• Nem Talált Eredményt

The prefixes of S5-10 are involved in the verbal cross-reference of participants in an adverbial case; see also Table 3.3 in Lesson 3, section 3.1 above. These participants may be cross-referenced either by a composite or by a simple adverbial prefix.

A composite adverbial prefix is composed of i) a pronominal prefix and ii) an adverbial prefix. The former specifies the person, gender, and number, while the latter identifies the syntactic function of the prefix’s referent. In ex. (86) below, the indirect object of the verb šum2“to give” is in the dative case. In the verbal prefix-chain this participant is cross-referenced by a composite dative prefix that consists of an initial pronominal prefix /nn/in S6 and a dative prefix /a/in S7 (both in bold).

(86) Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta 420 (ETCSL 1.8.2.3)

en-me-er-kara₂-ra den-ki-ke₄ ŋeštug₂ mu-na-an-šum₂

enmerkara=ra enkik=e ŋeštug=ø S4mu-S6nn-S7a-S11n-S12šum-S14ø PN=DAT.H DN=ERG ear=ABS VEN-3.SG.H-DAT-3.SG.H.A-give-3.SG.P

“The god Enki gave wisdom to Enmerkara.”

The relationship between the noun phrase in the dative and the composite adverbial prefix is schematized in Table 6.2. It shows that the function of the dative adverbial prefix /a/ corresponds to the function of the dative case-marker =/ra/, both serve to identify the syntactic function of the verbal participant.

Table 6.2

A simple adverbial verbal prefix consists only of an adverbial prefix without a pronominal prefix. The existence of simple adverbial prefixes follows from the structure of the verbal prefix-chain: there is only one pronominal slot, S6, before the adverbial prefixes (this rule, however, is valid only with some qualifications, for which see below). So, if, for example, the prefix-chain contains a dative prefix in S7, then any subsequent adverbial prefix must occur as a simple adverbial prefix, i.e., without a pronominal prefix. In ex. (87) below,

NOUN PHRASE ADVERBIAL PREFIX REFERENTIAL EXPRESSION Enmerkara S6/nn/

CASE-MARKER =/ra/ S7/a/

The verbal template

for example, the locative2 prefix in S10 (in bold) occurs as a simple prefix, because it is preceded by a composite dative prefix.

(87) Gudea Cyl. A 9:10 (Lagash, 22nd c.) (ETCSL 2.1.7)

ŋarza-ŋa₂ mul an kug-ba

ŋarza=ŋu=ak mul an kug=be=ʾa

regulation=1.SG.POSS=GEN star sky holy=3.SG.NH.POSs=L2.NH

gu₃ ga-mu-ra-a-de₂

gu=ø S2ga-S4mu-S6r-S7a-S10e-S12de voice=ABS MOD-VEN-2.SG-DAT-L2-pour

“Let me tell you the pure stars of heaven indicating my regulations!”

In contrast, the locative2 prefix occurs as a  composite adverbial prefix in ex. (88) below. It consists of an initial pronominal prefix /nn/ in S6 and a locative prefix /i/in S10 (both in bold). In ex. (88) the locative2 prefix in S10 is the first adverbial prefix of the finite verb: it is not preceded by any other adverbial prefix, and there is no other morpheme between it and the initial pronominal prefix in S6. Consequently, the initial pronominal prefix specifies the person, gender, and number of the verbal participant in the locative2 case.

(88) En-metena 1 6:21–23 (RIME 1.9.5.1) (Lagash, 25th c.) (Q001103)

dnin-ŋir₂-su-ke₄, sa-šuš-gal-ne2, u₃-ni-šuš

ninŋirsuk=e sašušgal=ane=ø S2u-S6nn-S10i-S11n-S12šuš-S14ø DN=ERG battle.net=3.SG.H.POSS=ABS ANT-3.SG.H-L2-3.SG.H.A-cover-3.SG.P

“After Ningirsu had thrown his battle-net on him (= the Ummaite), ….”

It follows from the above description that the dative prefix occurs always as a  composite prefix, as its slot (S7) is the nearest to the slot of the initial pronominal prefix (S6). Other adverbial prefixes may have either composite or simple form depending on the structure of the prefix-chain: only the first of the adverbial prefixes of a  finite verb may be composite preceded by a pronominal prefix, every subsequent adverbial prefix is simple and refers to a  3rd ps. non-human verbal participant. Or, conversely, only a  composite adverbial prefix containing a human initial pronominal prefix can refer to a 3rd ps. human participant.

The pronominal prefix of a  composite adverbial prefix is as a  rule a morpheme in S6. There exist, however, three exceptions to this rule:

i) There is no initial pronominal prefix in S6 cross-referencing a 3rd ps. sg.

non-human verbal participant, but a /b/prefix in S5, which may diachronically LESSON6

80

be related to the middle prefix, is used in this function. The mutually exclusive distribution of the middle prefix of S5 and the 3rd ps. sg. non-human pronominal prefix /b/has the consequence that no composite adverbial prefix with a  3rd ps. sg. non-human reference may occur in a  verbal form with a middle prefix. So, in ex. (89) below, the comitative with a human reference may occur in a composite form, as its 3rd ps. sg. human pronominal prefix occupies S6, but in ex. (90) below the locative2 with a non-human reference must occur in a simple form because of the presence of the middle prefix. The mutually exclusive distribution of the middle prefix and the 3rd ps. sg. non-human pronominal prefix explains that forms like *ba-ba-šum₂[ba-b-a-šum-ø:

MID-3.SG.NH-DAT-give-3.SG.S], approx. “was given to it” are grammatically incorrect and are not attested.

(89) UET 3, 335 rev. 1’ (Ur, 21st c.) (P136656)

ud ba-nu₂-a ba-an-da-ŋar

ud ba-nu-ø-ʾa=ʾa S5ba-S6n-S8da-S12ŋar-S14ø day MID-lie-3.SG.S-SUB=L1 MID-3.SG.H-COM-place-3.SG.S

“On the day she/he was buried, (various golden objects) were put next to her/him.”

(90) Nisaba 8, 365 rev. 7 (Drehem, 21st c.) (P321037)

ma₂-a ba-a-ŋa₂-ar

ma=ʾa S5ba-S10e-S12ŋar-S14ø boat=L2.NH MID-L2-place-3.SG.S

“(Various animals) were put on the boat.”

In ex. (91) below S5 is used by the middle prefix, consequently the ablative prefix occurs in a simple form, without any pronominal prefix.

(91) Gudea Cyl. A 19:13 (Lagash, 22nd c.) (ETCSL 2.1.7)

bisaŋ u₃-šub-ba-ta sig₄ ba-ta-il₂

bisaŋ ušub=ak=ta sig=ø S5ba-S9ta-S11n-S12il-S14ø basket brick.mold=GEN=ABL brick MID-ABL-3.SG.H.A-raise-3.SG.P

“He lifted the brick out of the frame of the mould.”

ii) If the composite form of a dative, locative2, or locative3 (i.e., of cases that may indicate motion towards a destination) refers to a 1st ps. sg. participant, then the pronominal element is not the 1st ps. sg form of the initial pronominal prefix in S6, but the ventive prefix in S4. In ex. (92) below, the ventive prefix in S4 precedes the dative prefix in S6, and the two morphemes form a composite adverbial prefix with a 1st ps. sg. reference.

The verbal template

(92) The victory of Utu-hegal 29 (ETCSL 2.1.6) gu-ti-umki den-lil₂-le ma-an-šum₂

gutium=ø enlil=e S4m-S7a-S11n-S12šum-S14ø GN=ABS DN=ERG VEN-DAT-3.SG.H.A-give-3.SG.P

“Enlil has given Gutium to me.”

iii) The locative1 prefix /ni/in S10 has no composite form, only simple form:

it always occurs without a pronominal prefix, and always cross-references a 3rd ps. non-human participant.

The adverbial cases and their verbal markers are discussed in detail in Lessons 12–14. The ventive prefix in S4, the 3rd ps. sg. non-human pronominal prefix in S5, and the initial pronominal prefixes in S6 are discussed in Lesson 11.

The structure and functioning of the adverbial prefixes impose restrictions on their co-occurrences. Some of these restrictions will be discussed in later lessons. The restriction on the co-occurrence of the composite 3rd ps. sg. human dative prefix and the simple locative2 or locative3 prefix in transitive preterite verbal forms will be discussed in Lesson 14, sections 14.3 and 14.4. Co-occurrence restrictions circumvented by changing one of the incompatible adverbial prefixes into a dative prefix will be discussed in Lesson 15, section 15.4.