded as one unit, the genitive case-marker governed by the head of the noun phrase therefore attaches to the end of its second unit.

(42) Nam-mahne 7 3–6 (RIME 3/1.12.7) (Lagash, 21st c.) (Q000932) nam-til₃, nam-maḫ-ne₂, ensi₂, lagaški-ka-še₃

P1namtil P3[P1nammaḫne P1ensik P3[P1lagaš=P5ak]=P5ak]=P5še

P1life P3[P1PN P1ruler P3[P1GN=P5GEN]=P5GEN]=P5TERM

“for the well-being of Nam-mahne, ruler of Lagaš”

Suspended cliticization is also attested with coordinate constructions like ex.

(43) below. Here the two coordinate noun phrases, two genitive constructions,

“the pedestal of Enlil” and “the pedestal of Utu”, are case-marked only once with the locative2, the case governed by the verb of the clause.

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(43) Iri-kagina 5 obv. 1:12–13 (RIME 1.9.9.5 ) (Lagash, 24th c.) (P222618) barag den-lil₂-la₂, barag dutu-ka

P1barag P3[P1enlil=P5ak] P1barag P3[P1utu=P5ak]=P5ʾa

P1dais P3[P1DN₁=P5GEN] P1dais P3[P1DN₂=P5GEN]=P5L2.NH

“(He looted) the pedestal of Enlil and the pedestal of Utu.”

Like ex. (43), ex. (44) too contains two coordinate genitive constructions; and the two noun phrases are also case-marked here only once with the case governed by the verb of the sentence, the absolutive. In this example, however, also the genitive is suspended: only the second genitive construction is marked with the genitive (ensik kurkur=ak), the case-marker is not present in the first one (baragbarag kiengir). In ex. (44) therefore enclitic suspension occurs twice: once with the case governed by the verb, once with the case governed by the possessum.

(44) Lugal-zagesi 1 2:21–22 (RIME 1.14.20.1) (Uruk, 24th c.) (Q001379)

barag-barag ki-en-gi, ensi₂ kur-kur-ra

[[P1barag~barag P3kiengir] [P1ensik P3kur~kur]=P5ak]=P5ø [[P1dais~PL P3GN] [P1ruler P3land~PL]=P5GEN]=P5ABS

“the sovereigns of Sumer and the rulers of all lands”

In ex. (45) the coordinate construction consists of three genitive constructions, and the whole construction is left-dislocated. Here too, the possessor is case-marked with the genitive only in the last of the three genitive constructions.

(45) En-metena 4 5:4–8 (RIME 1.09.05.04) (Lagash, 25th c.) (Q001117)

dumu unugki, dumu larsamki, dumu pa₅-ti-bir₅-raki-ka [[P1dumu P3unug] [P1dumu P3larsam] [P1dumu P3patibira]=P5ak]=P5ak [[P1child P3GN₁] [P1child P3GN₂] [P1child P3GN₃]=P5GEN]=P5GEN

[ama]-gi₄-be₂, e-ŋar

P1amargi=P3be=P5ø S2i-S11n-S12ŋar-S14ø

P1freedom=P33.SG.NH.POSS=P5ABS FIN-3.SG.H.A-place-3.SG.P

“He released the citizens of Unug, the citizens of Larsam, and the citizens of Patibira.”

Genitive constructions

Further readings

A more detailed description of the left-dislocated genitive constructions can be found in Zólyomi 1996b and 2005.

Suspended cliticization in texts from the 3rd millennium BCE is discussed in detail by Wilcke (1990: 459–464); Wilcke does not use this term, which is adapted from the term “suspended affixation”, used mainly in linguistic works on Turkish, another agglutinative language.

Exercises

4.1 Look up the new words used in the examples of this lesson in Foxvog’s (2016b) or Volk’s (2012) glossary, and learn them.

4.2 Study the examples of this lesson carefully and make yourself familiar with their grammatical analysis.

4.3 Go to the ETCSRI corpus (http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/corpus) and write

“N5=GEN” (without the quotation marks) in the Search Oracc box. Find and make a  list of the graphemes that may be used to write the genitive case-marker depending on the morpheme or phoneme before and/or after the case-marker! Try to find differences depending on the provenience or period of the texts! If you are uncertain about the morphological make-up of a word, follow the link to the text, then either place the cursor over the word in question, or click on the word

“Proofing” on the left side of the page.

4.4 Translate the following expressions into Sumerian. Provide morphemic segmentation and glossing to them, use bracketing, as well. All expressions are assumed to be in the absolutive.

a) the true son of the king (zid-ø = true-TL)

b) the true sons of the mighty king (maḫ-ø= mighty-TL) c) the true sons of the mighty kings

d) the true sons of the mighty king of the land e) the true sons of the mighty king of all the lands f) the true sons of the mighty kings of all the lands g) the shepherd of his donkeys

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i) the shepherd of his kind mother’s donkeys (sag-ʾa = kind-PT)

j) the shepherd of his kind mother’s healthy donkeys (zid-ø = healthy-TL) k) the mother of his donkey shepherd

l) the mother of his reliable donkey shepherd (zid-ø = reliable-TL) m) the kind mother of his reliable donkey shepherd

4.5 Translate the following expressions into Sumerian, and then left-dislocate the underlined expressions. Provide morphemic segmentation and glossing to them, use bracketing, as well. All expressions are assumed to be in the absolutive.

a) the king’s scribe f) the king of all lands

b) my wife’s children g) the hero’s donkey

c) the servant of my father’s house h) the father of all gods

d) the servant of my father’s house i) the well-being of my brothers e) the courtyard of my lord j) the shepherd’s garment

4.6 Determine which sentences contain a left-dislocated genitive construction based only on the morphemic segmentations! What is the trick?

a) mu=be=e anzag=ta kurkur=e gu=ø i-m-b-a-si~si-e b) namnundakiŋara=ak ur=be=ø na=ʾa mu-nn-a-ni-n-du-ø c) id=be=ʾa uš=ø mu-r-a-n-de-ø

d) e melem=be=ø an=e us-ʾa=še

e) e=ŋu=ak ni gal-ø=be kalam=ʾa mu-n-ri-ø

f) ibila dudu=ak=enē=e kag=anene=ʾa ba-ni-n-gen-eš g) ane=ø saŋ=ane=še diŋir-ø=am-ø

h) e ninŋirsuk=ak=ø eridu=gen ki sikil-ø=ʾa b-i-n-du-ø i) gudea lu e=ø du-ʾa=ak=ak namtil=ane=ø ḫa-i-sud-ø

4.7 Transform the constructions of exx. (43)–(45) into constructions without suspended cliticization. You must produce only the morphemic segmentation and glossing (2nd and 3rd line of the examples).

4.8 In Lesson 3, section 3.1 above, ex. (46) (= ex. [14]) was used to demonstrate the structure of the Sumerian nominal template. Relabel its brackets now based on what you have learnt in this lesson about modifying genitive constructions.

Genitive constructions

(46) Iri-kagina 1 3:18 (RIME 1.9.9.1) (Lagash, 24th c.) (P222607)

sipad udu siki-ka-ke₄-ne

P1sipad P3[P1udu P3[P1siki=P5ak]=P5ak]=P4enē=P5e

P1shepherd P3[P1sheep P3[P1wool=P5GEN]=P5GEN]=P4PL=P5ERG

“the shepherds of sheep of wool (= wool-bearing sheep)”

4.9 Please use the enclitic possessive pronouns, the plural-marker, the ergative, absolutive, or genitive case-marker, and the Sumerian translation of the words listed below to create the nominal constructions defined by the position of their constituents. Provide morphemic segmentation and glossing to them, use bracketing, as well. Use your creativity, more than one solutions are possible. Note that one of the constructions is erroneous.

Words: temple, child, king, great, kind, mighty, mother, city, shepherd, donkey, god, man, true, heart, Enlil, Girsu

a) P1 P2 P4 P5

b) P1 P2 P3[P1 P3 P5] P4 P5

c) P1 P3[P1 P5] P5

d) P1 P2[P1 P5] P3 P5

e) P1 P3 P5 P5

f) P1 P5 P1 P3 P5

g) P1 P4 P5 P1 P3 P5

h) P1 P5 P1 P3[P1 P3 P5] P5

4.10 Transliterate the text Gudea 18 (RIME 3/1.1.7.18, ex. 2) (Lagash, 22nd c.) (P232472) (Volk 2012 no. 6) (a photo of the text can be found at http://cdli.ucla.edu/P232472) with the help of Volk’s sign list (2012). Translate the text. Gloss all the words of the text (except for the verbal form) in the way it is done in this textbook. Then go to the ETCSRI edition of the text (http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/

Q000896), click on the “proofing” link on the left side of the page, and compare your glosses with ETCSRI’s glossing. Compare the orthography of this text with that of Ur-Nanshe 26 treated in the exercises of the previous lesson. What are the differences?

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L ESSON 5

P RONOUNS , ADVERBS , AND NUMERALS

This lesson focuses on the closed word class of pronouns: the independent personal, the interrogative, the indefinite, the reflexive, and the demonstrative pronouns. The enclitic possessive pronoun is discussed in Lesson 3 above. The second part of the lesson describes the adverbs of manner and the forms and function of the adverbiative enclitic. The lesson concludes with a section on numerals in Sumerian with an emphasis on the syntax of the numeral expressions.