Das einheitliche Schema einer Berufsstatistik ist bisher noch nicht festgestellt. Da das internationale Institut die diesbezüglichen Vorschläge an eiu Special-Oomite gewiesen hat, wäre es unzweckmässig, den daselbst zu fassenden Beschlüssen, mit welchen Erhebungsmomenten das Berufsmoment zu cornbiniren sei (voraussichtlich unbedingt mit Geschlecht und Alter, möglich, dass auch mit Givilstand), vorzugreifen, weshalb wir uns hier nur darauf beschränken, jene Berufsarten anzugeben, für welche es wünscliens-werth erscheint, dass dieselben nach den in Grossstädten seinerzeit noch festzustellenden Combinationen der Berufsstatistik nachgewiesen werden sollen.
Es scheint vor Allem geboten, die folgenden grossen ökonomischen Gruppen auseinander zu halten: U r p r o d u c t i o n — I n d u s t r i e — Ver-k e h r u n d H a n d e l — p h y s i s c h e D i e n s t l e i s t u n g e n — g e i s t i g e D i e n s t l e i s t u n g e n — o h n e e i g e n e n E r w e r b .
Grösseren Schwierigkeiten begegnet man, wenn mau auf die einzelnen Berufsarten eingehen will. Die nachfolgenden Berufszweige erscheinen aber von so durchschlagendem Interesse für die internationale Vergleichung grossstädtischer Verhältnisse, dass es wimsehenswerth sein dürfte, dieselben überall gleichartig nachzuweisen, nämlich:
1. aus der Nahrungsindustrie: die Anzahl der Bäcker und die Anzahl der vom Verkaufe geistiger Geträuke Lebenden; Beides mit Unterscheidung der selbststäudigen Unternehmer;
2. aus der Bekleidungsindustrie: die Anzahl der Schneider, die Anzahl der Schuhmacher; Beides mit Unterscheidung der selbstständigen Unternehmer;
3. aus der Bauindustrie: die Anzahl der Maurer;
4. aus der vervielfältigenden Industrie: die Anzalil der Buchdrucker, mit Unterscheidung der selbstständigen Unternehmer;
5. die Anzahl der von weiblicher Handarbeit lebenden Personen;
6. die Anzahl der selbstständigen Buchhändler;
7. die Anzahl der in Bankgeschäften Beschäftigten, mit Unterscheidung der Unternehmer;
8. die Anzahl der Taglöhner, d. h. jener Personen, die vom Ertrage körperlicher Arbeitsleistung leben, liiebei aber keinem bestimmten Berufe angehören. Unterscheidung der Unter- und Ueberfünfzehnjährigen, und zwar nach Geschlecht; '
9. die Anzahl der öffentlichen Beamten;
10. die Anzahl der Advocaten (ohne die Advocaturscandidaten);
11. die Anzahl der Aerzte (ohne die Rigorosanten);
12. die Anzahl der Schüler (inclusive der Universitätshörer);
13. die Anzahl der Lehrer; . 14. die Anzahl der_ Schriftsteller;
15. die Anzahl der Schauspieler: ' · 16. die Anzahl der Architekten und Ingenieure;
17. die Anzahl der vom eigenen Vermögen Lebenden;
18. die Anzahl der von Unterstüzung Lebenden;
19. die Anzahl der Lustdirnen; ·
20. die Anzahl der Arbeiter. Hierunter wären alle Personen zu ver-stehen, die in einem bestimmten Berufe, dem sie ständig angehören — wodurch sie sich von den Taglölinern unterscheiden — von ihrer Hände Arbeit leben, und deren Leistungen gewöhnlich in kürzeren als monatlichen Fristen (aber nicht täglich) entlohnt werden. Unterscheidung des Alters:
unter und über fünfzehn Jahre, und zwar nach Geschlecht.
Ein Theil der Arbeiter ist zwar schon bei den einzelnen Industrie-arten mitgezählt. Da es sich aber liier in erster Reihe darum handelt, die Grösse der Arbeiterbevölkerung einer Stadt kennen zu lernen, müssten solche Personen in dieser Rubrik wieder mitgezählt werden. Das Gleiche gilt für die Rubrik der Taglöhner. (Die Ziffern in Rubrik 8 und 20 können in Folge dessen zu jenen derjibrigen Rubriken n i c h t hinzuaddirt werden.)
Wir gehen nun auf jenen einen Punkt über, hinsichtlich dessen auf die Möglichkeit einer von der Landesstatistik abweichenden Bearbeitung hingedeutet wurde: es ist dies die Frage, oh die Volkszählung sich auf die factische oder auf die rechtliche Bevölkerung zu beziehen habe? Dass die Volkszählungen im Sinne der Oongressbeschlüsse die factische Be-völkerung zur Erhebung bringen, involvirt noch keine principielle Ent-scheidung dieser Frage: die factische Bevölkerung ist eben jene, welche sich am besten zur A u f n a h m e eignet; es sollte jedoch hiedurch der
57 Frage, welche Bevölkerungskategorie das Object der Aufarbeitung bilden solle, durchaus nicht präjudicirt werden, sondern wurde im Gegentheile selbst im Laufe der Congressberathungen stets darauf hingewiesen, dass man durch Einführung der nöthigen Fragen alle Elemente gewinnen könnte, um die VOlkszählungsergebnisse auf die rechtliehe, auf die Wohnbevölkerung oder welche, andere Kategorie immer zu basiren.
Dem Referenten scheint es, dass bei solchen Bevölkerungseomplexen wie jene der Gossstädte, deren Bevölkerungsmaterial ein flottantes ist, die stets ein (Kontingent ihrer Bevölkerung auf Reisen haben, anderseits aber täglich Tausende von Fremden beherbergen, das Verlangen, die Aufarbeitung der Zäblungsresultate auf die ordentliche, die sogenannte Wohnbevölkerung zu beziehen, ein theoretisch vollkommen gerechtfertigtes sei und dass die factische Bevölkerung, die alle Durehreisenden mitzählt und alle vorüber-gehend Abwesenden auslässt, leicht ein schiefes Bild der wirklichen Ver-hältnisse bieten könnte. (Man denke z. B. nur an die Veränderung, welche einzelne Berufsarten hiedurcli zu erleiden hätten.)
Es liegt aber vielleicht gar keine Nöthigung vor, diese Frage vom Standpunkte der internationalen Statistik zu erledigen. Es ist möglieh, dass der demographische Congress sich der Ansicht, hinneigt, dass die Wahl der aufzuarbeitenden ßevölkerungskategoriedem Ermessen des betreffenden Bureaus überlassen bleiben könne. Für alle Fälle erschien es aber wünschenswerte diesen Umstand anlässlich der Behandlung der Volkszählungsfrage in den Kreis der Debatte zu ziehen.
On the Methods of Drawing up Census Returns
J)
by -T h o m a s Wrigley Grimshaw,
M. A . 51. I). (University of Dublin) Fellow of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland, Vice President of the Statistical Society of Ireland, President of the Dublin Sanitary Association, Fellow of
the lloyal Statistical Society of London, Member of the International Statistical Institute, • Registrar General for Ireland. '
•At the request of Dr. von Inama-Sternegg I have written the following paper on the Methods of Drawing up Census Returns. It was my duty as Registrar General for Ireland to superintend all the arrangements for taking the Census of that Country in the year 1881. In the performance of this duty'I had necessarily to consider the plans best suited for that Country and I also endeavored as far as possible to avail myself of the plans adopted in other countries.
The Census of Ireland is one of the most detailed and minute in the world and therefore affords specimens of methods of working which are applicable in almost any country. I shall therefore use the methods employed in Ireland to illustrate many of the suggestions which I am about to make.
I shall consider tlie subject under the following heads:
I. The conditions to be fulfilled by a Census.
II. The subjects of Enumeration.
III. The Organization to be employed in collecting the Returns.
IY. The topographical arrangements of the Country to be dealt with.
Y. Tlie furnishing of Abstracts of the information collected for im-mediate use.
VI. The transmission of the returns to the Central Office (bureau) and their arrangement when received.
VII. The extraction and tabulation of the items collected.
VHf. The arrangement of the form of publication.
IX. The illustration of the publication by maps and diagrams.
') D i e vom Verfasser an mehreren Stellen be-zogenen Tabellen-Formularien können dem Referate nicht beigelegt werden; dagegen werden sie bei der Ausstellung des Congresses exponirt werden.
The tables, referred to by the Author on seve-ral places, cannot be attached to the Report, bnt they will form an item at the Exhibition of the Congress.
59 X. The kind of persons best suited for the work.
XI. The time necessary for accomplishing the work.
XII. The cost of the work.
I.
The Conditions to be fulfillod by a Census.
The first question to he considered · is what are the objects of a Census? This question has been answered in various ways in different countries. The Census Authorities in the United States of America are evidently of opinion that a Census should he a general review of all the social and economic conditions of the Empire — if such a term can be applied to a Federal Republic. Ou the other hand in nearly all the Coun-tries of the World a Census is looked upon essentially as a «numbering of the people» and excludes items which cannot be considered as pertaining to personal characteristics or the relations of persons and places.
I am of opinion that neither of these views represents properly what a Census ought to be. I consider a Census Enumeration should comprise all that it is advisable to collect, simultaneously and which can or ought only to be collected after the lapse of considerable intervals of time.
There are many objections to the plan followed in the United States of America the principal being that the time occupied in publishing the results renders the work of much less value than it should be. The Report of the United States Census for 1880 is not complete at the time of writing this paper; although but two and a half years remain before the next Census of that Country should be undertaken.
There appears to be a common consent among all Census authorities that all items which relate to the persons of individual members of the community should be ascertained simultaneously. On the other hand there are items relating to trade. Commerce and Agriculture which have on some occasions formed portions of Census enumerations which are not personal matters. As examples of such I may give information regarding Agriculture collected at the Irish Census of 1841 and the items regarding births and deaths collected in the same country with the Census of 1841, 1851, 1861 and 187.1. Similar returns have been collected in other countries. It appears, to me that in all Countries where properly organized Statistical Departments of the Government exist there ought not to be any necessity for collecting any items other than those specially connected with individual members of the community, their special relations to one another and to the places in which they dwell. In Countries where Government Statistical Departments do not exist, or are but imperfectly organized, it is desirable to take advantage of the opportunities afforded by a Census Enumeration for the collection of all such Statistical Items as may be deemed useful and practicable.
II.
The Subjects of Enumeration.
The International Statistical Congress of St. Petersburgh considered that it was essential to include the following items in a Census enumeration.
(I) Name and surname. (2) Sex. (3) Age, (4) Relation to head of family or household, (5) Civil condition, (6) Occupation, (7) Education, (8) Nationality or usual language, (9) Ability to read and write, (10) Legal domicile, ( I I ) Birthplace, (12) Place of residence and the absent from borne, (13) Blind-ness, deaf-mutism, Idiotism, Cretinism, Lunacy. The Congress also recommended that the following subjects should be included in census enumerations, (1) Auxiliary professions, (2) Serious diseases, (3) Children attending primary school, (4) Parentage of married persons, (5) Foundlings.
In Ireland — which as already pointed out occupies a foremost position in the number of items enumerated —• the subjects are as follows (1) Area houses and population, (2) Ages, (3) Civil or Conjugal condition, (4) Occu-pations, (5) Birthplaces, (6) Foreigners, (7) Sick and Infirm, (8) Number of Inmates in public Institutions, (9) Religious profession, (10) Religious Profession and Education, (11) Irish Speaking. In addition to which the various items were compared with one another and with.conditions ascertained by other Statistical enquiries. Forms must be prepared for correctly collecting these items the principal being the domestic form («householders Schedule) as it is called in the United Kingdom»). The forms used in Ireland are
attached. · m . •
The Organization to be employed in collecting the Returns.
As the circumstances of different countries vary so much no particular system can be declared as the best for collecting the returns as these must to a great extent depend on the means most easily available in each country.
The most important principle to be followed is the utilization of some existing organization having representatives permanently established through-out the Country. Tbe plan of creating a special organization for Census work is attended with great difficulty and likely to lead to confusion.
In England the organization for the registration of Births aud Deaths is that made use of for Census purposes to which are added Enumerators under the immediate direction of the permanent Registration Officers. This system works well aud accurately. In Ireland the Census Enumeration is carried out by the Royal Irish Constabulary and the Dublin Metropolitan Police under the direction of the General Register Office. The Royal Irish Constabulary is a Police force consisting of about 13,000 Officers and men and the Dublin Metropolitan Police force consists of about 1.200 Officers and men. Of these about 4,500 Officers and men are employed on the Census enumeration, the Officers act as Superintendents of Enumeration and tbe
61 men as Enumerators, there being about oue Enumerator for every 1,150 persons or about 230 families. The police are accustomed to Statistical work in Ireland as. they are employed annually in collecting the Agricultural Statistics. It is necessary here to mention that the Royal Irish Constabulary perform all the Police duties in Ireland except in Dublin and that they constitute an organized force under a single commander in Dublin with County and District Officers. The Districts number about 200 and the Officer of each district acts as Superintendent of Census Enumeration for his district; selecting the most suitable of his men as enumerators.
IV.
The Topographical arrangements of the Country to be dealt with.
In many countries the topographical arrangements are of a simple character, the areas for all purposes, or nearly all purposes, being coincident.
This is usually the case in new Countries such as the United States of America, Colonial possessions of European Countries &c. In many countries however where old forms of topographical division still exist, or are utilized for local purposes, there is considerable confusion in boundaries of local areas. In the simpler topographical arrangement little difficulty will be experienced in the local Census arrangement, but in the more complicated forms of local areas considerable ingenuity is required to prevent confusion.
Ireland may be taken as an example where no less than six principal orders of areas have to be dealt with. '
1. Civil Divisions — Consisting of Townlands, Civil Parishes, Baronies, Counties and Provinces with Cities, Towns and Counties of Towns.
2. The Poor Law Division — Consisting of Townlands, Electoral Divi-sions, Dispensary Districts, and Unions.
3. The Registration Divisions — Consisting of Townlands, Electoral Divisions, Registrars Districts, Superintendent Registrar's Districts, Registration Counties and Registration Provinces. •
4. The Police Divisions — Consisting of Townlands, Constabulary Districts and Subdistricts and Counties. •
5. The Judicial Divisions —• Consisting of Townlands, Petty Sessions
Districts, Quarter Sessions Districts and Counties. · 6. The Ecclesiastical Division — Consisting of Ecclesiastical Parishes and Dioceses.
It will be observed that in all the foregoing orders of areas (except in the Ecclesiastical) the «townland» appears. This is the unit area, and of these townlands there are about 60,000 in Ireland.
In dealing with areas so complicated as the above it is necessary to supply the Enumerators with a complete set of large scale maps and lists of the districts to be enumerated. In less complicated areas smaller scale maps may be suitable, but in all cases correct maps arc essential.
V.
The Furnishing of Abstracts of the information collected for immediate use.
A most important element to be kept in view in the taking of a Cencus is the furnishing of the approximate results at the earliest possible date in a form suitable for immediate publication, without waiting until all the returns have been critically revised and arranged. The best means of ob-taining the basis for this abstract is by requiring each enumerator to make an abstract of the Returns he has himself collected and to forward this through the Superintendents to the Central bureau where all the Abstracts cau be easily totalled for the larger areas aud more important places. Such au Ab-stract should be confined to the more important items of the inquiry.
(A specimen of the form used in Ireland in 1881 for this purpose is attached A.)
VI.
The transmission of the Returns to the Central office (Bureau) and their arrangement when received.
When the householders schedules have been all collected they should be made up by each enumerator in files, each file being for the smallest area dealt with that is the «unit area» for collection and publication (as for example the townland in Ireland already referred to) this file should not require to be reopened for any purpose, each of these files should have
attached to it, abstracts of the principal items it contains. . (A specimen file of a townland is attached B.)
It should here be remarked that it is important that the householder's schedules and abstract forms should be printed on tough paper so that with proper care all the Statistical operations may be conducted directly froni the original returns. It is not advisable that the original documents should be copied and the copies used, as the copying process wastes time and materials, and is also likely to lead to error.
When all the files have been made up as suggested they are to be forwarded in suitable bundles to the Central Office where they are to be arranged for tabulation.
In arranging the forms for tabulation it is necessary to provide against t h e difficulties which arise from the varying nature of the areas to be dealt with, especially as the boundaries of these often intersect each other. These difficulties can only be avoided by having carefully prepared lists ready beforehand and arranging the townland files according to these lists as each area is to be dealt with. The townland files may be compared to bricks which can be built into any form of Statistical structure required for any particular object.
63 VII.
The Extraction and tabilation of the items Collected. -The methods adopted for extracting the information from the original forms must depend on the nature of the information obtained on the forms and the conditions in which the information is forwarded. This latter is an important consideration, and my experience proves that a great deal may be done in the way of extracting information by the enumerator at the time of the enumeration. As an example of this I may mention, the plan adopted for obtaining a classification of houses at the Irish Census in 1881 which was devised by Mr. Matheson, the Secretary of the General Register Office
of Ireland. . In 1871 the classification of houses was obtained by a tedious and
expensive method of extraction in the Central Office, in 1881 by a skilful reconstruction of the form the local enumerators did the work of classification without extra labour. The principle adopted being that certain numbers indicated certain qualities in each house, and the sum of these numbers indicated the position of the house in the Classification of houses.
(A specimen of this form is attached G.)
Another example of a simple contrivance to facilitate the extraction of a number of items in combination is shown in the form made use of in the Irish Census Office of 1881, for the extraction of the occupations of the people by sexes, ages, religions and education, which is a very com-plicated process.
It was found that if all these items were set out on the face of one sheet of paper, that the form would be so large that a clerk could not stretch across it.
The difficulty was overcome by the Contrivance ot folding flaps, which by reducing the size of the form, brought all the headings, and columns under the eye of the extractor at once, thereby saving much time and expense.
(A specimen of this form is attached D.)
I have mentioned these two expedients for shortening the work of extraction, so that possibly similar plans may be adopted in other countries, where similar work is required. .
As a general rule the simpler the forms for tabulation the better-thus simple strokes (1 or) are usually the best. When however, there are several subjects to be dealt with, it is frequently necessary to use special symbols.
Thus in the case of extracting the items of age, sex, religion and education in continuation the following signs were used.
/ Male who could neither read nor write.
r ,. „ „ read only.
F „ „ both read and write.
0 Female who could neither read nor write.
0~ ,. „ read only,
0— „ ,, „ both read and write.
(A specimen of this form is attached E.)
During the progress of the work of extraction it is a matter of the utmost importance to maintain a continuous check over the results at each stage. The Enumerators' Abstracts, although not in themselves absolutely correct, furnish a useful check on the office work; again the results attained by the extraction in one Department of the office, may be used to check the others.
VIII. ,